The document discusses the principles of evaporative cooling, which has been used for thousands of years to lower temperatures. Evaporative cooling works by using the natural process of evaporation to remove heat from the air. As water evaporates, it absorbs heat and causes the surrounding air temperature to decrease. More recently, the physics behind evaporation and heat transfer have been studied scientifically. Evaporative cooling can provide an energy-efficient alternative to mechanical cooling systems in many applications.
Air Humidification - Technical, health and energy aspects by L. NaliniCAREL Industries S.p.A
16th Air-conditioning Day, organised by the Portuguese Association of Engineers in Lisbon, 20th October 2016.
Nalini’s speech on ‘Air humidity control’ underlines the need for correct humidity control to ensure personal comfort, correct preservation of artworks and food and optimisation of industrial processes. This presentation looks at isothermal and adiabatic systems, the two main humidification processes.
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology. It defines important terms like atmosphere, troposphere, vapor pressure, saturation vapor pressure, isobars, relative humidity, and dew point. It explains that meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and its processes. Knowledge of regional climate and meteorological processes is important for hydrologists in estimating precipitation and designing hydraulic structures.
This document provides an overview of key concepts relating to the structure and processes of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere and how it is made up of different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It explains how solar energy is transferred to and through the atmosphere using radiation, conduction and convection, driving weather and climate. Temperature, heat, dew point and other meteorological variables are also defined.
Animal physiology vapour and solubility of gasesDrNagabhushanCM
This document discusses water vapour in air and the solubility of gases. It provides a table showing how the pressure and percentage of water vapour in air increases with rising temperature. The solubility of gases like oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are also detailed. Key points made include how water vapour pressure increases with temperature, affecting boiling points. It also examines how gas solubility is affected by pressure, temperature, and other dissolved substances based on Henry's law.
The document discusses atmospheric humidity and related concepts. It defines humidity as the amount of water vapor in the air, and notes that humidity varies due to evaporation and condensation. Instruments like psychrometers are used to measure humidity by determining the difference between wet and dry bulb temperatures. The document also examines vapor pressure, dew point, relative humidity, and other terms, and how humidity levels fluctuate over time due to factors like temperature changes and the seasons.
This document discusses various processes by which water changes phase from liquid to gas, including evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation. It provides details on the factors that control evaporation rates, such as energy inputs, temperature, humidity, wind, and water availability. It explains the differences between potential evapotranspiration (PET) and actual evapotranspiration (AET). Transpiration from plants and how it is affected by various environmental factors is also covered. Common methods for measuring and estimating evaporation and evapotranspiration are presented.
This document discusses constraints on achieving temperature goals in the vadose zone during in situ thermal remediation (ISTR) projects. It explains that evaporative cooling effects from vaporization of water and volatile organic compounds in subsurface soils can lower the boiling point and achievable temperatures below 100°C. Models are presented relating evaporative cooling and vapor extraction rates to subsurface temperature profiles during ISTR. The presentation provides evidence that contaminant removal is unaffected by lowered temperatures from evaporative cooling, and argues for incorporating such effects into setting ISTR contract performance metrics above 80°C in the vadose zone.
This document discusses the temporal and spatial variation of temperature and pressure on Earth. It begins with basics on temperature scales and how temperature decreases with altitude and increases with height, known as lapse rate. Factors like latitude, altitude, land/water distribution, and winds affect temperature variation across locations. Temperature ranges from highest at equator to lowest at poles. Pressure also decreases with height due to gravity and air compressibility. Global pressure belts include tropical lows and high and polar zones. Both temperature and pressure exhibit daily, seasonal and annual cycles over time.
Air Humidification - Technical, health and energy aspects by L. NaliniCAREL Industries S.p.A
16th Air-conditioning Day, organised by the Portuguese Association of Engineers in Lisbon, 20th October 2016.
Nalini’s speech on ‘Air humidity control’ underlines the need for correct humidity control to ensure personal comfort, correct preservation of artworks and food and optimisation of industrial processes. This presentation looks at isothermal and adiabatic systems, the two main humidification processes.
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology. It defines important terms like atmosphere, troposphere, vapor pressure, saturation vapor pressure, isobars, relative humidity, and dew point. It explains that meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and its processes. Knowledge of regional climate and meteorological processes is important for hydrologists in estimating precipitation and designing hydraulic structures.
This document provides an overview of key concepts relating to the structure and processes of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere and how it is made up of different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It explains how solar energy is transferred to and through the atmosphere using radiation, conduction and convection, driving weather and climate. Temperature, heat, dew point and other meteorological variables are also defined.
Animal physiology vapour and solubility of gasesDrNagabhushanCM
This document discusses water vapour in air and the solubility of gases. It provides a table showing how the pressure and percentage of water vapour in air increases with rising temperature. The solubility of gases like oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are also detailed. Key points made include how water vapour pressure increases with temperature, affecting boiling points. It also examines how gas solubility is affected by pressure, temperature, and other dissolved substances based on Henry's law.
The document discusses atmospheric humidity and related concepts. It defines humidity as the amount of water vapor in the air, and notes that humidity varies due to evaporation and condensation. Instruments like psychrometers are used to measure humidity by determining the difference between wet and dry bulb temperatures. The document also examines vapor pressure, dew point, relative humidity, and other terms, and how humidity levels fluctuate over time due to factors like temperature changes and the seasons.
This document discusses various processes by which water changes phase from liquid to gas, including evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation. It provides details on the factors that control evaporation rates, such as energy inputs, temperature, humidity, wind, and water availability. It explains the differences between potential evapotranspiration (PET) and actual evapotranspiration (AET). Transpiration from plants and how it is affected by various environmental factors is also covered. Common methods for measuring and estimating evaporation and evapotranspiration are presented.
This document discusses constraints on achieving temperature goals in the vadose zone during in situ thermal remediation (ISTR) projects. It explains that evaporative cooling effects from vaporization of water and volatile organic compounds in subsurface soils can lower the boiling point and achievable temperatures below 100°C. Models are presented relating evaporative cooling and vapor extraction rates to subsurface temperature profiles during ISTR. The presentation provides evidence that contaminant removal is unaffected by lowered temperatures from evaporative cooling, and argues for incorporating such effects into setting ISTR contract performance metrics above 80°C in the vadose zone.
This document discusses the temporal and spatial variation of temperature and pressure on Earth. It begins with basics on temperature scales and how temperature decreases with altitude and increases with height, known as lapse rate. Factors like latitude, altitude, land/water distribution, and winds affect temperature variation across locations. Temperature ranges from highest at equator to lowest at poles. Pressure also decreases with height due to gravity and air compressibility. Global pressure belts include tropical lows and high and polar zones. Both temperature and pressure exhibit daily, seasonal and annual cycles over time.
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. It can be measured using instruments like a psychrometer, which uses the difference between dry and wet bulb thermometer readings. Relative humidity indicates the percentage of water vapor an air sample can hold compared to its maximum capacity. Other expressions of humidity include vapor pressure, absolute humidity, dewpoint, specific humidity, and mixing ratio. Proper measurement requires accounting for factors like temperature fluctuations, instrument errors, and air ventilation.
The elements which comprise the meteorological environment are:
Atmospheric pressure,
Air temperature,
Humidity,
Rainfall,
Direction and speed of wind and
Movement of clouds and character of weather.
This document discusses atmospheric pressure and how it is measured. It defines atmospheric pressure as the force per unit area exerted by the entire air mass above a specified surface. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using a mercury barometer or an aneroid barometer. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing altitude and discusses standard atmospheric pressure units and how pressure varies globally and with weather patterns.
An inversion occurs when warm, less dense air moves over cold, dense air causing the temperature to increase with altitude instead of the normal decrease. This creates an absolutely stable environment where the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate, meaning a rising air parcel will continue to cool with altitude rather than warm, becoming denser than the surrounding air. An inversion therefore represents an absolutely stable atmosphere where any rising air will continue to cool after passing through the inversion layer.
The plastic bottle was sealed at an altitude of 14,000 feet and crushed when it reached 9,000 feet, indicating that atmospheric pressure is higher at lower altitudes and lower at higher altitudes. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude because there is less air and oxygen above ground level, so places at sea level have higher pressure than places at higher elevations.
Myhill, Dennis and Marca Geology of Geomechanics October 2015 AbstractDaniel Myhill
1) Clumped isotope thermometry was used to determine the growth temperatures of calcite crystals from a fault zone in the Peak District, UK, which ranged from 45°C to 92°C. The technique also allowed determination of the oxygen isotope composition of the mineralizing fluids.
2) The calcite precipitated from fluids that plotted on a mixing line between two end-members: a warm, evolved end-member with temperatures over 80°C and oxygen isotope values over 3.5‰, and a cooler, depleted end-member with temperatures under 45°C and oxygen isotope values under -2‰.
3) Sub-sampling of the calcite crystals revealed a complex, episodic pattern
Clumped isotope analysis of calcite veins from limestone in the Peak District, U.K. and Clare Basin, Ireland indicate that late Variscan brittle failure was accompanied by high rates of fluid flow and heat advection along fault surfaces. Veins often show zoning with respect to both temperature and oxygen isotope composition, indicating episodic fluid movement in pulses. Data from veins plot on mixing lines between a hot, isotopically evolved end-member (>160°C, δ18Ofluid > +12‰ VSMOW) and a cooler, isotopically depleted meteoric end-member (<40°C, δ18Ofluid < -5‰ VSMOW). Veins in Clare Basin
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch17 atmosphereTim Corner
This document provides information about the structure and temperature of the atmosphere. It begins by defining weather and climate, and describing the major components of air. The four layers of the atmosphere - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - are then outlined based on how temperature changes with altitude in each. Key concepts covered include the greenhouse effect, how solar radiation interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface, the impact of altitude and latitude on temperatures, and using a psychrometer to measure relative humidity and dew point.
Various instruments were used to measure environmental variables including a thermometer in a Stevenson screen, thermocouples connected to a data logger, a rain gauge, a rotating cup anemometer, a Kestrel 2500 hand-held weather meter, a sonic anemometer, a hygrometer, lux and light meters, and a Penman-Monteith equation requiring daily temperature, wind speed, humidity and solar radiation inputs to predict evapotranspiration. Additional instruments included a pyranometer, Campbell-Stoke Sunshine recorder, and Accupar to measure factors like solar radiation, sunshine, and photosynthetically active radiation.
Tim Lloyd Wright is a European editor and reporter who has covered the downstream industry since 1997 and lives in Sweden where he founded a climate initiative.
The document is an article by an independent chemical engineer arguing that attempts to control Earth's climate by reducing CO2 emissions are misguided and will not work because the climate system cannot be adequately modeled, measured or controlled like other engineered systems. He provides scientific arguments that CO2 does not influence temperature and proposes that efforts to reduce CO2 are unethical and will harm plants by depriving them of their food source.
This document provides a history of meteorology and summarizes the invention and purpose of several key weather instruments:
- A minimum-maximum thermometer records the highest and lowest temperatures over 24 hours to measure greenhouse temperatures.
- An aneroid barometer measures air pressure changes to indicate approaching rain or storms.
- A sling psychrometer uses wet and dry bulb thermometers to measure relative humidity by comparing temperatures.
- A special barometer was built for Pennsylvania counties to study meteorology using funds from the state legislature.
- An anemometer measures wind speed using a ball pendulum moved by wind pressure.
The document discusses various components of weather including:
1. Uneven heating of the Earth's atmosphere by the sun causes air movements and reactions that produce the wide variety of weather conditions.
2. Key weather variables such as temperature, air pressure, moisture, wind speed and direction are measured using instruments like thermometers, barometers, and anemometers.
3. Moisture in the atmosphere exists as water vapor, liquid droplets, or ice crystals, and the amount of moisture the air can hold depends on temperature. Changes in temperature and moisture can lead to precipitation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses the key elements of climate - solar radiation, long wave radiation, temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation. It describes the tools used to measure each element, including a pyranometer for solar radiation, pyrgeometer for long wave radiation, mercury thermometer and Stevenson screen for temperature, hygrometers for humidity, cup anemometers and wind vanes for wind, and rain gauges and radar for precipitation. It also analyzes a diagram showing the relationship between temperature, moisture content, and climatic regions from tropics to arctic.
The document summarizes research by Hansen et al. (2008) regarding appropriate targets for atmospheric CO2 levels. It finds that:
1) Analysis of past climate changes, such as those between ice ages and interglacial periods (Pleistocene epoch) and between warm and cold periods in the Cenozoic era, indicate the climate sensitivity including slow feedbacks is around 6°C for doubled CO2, higher than the current IPCC estimate of 3°C.
2) CO2 levels were likely around 450 ppm at the warmest point of the Cenozoic era 35 million years ago, and levels above 350-400 ppm risk severe impacts such as sea level rise
Assesment of lung parenchymal damage with arterial bloodAgrawal N.K
This document presents a study assessing lung damage at the alveolar level using arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. It describes how gas exchange occurs between alveoli and blood capillaries, noting factors like surface area, membrane thickness, and gas pressure that affect diffusion. Patients with lung conditions have changes in these factors. The document introduces equations incorporating FiO2 and atmospheric pressure to calculate the expected versus measured PaO2 from ABG results. This is used to quantify lung damage in two patient cases in intensive care and pre-operation. The study concludes ABG reports should account for FiO2 and pressure to assess lung function and prognosis.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It summarizes that surface temperatures have risen about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming in the past 50 years likely due to human activity like increased greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere and have increased from human fossil fuel use, providing a mechanism for human activity to warm the climate. While the warming trend is clear, uncertainties remain about how much human emissions versus natural factors are responsible for the observed temperature increases.
Crown capital management jakarta indonesia flooded summer season, atlantic o...crownindonesia
Northern Europe experiences wetter summers when the Atlantic Ocean is warmer due to a cyclical pattern of ocean temperatures called the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. The researchers compared weather conditions during past warm and cool phases of this cycle and found that warm Atlantic phases favor milder springs, summers, and autumns for England and Europe, along with wetter than usual conditions in northern and central Europe but drier than normal weather for southern Europe. This pattern is expected to continue as long as the Atlantic remains warmer than usual.
The document discusses several factors that can cause changes in Earth's climate, including variations in the Earth's orbit, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, volcanic eruptions, and variations in solar output. Large volcanic eruptions that eject sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere can have a short-term cooling effect on global temperatures by reflecting sunlight back to space for up to three years. Rising carbon dioxide levels due to human activities like burning fossil fuels are enhancing the greenhouse effect and leading to increased global warming. Variations in the Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles, may have contributed to past climate changes by altering the amount of solar radiation received by different regions over long time periods.
Carel electronic expansion valves are designed to meet any cooling capacity requirements up to 2000 kW in air-conditioning and refrigeration applications, and stand out above all for their excellent flow control, even at lower flow-rates.
Carel expansion valves have three main strengths:
1. Reliability over time: the standard design process used for the Carel ExV valves includes accelerated life testing of 1*106 cycles; the valves are certified in accordance with the main national and international standards; compliance with these standards guarantees maximum quality of both the products and the manufacturing process, as well as continuous commitment to improving the environmental management system.
2. Very precise control: this is guaranteed by Carel electronic controllers, designed especially to optimise management of air-conditioning and refrigeration systems, with special focus on energy saving. In addition, highly precise control is also assured by the special shape of the movable elements, guaranteeing flow with an equal percentage characteristic, the stroke length, achieved by using stainless steel ball-bearings, and the use of high precision mechanical components.
3. Perfect refrigerant tightness: despite the rotary motion of the motor, the movable element does not rotate during movement. This allows the use of a high quality Teflon seal, which rests gently on the valve seat, without any sliding. To improve tightness of the seal, an elastic steel spring is fitted that pushes the movable element against the seat when the system is closed: this moreover allows the motor to complete a number of extra turns before stopping. The energy accumulated by the spring in this stage gives additional energy to close the valve, meaning tightness values that are comparable to those provided by a traditional solenoid valve.
Finally, testing of 100% of the valves manufactured provides a further guarantee of reliability over time and valve tightness, and helps ensure operations with a reduced environmental impact.
How to have installations with both high performance and low GWP impact? The newest solutions for the various types of format prove that now natural refrigerants and efficiency can coexist.
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. It can be measured using instruments like a psychrometer, which uses the difference between dry and wet bulb thermometer readings. Relative humidity indicates the percentage of water vapor an air sample can hold compared to its maximum capacity. Other expressions of humidity include vapor pressure, absolute humidity, dewpoint, specific humidity, and mixing ratio. Proper measurement requires accounting for factors like temperature fluctuations, instrument errors, and air ventilation.
The elements which comprise the meteorological environment are:
Atmospheric pressure,
Air temperature,
Humidity,
Rainfall,
Direction and speed of wind and
Movement of clouds and character of weather.
This document discusses atmospheric pressure and how it is measured. It defines atmospheric pressure as the force per unit area exerted by the entire air mass above a specified surface. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using a mercury barometer or an aneroid barometer. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing altitude and discusses standard atmospheric pressure units and how pressure varies globally and with weather patterns.
An inversion occurs when warm, less dense air moves over cold, dense air causing the temperature to increase with altitude instead of the normal decrease. This creates an absolutely stable environment where the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate, meaning a rising air parcel will continue to cool with altitude rather than warm, becoming denser than the surrounding air. An inversion therefore represents an absolutely stable atmosphere where any rising air will continue to cool after passing through the inversion layer.
The plastic bottle was sealed at an altitude of 14,000 feet and crushed when it reached 9,000 feet, indicating that atmospheric pressure is higher at lower altitudes and lower at higher altitudes. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude because there is less air and oxygen above ground level, so places at sea level have higher pressure than places at higher elevations.
Myhill, Dennis and Marca Geology of Geomechanics October 2015 AbstractDaniel Myhill
1) Clumped isotope thermometry was used to determine the growth temperatures of calcite crystals from a fault zone in the Peak District, UK, which ranged from 45°C to 92°C. The technique also allowed determination of the oxygen isotope composition of the mineralizing fluids.
2) The calcite precipitated from fluids that plotted on a mixing line between two end-members: a warm, evolved end-member with temperatures over 80°C and oxygen isotope values over 3.5‰, and a cooler, depleted end-member with temperatures under 45°C and oxygen isotope values under -2‰.
3) Sub-sampling of the calcite crystals revealed a complex, episodic pattern
Clumped isotope analysis of calcite veins from limestone in the Peak District, U.K. and Clare Basin, Ireland indicate that late Variscan brittle failure was accompanied by high rates of fluid flow and heat advection along fault surfaces. Veins often show zoning with respect to both temperature and oxygen isotope composition, indicating episodic fluid movement in pulses. Data from veins plot on mixing lines between a hot, isotopically evolved end-member (>160°C, δ18Ofluid > +12‰ VSMOW) and a cooler, isotopically depleted meteoric end-member (<40°C, δ18Ofluid < -5‰ VSMOW). Veins in Clare Basin
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch17 atmosphereTim Corner
This document provides information about the structure and temperature of the atmosphere. It begins by defining weather and climate, and describing the major components of air. The four layers of the atmosphere - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - are then outlined based on how temperature changes with altitude in each. Key concepts covered include the greenhouse effect, how solar radiation interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface, the impact of altitude and latitude on temperatures, and using a psychrometer to measure relative humidity and dew point.
Various instruments were used to measure environmental variables including a thermometer in a Stevenson screen, thermocouples connected to a data logger, a rain gauge, a rotating cup anemometer, a Kestrel 2500 hand-held weather meter, a sonic anemometer, a hygrometer, lux and light meters, and a Penman-Monteith equation requiring daily temperature, wind speed, humidity and solar radiation inputs to predict evapotranspiration. Additional instruments included a pyranometer, Campbell-Stoke Sunshine recorder, and Accupar to measure factors like solar radiation, sunshine, and photosynthetically active radiation.
Tim Lloyd Wright is a European editor and reporter who has covered the downstream industry since 1997 and lives in Sweden where he founded a climate initiative.
The document is an article by an independent chemical engineer arguing that attempts to control Earth's climate by reducing CO2 emissions are misguided and will not work because the climate system cannot be adequately modeled, measured or controlled like other engineered systems. He provides scientific arguments that CO2 does not influence temperature and proposes that efforts to reduce CO2 are unethical and will harm plants by depriving them of their food source.
This document provides a history of meteorology and summarizes the invention and purpose of several key weather instruments:
- A minimum-maximum thermometer records the highest and lowest temperatures over 24 hours to measure greenhouse temperatures.
- An aneroid barometer measures air pressure changes to indicate approaching rain or storms.
- A sling psychrometer uses wet and dry bulb thermometers to measure relative humidity by comparing temperatures.
- A special barometer was built for Pennsylvania counties to study meteorology using funds from the state legislature.
- An anemometer measures wind speed using a ball pendulum moved by wind pressure.
The document discusses various components of weather including:
1. Uneven heating of the Earth's atmosphere by the sun causes air movements and reactions that produce the wide variety of weather conditions.
2. Key weather variables such as temperature, air pressure, moisture, wind speed and direction are measured using instruments like thermometers, barometers, and anemometers.
3. Moisture in the atmosphere exists as water vapor, liquid droplets, or ice crystals, and the amount of moisture the air can hold depends on temperature. Changes in temperature and moisture can lead to precipitation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses the key elements of climate - solar radiation, long wave radiation, temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation. It describes the tools used to measure each element, including a pyranometer for solar radiation, pyrgeometer for long wave radiation, mercury thermometer and Stevenson screen for temperature, hygrometers for humidity, cup anemometers and wind vanes for wind, and rain gauges and radar for precipitation. It also analyzes a diagram showing the relationship between temperature, moisture content, and climatic regions from tropics to arctic.
The document summarizes research by Hansen et al. (2008) regarding appropriate targets for atmospheric CO2 levels. It finds that:
1) Analysis of past climate changes, such as those between ice ages and interglacial periods (Pleistocene epoch) and between warm and cold periods in the Cenozoic era, indicate the climate sensitivity including slow feedbacks is around 6°C for doubled CO2, higher than the current IPCC estimate of 3°C.
2) CO2 levels were likely around 450 ppm at the warmest point of the Cenozoic era 35 million years ago, and levels above 350-400 ppm risk severe impacts such as sea level rise
Assesment of lung parenchymal damage with arterial bloodAgrawal N.K
This document presents a study assessing lung damage at the alveolar level using arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. It describes how gas exchange occurs between alveoli and blood capillaries, noting factors like surface area, membrane thickness, and gas pressure that affect diffusion. Patients with lung conditions have changes in these factors. The document introduces equations incorporating FiO2 and atmospheric pressure to calculate the expected versus measured PaO2 from ABG results. This is used to quantify lung damage in two patient cases in intensive care and pre-operation. The study concludes ABG reports should account for FiO2 and pressure to assess lung function and prognosis.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It summarizes that surface temperatures have risen about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming in the past 50 years likely due to human activity like increased greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere and have increased from human fossil fuel use, providing a mechanism for human activity to warm the climate. While the warming trend is clear, uncertainties remain about how much human emissions versus natural factors are responsible for the observed temperature increases.
Crown capital management jakarta indonesia flooded summer season, atlantic o...crownindonesia
Northern Europe experiences wetter summers when the Atlantic Ocean is warmer due to a cyclical pattern of ocean temperatures called the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. The researchers compared weather conditions during past warm and cool phases of this cycle and found that warm Atlantic phases favor milder springs, summers, and autumns for England and Europe, along with wetter than usual conditions in northern and central Europe but drier than normal weather for southern Europe. This pattern is expected to continue as long as the Atlantic remains warmer than usual.
The document discusses several factors that can cause changes in Earth's climate, including variations in the Earth's orbit, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, volcanic eruptions, and variations in solar output. Large volcanic eruptions that eject sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere can have a short-term cooling effect on global temperatures by reflecting sunlight back to space for up to three years. Rising carbon dioxide levels due to human activities like burning fossil fuels are enhancing the greenhouse effect and leading to increased global warming. Variations in the Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles, may have contributed to past climate changes by altering the amount of solar radiation received by different regions over long time periods.
Carel electronic expansion valves are designed to meet any cooling capacity requirements up to 2000 kW in air-conditioning and refrigeration applications, and stand out above all for their excellent flow control, even at lower flow-rates.
Carel expansion valves have three main strengths:
1. Reliability over time: the standard design process used for the Carel ExV valves includes accelerated life testing of 1*106 cycles; the valves are certified in accordance with the main national and international standards; compliance with these standards guarantees maximum quality of both the products and the manufacturing process, as well as continuous commitment to improving the environmental management system.
2. Very precise control: this is guaranteed by Carel electronic controllers, designed especially to optimise management of air-conditioning and refrigeration systems, with special focus on energy saving. In addition, highly precise control is also assured by the special shape of the movable elements, guaranteeing flow with an equal percentage characteristic, the stroke length, achieved by using stainless steel ball-bearings, and the use of high precision mechanical components.
3. Perfect refrigerant tightness: despite the rotary motion of the motor, the movable element does not rotate during movement. This allows the use of a high quality Teflon seal, which rests gently on the valve seat, without any sliding. To improve tightness of the seal, an elastic steel spring is fitted that pushes the movable element against the seat when the system is closed: this moreover allows the motor to complete a number of extra turns before stopping. The energy accumulated by the spring in this stage gives additional energy to close the valve, meaning tightness values that are comparable to those provided by a traditional solenoid valve.
Finally, testing of 100% of the valves manufactured provides a further guarantee of reliability over time and valve tightness, and helps ensure operations with a reduced environmental impact.
How to have installations with both high performance and low GWP impact? The newest solutions for the various types of format prove that now natural refrigerants and efficiency can coexist.
Tecnologie ad alta efficienza con refrigeranti alternativi agli HFCCAREL Industries S.p.A
The recent introduction of international directives on the control of environmental CO2 emissions has had a major impact on the commercial refrigeration sector. Governments around the world are planning to soon approximate into national law directives on the reduction of HFC refrigerants, the so-called F-gases with high environmental impact, and establish regulations to promote the transition to natural refrigerants.
“High-efficiency technology using alternative refrigerants to HFCs” is the title of the presentation by Biagio Lamanna, CAREL HVAC/R Knowledge Center Manager, aimed at underlining how it is possible to combine natural refrigerants with energy saving.
Heos System is the new concept offered by CAREL for commercial refrigeration. A new way of developing refrigeration systems that comprises plug-in cabinets featuring simple on-board refrigeration units with DC inverter compressors. The heat of condensation is carried outside of the store via a simple water loop, which is in turn is cooled by an outdoor dry cooler.
Heos es el nuevo sistema ofrecido por CAREL para la refrigeración comercial. Una nueva forma de desarrollar sistemas de refrigeración que comprende cabinas plug-in con unidades simples de refrigeración con compresores de tecnología DC inverter. El calor de condensación se lleva fuera de la tienda mediante un simple circuito de agua, que a su vez es enfriado por un dry cooler situado fuera.
Nueva normativa sobre refrigerantes y eficiencia energética: ¿Estamos prepara...CAREL Industries S.p.A
Actualmente, las normativas internacionales se centran principalmente en la reducción de las emisiones de CO2, tanto directa, a través del uso de gases refrigerantes con un menor GWP, como indirectamente, disminuyendo el consumo de energía en los equipos. En Europa, las normativas F-gas, Ecodiseño y Etiquetado Energético están indudablemente dictando la evolución del mercado de la climatización y la refrigeración. Por ello, las novedades en el sector van encaminadas a diseñar equipos cada vez más eficientes desde el punto de vista energético y compatibles con los refrigerantes con bajo GWP. Otros factores que influyen en las nuevas tendencias son la evolución de los precios de los refrigerantes, así como la disponibilidad y los inconvenientes de las nuevas alternativas.
En este escenario, la presentación "Nueva normativa sobre refrigerantes y eficiencia energética: ¿Estamos preparados?" tiene como objetivo encuadrar el marco normativo que afecta al sector de la climatización y la refrigeración en Europa y analizar las opciones disponibles en la actualidad para respetar dicha normativa. Entre ellas, las tecnologías y soluciones avanzadas de control compatibles con las nuevas alternativas de refrigerantes y que ayudan a respetar los límites impuestos.
Hecu – high energy efficiency solution for condensing units fitted with DC co...CAREL Industries S.p.A
Hecu Sistema is the CAREL solution for commercial refrigeration, designed for high energy efficiency condensing units that use either traditional HFC refrigerants or natural refrigerants such as CO2.
The system’s distinctive features include the use of DC inverter technology and real-time synchronisation with the refrigeration units. Hecu sistema meets the requirements of the latest environmental sustainability standards relating to energy consumption (Eco-design directive) and the use of low GWP refrigerants (F-Gas regulation). Stable control means high-quality food preservation and a drastic reduction in waste.
Hecu sistema is also compatible with all CAREL supervisors, which can monitor each individual system or groups of systems, and offer dashboards to simplify interpretation and analysis of system operation.
In latest years the use of waterloop systems in commercial refrigeration has seen a great boost thanks to the use of DC inverter driven compressors that have significantly improve the energy efficiency of this kind of systems.
The synergic use of DC inverter driven compressors and electronic expansion valves jointly managed by advanced control systems permit to combine the typical benefits of a waterloop system, such as factory tested plug and play cabinets, flexibility and charge/leaks reduction, with energy efficiency, food quality improvements, regulation stability and prehentive diagnostics.
CAREL is continuously improving its Heos sistema for DC waterloop systems, presenting how this technology can further improve the system analysis to a cabinet vs cabinet level, details not available with traditional systems, and how the benefits of this systems can be adapted using different refrigerants.
Air can be effectively cooled by exploiting the evaporation of water atomised into very fine droplets: the change in state, from liquid to vapour, absorbs energy from the air, which is consequently cooled. Evaporation of 100 kg/h of water absorbs 69 kW of heat from the air, for power consumption of less than 1 kW!. In an air handling unit, the supply air can be evaporatively cooled and humidified (direct evaporative cooling, DEC). Alternatively, if the outside air humidity is already high, the exhaust air can be cooled by several degrees without limits in terms of humidity, as it is discharged by the AHU; this cooling capacity, using a heat exchanger, can be used to cool the incoming fresh air with an efficiency that depends on the heat recovery unit used, yet easily exceeds 50%! (indirect evaporative cooling, IEC). All this means lower unit energy consumption and smaller dimensions and capacity of the cooling coil and chiller.
Presentation by integrated sustainable energy company, that builts on 3 major offerings:
-Renewable Energy Project Development in PV Solar
-Sustainable Energy Consulting
-Energy Technology Development
This document provides information about solar power system solutions from J Lanka Technologies. It discusses off-grid and on-grid solar power harvesting systems for homes, offices, hotels and factories. Benefits highlighted include free fuel from sunlight, low maintenance, high warranty periods for equipment, and support for green energy concepts. Installation examples and technical specifications are provided for solar panels, inverters, and other system components. Pricing information and calculations of electricity cost savings and reductions in carbon emissions from solar power systems of different sizes are also included.
Control systems for CO2 refrigeration technology must make the technology easier to use through improved interfaces, integrated solutions, and exporting knowledge. Upcoming innovations include applying CO2 systems to convenience stores and warmer climates through the use of evaporative cooling systems. Case studies show evaporative cooling can decrease gas cooler temperatures and reduce energy consumption of CO2 systems in warm weather climates like Istanbul.
Hecu sistema - Unidad de alta eficiencia con modulación de capacidad.CAREL Industries S.p.A
El sistema Hecu es un sistema diseñado específicamente para tiendas de conveniencia.
El uso de tecnología DC y algoritmos avanzados de control garantiza los mejores resultados en términos de rendimiento energético y reducciones significantes en los costes de funcionamiento.
Ver mas: http://www.carel.es/solution-for-condensing-unit
The use of CO2 in Europe as refrigerant in commercial refrigeration is getting more and more common. Starting from the big compressor rack for hypermarket, then with small and cost effective solution for small supermarket, now the attention of the industry is moved to small condensing unit for C-Store and very small formats.
The technology applied in the compressor rack application is not directly applicable in the condensing unit world, historically driven by initial cost and ease of use.
CAREL is offering now a full solution for CO2 transcritical condensing unit able to guarantee
- Energy efficiency thanks to specific components able to work at very high pressure but specifically design for such small capacity
- DC compressors technology to further improve the energy efficiency not reachable
- Full control of the system to guarantee best perfomances and reliability
- Advanced display and remote connection to maximize the ease of use.
CO2 transcritical condensing unit are available in the market since years but never getting the appropriate success due mostly to unavailability of adequate components (especially compressors) to correctly place this solution into the market.
CAREL already market leader of this application is now proposing a new solution equipped with DC compressors that are able to improve the performances and at the same time reducing overall costs and dimensions of the whole unit.
This speech informs about the excellent key performance factors of BLDC technology in this application and explains the specific control and system demands.
Carel ultrasonic humidifier for In-row cooling and Compact DatacenterCAREL Industries S.p.A
This document discusses using Carel ultrasonic humidifiers for humidity control in a small datacenter with in-row cooling. It notes the low ambient humidity conditions and evaluates using a humidifier to maintain the total moisture content within an acceptable range. The Carel humiSonic humidifier is highlighted as a compact, efficient option that can precisely control humidity levels using ultra-sonic vibrations to create very fine water droplets. Installation examples show it placed within in-row cooling units or in room corners to quickly distribute moisture as needed.
Vorstellung Anlagenkonzept einer Wohnraumlüftungsanlage mit integrierter EC-Inverter-Wärmepumpe zum Heizen, Kühlen und zur Brauchwasserbereitung.
Durch die Nutzung der Abwärme des Gebäudes als Wärmequelle der Wärmepumpe wird ein hoch effizientes System geschaffen. Des Weiteren gewährleistet die EC-Inverter-Technik, durch ständige Anpassung an den Gebäudebedarf, eine hochpräzise Temperaturführung und eine optimale Energienutzung.
Zudem ermöglicht der Einsatz von Wärmepumpentechnik den reversiblen Betrieb (Heizen und Kühlen) und liefert dadurch einen enormen Komfortgewinn, speziell in der Sommerzeit.
Ergänzend dazu haben wir die Integration eines Ultraschall-Befeuchters in der Anlage zur Befeuchtung in der Winterzeit und adiabatische, indirekte Kühlung im Sommer untersucht.
Durch die Befeuchtung in der Winterzeit wird der Komfort gesteigert. Durch eine optimale Befeuchtung werden gesundheitliche Risiken durch trockene Luft, wie trockene Haut, trockene Nasennebenhöhlen, trockene Kehle, Nasenreizungen, blutige Nasen, trockener Husten, rissige Lippen vermieden. Des Weiteren schützt es Ihr Haus und Einrichtungen durch Reduzierung des Risikos von Holzverwerfungen und Rissbildungen.
Darüber hinaus benötigt die Ultraschalltechnik gegenüber Dampfbefeuchtung einen sehr geringen Energieeinsatz.
humiSonic direct was awarded in Mostra Convegno Expocomfort 2016 as one of the most efficient and innovative humidification systems.
This humidifier stands out thanks to its excellent performance, that guarantee maximum reliability and minimal maintenance, 90% energy saving compared to a steam humidifier and instant absorption of the nebulized droplets.
Thanks to the low consumption of energy humiSonic is the ideal solution for data centers and for all those applications in which humidity control can be carried out at the expenses of the sensible heat generated within the room.
The environment as well takes advantage of humiSonic’s high efficiency. If used to replace an isothermal system in a small data center, with a humidity request of 10 kg/h, the emission of 9 tons of CO2 each year would be avoided.
This presentation discusses a 1kW solar photovoltaic system. It begins by explaining why solar PV is useful, describing how the photovoltaic effect works to convert sunlight into electricity. It then provides details of a 1kW system, estimating it could produce 5.2 kWh of power per day on average based on the location's sun hours. This equals around 1872 kWh per year, saving approximately Rs. 9,360 annually at current electricity prices. It lists appliances the system could run and the components of a 1kW solar kit, costing Rs. 1,39,000 after discounts.
Twitter Kaepernicked by Google Plus? | Should You Use Google Plus?Ana Hoffman
How to Use Google Plus? Should you even consider spending your time on Google Plus?
Consider this: it's now reported that Google Plus has moved up to become the second largest social media network.
Now Twitter is dragging behind.
To learn how to use Google Plus:
http://www.trafficgenerationcafe.com/google-plus-social-network-tutorial/
To learn more about driving traffic from social media:
http://www.trafficgenerationcafe.com/social-media-traffic/
Known image sources:
http://www.csmonitor.com/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/49703021@N00/5346367901/
http://gotsmile.net/138179/google-plus
http://www.seochat.com/c/a/social/google-plus-fun/
http://www.csectioncomics.com
http://superbowl2013live.com/
www.justjared.com
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Beyonce-for-Super-Bowl-2013/
bleacherreport.com
ME6301 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - UNIT VBIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
This document is a compilation of lecture notes on psychrometrics and gas mixtures for a thermodynamics course. It defines key terms related to psychrometrics such as relative humidity, specific humidity, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, and psychrometric processes. It also discusses psychrometric charts and how humidity affects human comfort. The document provides examples of psychrometric processes like cooling and dehumidification, evaporative cooling, and defines sensible and latent heat. It is compiled by an assistant professor for third semester mechanical engineering students.
1. Psychrometry is the study of atmospheric air and its associated water vapor. It involves using a psychrometric chart to determine properties like moisture content, relative humidity, wet-bulb temperature, dew point temperature, and specific enthalpy based on dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
2. A psychrometric chart plots the relationship between saturated vapor pressure and temperature, allowing users to determine other properties for a given air sample. Lines of constant moisture content and saturation are included.
3. Key terms include moisture content (ratio of mass of water vapor to dry air), relative humidity (ratio of actual vapor pressure to saturated vapor pressure), wet-bulb temperature (temperature reached by evaporative cooling), and
This document provides an overview of fundamental properties of air and water vapor mixtures presented in a lecture by Assistant Lecturer Karrar Al-Mansoori. It defines key terms like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, relative humidity, and partial pressure. It also outlines the composition of dry air, gas laws, Dalton's law of partial pressures, saturation vapor pressure, and how to calculate vapor pressure and relative humidity of a moist air mixture. The summary focuses on the essential concepts and terminology introduced in the lecture.
The psychrometric chart is a readable chart used in sizing typical air conditioning systems. It relates temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and other properties of moist air on a single graph. The basic features include dry-bulb temperature on the x-axis and specific humidity on the y-axis. Lines of constant wet-bulb temperature, specific volume, and enthalpy are also included. The saturation line represents the curve of 100% relative humidity. Psychrometric charts can be used to determine various air properties if two variables like dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity are known. They also allow analysis of different air conditioning processes that change the condition of air, such as constant latent heat, constant sensible heat, and ad
- Physics concepts like pressure, volume, temperature and flow are important in anaesthesia to safely manage gases and fluids. Boyle's law and other gas laws allow calculation of gas amounts in cylinders.
- Bernoulli's principle and the Venturi effect explain changes in pressure and velocity of fluids. Heat transfer principles are relevant to patient temperature regulation. Humidity levels impact moisture exchange filters.
- Reynolds number determines laminar versus turbulent flow, important for breathing circuits. The Coanda effect impacts airway distribution. Simple mechanics equations enable calculating work of breathing and syringe pressures.
This document discusses psychrometric terms and relations. It defines dry air, moist air, saturated air, degree of saturation, humidity, absolute humidity, relative humidity, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, wet bulb depression, dew point temperature, dew point depression, and psychrometer. It describes Dalton's law of partial pressures and key psychrometric relations regarding specific humidity, degree of saturation, relative humidity, pressure of water vapor, and absolute humidity. An example problem is included to demonstrate calculating relative humidity, specific humidity, dew point temperature, enthalpy per kg of dry air, and volume of air mixture per kg of dry air given dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and barometric pressure.
This document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of moist air mixtures. It defines key terms like dry air, moist air, saturated air, humidity ratio, relative humidity, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and dew point temperature. It describes Dalton's law of partial pressures as it applies to air-vapor mixtures. It also outlines important psychrometric relationships between specific humidity, degree of saturation, relative humidity, vapor pressure, and absolute humidity. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate how to use psychrometric charts and equations to determine properties like dew point, relative humidity, specific humidity, enthalpy, and volume from measurements of dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and barometric pressure.
This document discusses air conditioning and psychrometrics. It defines air conditioning as controlling temperature, humidity, and other factors to provide human comfort. Psychrometry is introduced as the study of moist air and its properties. Key psychrometric terms are defined, including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, and dew point temperature. Dalton's law of partial pressures is described as it applies to moist air. The main psychrometric processes used in air conditioning are outlined, such as sensible heating and cooling, humidification, and dehumidification. Bypass factor is also introduced in relation to heating and cooling coils.
This document discusses psychrometry and air conditioning. It begins by defining dry air and atmospheric air, and the specific and relative humidity of air. It then discusses dew point temperature and how to calculate it. The document introduces the psychrometric chart as a tool to determine air properties and outlines several air conditioning processes like heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification. Key concepts like wet bulb temperature, adiabatic saturation and human comfort are also summarized. Specific air conditioning applications such as evaporative cooling, mixing of air streams and cooling towers are briefly described.
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases at a given temperature. It relates to the evaporation rate of a liquid and is affected by factors like temperature, composition of mixtures, and presence of solids or liquids. Vapor pressure increases non-linearly with temperature and the boiling point of a liquid is reached when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. It plays an important role in cloud formation through processes like condensation, supersaturation, and Raoult's law governing vapor pressures in mixtures.
Psicrometría es la ciencia que estudia las propiedades termodinámicas del aire húmedo y el efecto de la humedad atmosférica. El documento explica que la psicrometría permite medir y controlar la humedad del aire a través del uso de tablas o cartas psicrométricas, las cuales representan variables como la temperatura de bulbo seco, húmedo y de rocío. Finalmente, señala que la carta psicrométrica es una herramienta fundamental para el acondicionamiento de aire
Psychrometry ala rac gtu sem 6th Refrigeration and Air conditioningShrey Patel
pshchrometry
refrigeration and air conditioning
BE Mechanical 6th sem ALA ppt
GTU MSU
various terms related to psychrometry and psychrometric chart with example
This document discusses gas-vapor mixtures and air conditioning. It defines dry air and atmospheric air, and explains how to calculate specific and relative humidity, dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature, and use a psychrometric chart. Various air conditioning processes are covered, including simple heating and cooling, heating with humidification, cooling with dehumidification, evaporative cooling, adiabatic mixing of air streams, and wet cooling towers. The goal of air conditioning is to maintain a comfortable environment for humans in terms of temperature, humidity, and air motion.
Psychrometry is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. It is important for air conditioning design to understand the properties of atmospheric air, which is a mixture of gases, water vapor, and pollutants. Specific humidity refers to the mass of water associated with each kilogram of dry air. Key psychrometric processes used in air conditioning include:
1) Sensible cooling, where air temperature decreases over a cooling coil while moisture content remains constant.
2) Heating and humidification, where air is first sensibly heated and then water vapor is added through steam nozzles.
3) Cooling and humidification, where air temperature and humidity both increase by spraying cool water into the air stream
This document provides an overview of concepts related to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) design. It begins with definitions of key terms like thermal load and psychrometry. It then discusses outdoor and indoor design conditions, principles of cooling load, and components of heating and cooling load. Specific topics covered include psychrometric processes, properties of air like temperature and humidity, and factors that affect human comfort like air movement and clothing. Methods of heat transfer and concepts like thermal conductivity and U-values are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines principles of air cooling and different types of air conditioners.
Psychrometry: Properties and processes discusses key concepts in psychrometry including:
- Psychrometry is the study of properties of air-water vapor mixtures, commonly known as moist air. Moist air consists of dry air, water vapor, and other inert gases.
- Key psychrometric properties include specific humidity, relative humidity, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, and degree of saturation.
- The sling psychrometer is used to measure wet bulb temperature by whirling two thermometers, one dry and one wet, through the air. Wet bulb depression indicates the specific humidity of air.
- Dew point temperature is the temperature at which air becomes saturated when cooled at constant
This document discusses gas laws and properties related to gas pressure. It begins with questions about gas pressure in balloons and containers filled with pure oxygen. It then summarizes Dalton's law of partial pressures, which states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual gas partial pressures. The document provides examples of calculating total and partial pressures. It continues discussing vapor pressure and how to measure and correct for vapor pressure when collecting gases over water. It concludes with sample calculations for determining the volume of dry gas collected at standard temperature and pressure.
Psychrometry is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. Key terms include:
- Dry bulb temperature (DBT) - measured by ordinary thermometer
- Wet bulb temperature (WBT) - measured by thermometer wrapped in wet cloth
- Dew point temperature (DPT) - temperature at which moisture condenses
- Relative humidity (RH) - ratio of actual water vapor to maximum possible at given DBT
An adiabatic saturator is used to measure the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature, which is the temperature air reaches when saturated adiabatically. Multiple inlet air conditions can result in the same thermodynamic wet bulb temperature.
This document provides an overview of psychrometry and the psychrometric chart. It defines key terms like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, enthalpy and others. It explains common HVAC processes that can be analyzed using the psychrometric chart, such as sensible cooling/heating, humidification, dehumidification. The document also provides examples of using the psychrometric chart to analyze real HVAC processes and case studies. Mastering the psychrometric chart and properties of moist air is essential for properly designing and troubleshooting HVAC systems.
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and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...
Energy saving through evaporating cooling in comfort and industrial applications
1. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Luigi
Nalini,
Speaker
luigi.nalini@carel.com
Energy
saving
through
evapora7ng
cooling
in
comfort
and
industrial
applica7ons
2. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Everybody
has
certainly
experienced
the
cooling
effect
caused
by
a
current
of
air
on
the
swea1ng
skin
or
on
wet
clothes,
as
well
as
the
perceived
lower
temperature
in
the
vicinity
of
waterfalls
where
microscopic
water
droplets
are
suspended
in
the
air.
Based
on
empirical
observa1ons,
even
without
knowing
its
basic
physical
principle,
humankind
has
Evapora7ve
cooling
has
been
used
by
humankind
since
50
centuries
ago!
used
since
from
the
third
millennium
B.C.
the
evapora1ve
cooling
to
mi1gate
the
temperature
of
spaces,
par1cularly
in
areas
with
a
hot
and
dry
climate.
Only
over
the
last
two
centuries,
scien1sts
have
studied
the
basics
of
thermodynamics
and
processes
related
to
the
exchange
of
sensible
and
latent
heat
and
found
the
theore1cal
principles
of
cooling
by
evapora1on
which,
however,
has
played
a
marginal
role
in
the
recent
past
due
to
the
extensive
use
of
mechanical
refrigera1on
systems.
3. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
According
to
the
molecular
kine1c
theory,
as
any
element
water
assumes
the
solid,
liquid,
gaseous
state
in
func1on
of
the
internal
energy
of
molecules,
that
occurs
as
vibra1onal,
rota1onal,
transla1onal
mo1on
and
reciprocal
collisions.
Temperature
is
a
measure
of
the
average
internal
energy
and
therefore
the
higher
the
temperature,
the
greater
the
internal
energy
of
the
molecules.
Upon
an
energy
input,
liquid
water
molecules
increase
their
internal
energy.
Part
of
them
reaches
an
energy
level
sufficient
to
enter
in
the
evapora7on
process,
overcoming
the
aWrac1ve
forces
of
the
bulk
of
the
liquid,
passing
to
the
gaseous
state
(vapor)
and
spreading
in
the
available
space
around.
The
Water
Evapora7on
Process
4. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
temperature
-‐
°C
Vapor
pressure
-‐
Pa
SATURATION
PRESSURE
VPS
OF
WATER
vs
TEMPERATURE
The
diagram
shows
the
pressure
exerted
by
the
water
vapor
molecules
vs
temperature
just
above
the
surface
of
liquid
water.
In
this
condi1ons
water
vapor
is
in
equilibrium
with
its
condensed
state
and
therefore
that
pressure
is
said
Satura7on
Pressure
PVS.
Leaving
the
liquid
water
and
entering
into
the
atmosphere
the
vapor
molecules
must
«compete»
with
the
pressure
exerted
by
the
other
gases.
The
vapor
molecules,
due
to
their
kine1c
energy,
exert
over
the
con1guous
bodies
a
macroscopic
pressure
propor1onal
to
the
number
and
to
the
force
of
the
collisions.
As
well
as
the
internal
energy,
also
vapor
pressure
depends
on
temperature.
Water
Vapor
Pressure
5. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
The
atmosphere,
a
mixture
of
dry
air
(i.e.:
permanent
gases
-‐
such
as
N2,
O2,
Ar
-‐
without
vapor)
and
vapor,
has
a
pressure
PATM
(around
1,033
bar
at
sea
level)
that
is
equal
to
the
sum
of
the
the
individual
pressure
of
the
several
gaseous
components.
According
to
the
gas
laws,
the
individual
pressure
of
any
gas
(called
also
par7al
pressure)
in
the
mixture
is
propor7onal
to
THE
ATMOSPHERE
IS
A
MIXTURE
OF
GASES
OVERALL
PRESSURE
=
101.325
Pa
@
SEA
LEVEL
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
ARGON
WATER
VAPOR
Of
course
the
maximum
quan1ty
is
got
when
the
vapor
par1al
pressure
equals
the
satura1on
pressure
PVS
;
in
this
condi1on,
the
air
is
said
Saturated.
However,
differently
from
permanent
gases
(whose
rela1ve
percentage
is
stable)
water
vapor
concentra7on
varies
with
1me,
loca1on
and
weather.
its
volumetric
frac7on;
therefore
the
number
of
molecules
of
water
contained
in
the
air
is
propor1onal
to
the
vapor
par1al
pressure.
Vapor
in
the
Atmosphere
6. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
The
ra1o
between
the
actual
pressure
PV
and
the
satura1on
pressure
PVS
at
the
same
temperature
is
defined
rela7ve
humidity
RH:
RH
=
PV
/
PVS
[%]
(1)
The
Vapour
Pressure
Deficit,
or
VPD,
is
the
difference
between
the
actual
water
vapor
pressure
and
the
satura1on
pressure:
it
indicates
the
maximum
capability
by
the
air
to
absorb
addi1onal
vapor
at
that
temperature.
The
formula
closely
appoxima1ng
the
VAPOR
PRESSURE
OF
WATER
vs
TEMPERATURE
AND
RH
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
temperature
-‐
°C
Vapor
pressure
-‐
Pa
10%
25
PVS
=
3170
PV
=
1270
VAPOR
PRESSURE
DEFICIT
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
(101,325
Pa)
When
the
content
of
vapor
in
the
atmosphere
is
not
enough
for
satura7on,
also
the
vapor
pressure
PV
is
lower
than
the
saturated
pressure
PVS.
saturated
vapor
pressure
Pvs
vs.
temperature
T
[°C]
between
0°C
and
80°C
is:
PVS
=
exp
(23,5771
-‐
4042,9/(235,57
+
T))
[Pa]
(2)
Psychrometric
Expressions
1/2
7. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
The
vapor
content
in
the
atmosphere
is
called
absolute
humidity
x,
expressed
as
mass
of
water
vapor
per
unit
mass
of
dry
air;
it
can
be
calculated
knowing
the
par1al
pressure
Pv
-‐
func1on
of
temperature
-‐
and
rela1ve
humidity:
x
=
0,622
*
PV/(PATM
–
PV)
[kgv/kga]
(3)
The
expression
(3)
shows
that,
at
a
certain
atmospheric
pressure,
absolute
humidity
x
is
func7on
exclusively
of
the
vapor
pressure
PV.
Another
important
parameter
of
humid
air
is
the
enthalpy
H,
i.e.
its
energy
thermal
content,
made
of
the
heat
contained
in
dry
air
and
the
internal
energy
of
vapor
molecules,
that
depends
on
temperature
and
on
absolute
humidity:
H
=
cpa
*
T
+
x
*
(r0
+
cpv
*
T)
=
1,005
*
T
+
x
*
(2501
+
1,9
*
T)
[kJ/kga]
(4)
where:
• T
[°C]
=
temperature;
• cpa,
cpv
[kJ/kg°C]=
specific
heat
of
dry
air
and
of
water
vapor;
• r0
[kJ/kg]
=
latent
heat
of
water
at
0°C.
The
expressions
from
(1)
to
(4)
are
the
bases
of
psychrometric
chart,
i.e.
the
graph
of
the
thermodynamic
parameters
of
moist
air
at
a
constant
pressure.
Psychrometric
Expressions
2/2
8. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Water
liquid
molecules
require
an
heat
input
to
increase
their
internal
energy
in
order
to
pass
to
vapor.
This
heat
can
be
given
by
an
external
source
(i.e.:
by
the
sun,
by
electricity
or
by
burning
a
fuel)
as
it
happens
normally
during
winter
humidifica1on.
Alterna1vely,
the
evapora1on
heat
can
be
supplied
by
the
air
itself
with
no
external
input:
the
molecules
that
evaporate
absorb
heat
from
the
en1re
air-‐
liquid-‐vapor
system
which
then
undergoes
a
temperature
decrease.
This
process
is
therefore
defined
adiaba7c
(i.e.
without
transfer
of
heat)
and
isenthalpic
because
the
heat
content
of
air
being
humidified
does
not
change.
Just
for
the
same
reason
this
process
is
defined
adiaba7c
cooling.
In
an
adiaba1c
cooler
an
air
stream
is
circulated
over
an
extended
water
surface
with
which
it
comes
into
close
contact.
Within
the
cooler
the
air
flow
causes
the
evapora1on
of
water.
Adiaba7c
Cooling
1/2
water
adiaba1c
cooler
ADIABATIC
COOLER
SCHEME
cooled
humid
air
@
temp.
T2
<
T1
entering
warm
air
@
temp.
T1
9. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Isothermal
Humidifica1on
Adiaba1c
humidifica1on
Air
Hea1ng
Air
Cooling
Temperature
Enthalpy
Absolute
Humidity
Rela1ve
Humidity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
30
15
10
5
0
25
20
20
100
70
80
90
60
30
40
50
DRY
BULB
TEMPERATURE
-‐
°C
ABSOLUTE
HUMIDITY
–
g/kg
PATM
=
101.325
Pa
10%
Process
Trend
Psychrometric
Chart
and
Basic
Processes
ISENTHALPIC
LINES
10. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Due
to
the
difference
between
the
vapor
pressure
over
the
water
surface
and
the
par1al
vapor
pressure
of
unsaturated
air,
the
evapora1on
of
water
will
take
place.
The
lowest
temperature
theore1cally
aWainable
corresponds
to
the
intersec1on
between
the
isoenthalpic
line,
followed
along
the
process,
and
the
satura1on
curve:
this
is
represented
by
the
black
arrow
in
the
graphic.
Along
the
process
un1l
the
satura1on:
• the
Vapor
Pressure
Deficit
decreases
down
to
zero;
• the
rela1ve
humidity
arrives
to
100%;
• the
cooling
effect,
due
to
evapora1on,
reaches
the
maximum
value.
RH
[%]
100%
60%
40%
80%
20%
PVS
–
PV
[Pa]
4
2
6
0
Qsp
[J/kg
of
air]
10
5
15
0
20
saturation
Vapor
pressure
deficit
Air
rela7ve
humidity
Cooling
effect
ON
GOING
EVAPORATIVE
COOLING
PROCESS
20,6
25
30
35
40
15
10
5
0
Vapor
par7al
pressure
-‐
kPa
absolute
humidity
–
gv/kga
38
1
2
0
0,5
2,5
1,5
water
evapora1ve
cooler
38°C
20%
RH
20,6
°C
100%
RH
Adiaba7c
Cooling
2/2
11. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
However,
along
the
process,
the
temperature
and
the
vapor
pressure
differen1als
between
humid
air
and
water
sharply
decrease,
making
the
satura1on
of
leaving
air
hardly
achievable
in
prac1ce.
The
capacity
of
an
evapora1ve
cooler
to
approach
the
satura1on,
defined
as
Satura7on
Effec7veness
μe,
is:
μe
=
(T1
–
T2)/(T1
–
TWB)
[%]
DIRECT
SATURATION
EFFECTIVENESS
Dry
bulb
temp.
-‐
°C
T1
T2
TWB
The
evapora1on
of
water
involves
a
simultaneous
transfer
of
heat
and
mass
(evapora1ng
molecules)
between
the
air
stream
and
the
liquid
surface.
• The
heat
exchange
is
propor1onal
to
the
temperature
difference.
• The
mass
exchange
(evapora1ng
water)
is
propor1onal
to
the
vapor
pressure
difference.
• Their
rate
depend
linearly
on
the
interface
area
between
water
and
air.
In
direct
evapora1ve
coolers
μe
ranges
between
20-‐30%
(typical
of
the
tabletop
equipment)
up
to
90%
and
more
for
large
high
performance
ducted
Direct
Satura7on
Effec7veness
12. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
The
adiaba1c
evapora1on
process
is
very
efficient
because,
where
prac1cable,
produces
a
cooling
effect
with
no
energy
consump7on.
An
evapora1ve
cooler
designed
for
air
condi1oning
purposes
reduces
the
processed
air
temperature
but
increases
its
humidity
content;
this
should
be
considered
in
order
to
keep
the
hygrothermal
room
condi1ons
within
the
limits
required
for
each
applica1on.
Therefore
room
air
condi1oning
by
means
of
an
evapora1ve
cooler
is
not
viable
just
recircula7ng
internal
air
because
the
indoor
humidity
would
soon
approach
the
satura1on
condi1on.
Instead,
it
requires
the
introduc7on
of
outside
air
to
which
obviously
must
correspond
an
equal
rate
of
exhaust
air.
Evapora1ve
cooling
equipment
can
be
direct
or
indirect.
40%
RH
80%
RH
100%
RH
100%
RH
YES
NO
Adiaba7c
Cooling
Requires
Air
Changes
13. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
GI
Total
air
flow
rate
Gvent
Min
fresh
air
flow
EC
Evapora1ve
cooler
CC
Cooling
coil
GO
Outside
air
flow
CD
Combined
dampers
PC
Pre-‐hea1ng
coil
RC
Re-‐hea1ng
coil
The
free
cooling
by
Direct
Evapora7ve
Cooling
(DEC)
is
got
cooling
(and
humidifying)
outdoor
air
and
introducing
it
straight
into
the
space:
this
is
therefore
viable
whenever
the
temperature
T2
of
the
outdoor
air
downstream
the
adiaba1c
cooler
is
lower
than
the
indoor
temperature
Tamb.
In
fact,
for
the
same
air
flow,
the
cooling
capacity
is
propor1onal
to
the
air
flow
rate
and
to
the
difference
(T2-‐Tamb).
GI
GO
GI
CD
PC
EC
CC
RC
AHU
UNIT
WITH
DIRECT
ADIABATIC
COOLER
AND
MOTORIZED
DAMPERS
TO
ADJUST
THE
AIR
FLOW
RATES
T2Tamb
Direct
Evapora7ve
Cooling
from
the
space
to
the
space
from
outdoor
to
outdoor
14. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
GI
Total
air
flow
rate
Gvent
Min
fresh
air
flow
EC
Evapora1ve
cooler
HU
Humidifier
GO
Outside
air
flow
α
Ra1o
GO/GE
HE
Heat
exchanger
CC
Cooling
coil
GE
External
air
flow
CD
Combined
dampers
PC
Pre-‐hea1ng
coil
RC
Re-‐hea1ng
coil
GO
(=
r
*
GE);
TO;
HO
GE;
TE;
HE
GI
CD
PC
HU
CC
RC
GI-‐GE
HE
GI
≥
GE
≥
Gvent
AC
GO
;
TC;
HA
GE
;
TX;
HX
GO
;
TA;
HA
GI
AHU
UNIT
WITH
INDIRECT
ADIABATIC
COOLER
AND
MOTORIZED
DAMPERS
TO
ADJUST
THE
AIR
FLOW
RATES
The
Indirect
Evapora7ve
Cooling
(IEC)
occurs
by
cooling
air
in
an
adiaba1c
humidifica1on
process,
and
then
in
turn
using
the
same
air
to
reduce
–
via
a
heat
exchanger
–
the
temperature
of
a
second
stream
of
air,
whose
moisture
content
remains
unchanged.
Indirect
Evapora7ve
Cooling
15. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Based
on
a
mass
transfer
process,
an
adiaba1c
cooler
should
have:
• enough
air
velocity
to
create
a
sufficient
turbulence
and
the
removal
of
vapor
molecules
from
the
water
surface;
• enough
interface
surface
between
cooled
air
and
evapora1ng
water.
There
are
two
basic
ways
to
expand
the
surface:
1) by
using
a
solid
wet
media
with
an
extended
surface
that,
if
kept
wet,
act
as
a
vast
water-‐air
interface
area;
2) by
introducing
into
the
air
stream
water
in
the
form
of
minute
droplets
using
a
process
known
as
nebulisa7on,
pulverisa7on
or
atomisa7on.
Features
of
Most
Used
Adiaba7c
Coolers
16. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
In
these
adiaba1c
humidifiers
the
air
is
passed
through
weWed
pads,
i.e.:
honeycomb
structures
of
resin-‐
impregnated
cellulose
or
glass
fiber
offering
a
wide
interface
area.
The
pads,
placed
ver1cally,
are
kept
wet
by
a
water
flow
distributed
on
their
upper
edge.
Wet
Media
Humidifiers
1/2
In
ducted
HVAC
systems
wet
media
humidifiers
are
generally
placed
inside
of
air
handling
units;
the
wet
pad
is
made
using
modules.
This
makes
possible
to
adapt
the
front
surface
and
the
depth
of
the
wet
media
according
to
the
available
space,
the
air
flow
rate,
the
efficiency,
the
allowed
pressure
loss.
17. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Only
part
of
the
water
drawn
from
a
boWom
tank
by
a
recircula1on
pump
and
distributed
onto
the
pads
evaporates
when
the
rest
is
recirculated.
The
evapora1on
process
increases
the
concentra1on
of
salts
which
may
build
up
on
the
surface,
forcing
to
clean
or
replace
the
pads
when
clogged.
Furthermore
they
should
be
periodically
controlled
because
the
presence
of
a
warm
water
recircula7on
poten7ally
promotes
a
risky
bacterial
growth.
Last
but
not
least,
the
air
side
pressure
drop
of
the
pads
requires
an
addi7onal
energy
consump7on
even
when
no
humidifica7on
is
needed.
Their
use,
widespread
for
the
limited
price,
should
be
carefully
evaluated
looking
also
at
the
opera1ng
costs,
some1mes
surprisingly
high.
Wet
Media
Humidifiers
2/2
18. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
These
devices
are
equipped
with
a
volumetric
pump
which
pressurizes
the
water
to
values
between
70
and
100
bar
and
delivers
it
to
small
nozzles
that
produce
a
fine
mist
(droplets
of
10-‐15
micron)
easily
absorbed
by
air
stream
because
the
surface
offered
by
1
liter
of
water
atomized
at
15
μm
is
as
high
as
400
m2.
PUMPING
STATION
ATOMIZING
NOZZLE
High
Pressure
Atomising
Systems
1/2
The
distribu1on
piping
network
that
supports
and
supplies
the
nozzles
is
posi1oned
in
an
air
duct
or
placed
directly
into
the
environment
to
humidify.
NOZZLE
RACK
SUSPENDED
TYPE
NOZZLE
RACK
IN
AHU
SECTION
19. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
High
pressure
atomising
systems
may
reach
an
excellent
level
of
accuracy
(±
2%)
of
the
humidity
in
the
controlled
space
and
very
high
capaci1es
with
a
negligible
electric
consump1on
absorbed
by
the
pump
(<4
W
per
liter
of
sprayed
water).
Under
the
hygienic
aspect
they
are
not
cri1cal
because
do
not
promote
bacterial
growth;
infact:
§ in
the
case
of
direct
atomiza1on
into
the
environment,
the
sprayed
water
is
fully
absorbed
by
the
air;
§ in
ducted
systems
the
frac1on
not
evaporated
-‐
usually
very
small
-‐
is
drained
without
recircula1on.
The
use
of
demineralised
or
sweetened
water
is
recommended
to
prevent
clogging
of
the
nozzles.
High
pressure
atomising
systems
are
available
for
capacity
up
to
many
thousands
of
kg/h.
High
Pressure
Atomising
Systems
2/2
20. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Ultrasonic
Humidifiers
STAND
ALONE
UNIT
SMALL
SIZE
UNIT
DUCTED
TYPE
UNIT
Ultrasonic
humidifiers
provide
an
extra
fine
atomiza1on
of
water
(≈
3
μm)
by
means
of
the
high-‐
frequency
vibra1on
(close
to
1,7
Mhz)
of
a
piezoelectric
element
(or
more
than
one,
in
parallel);
the
absorp1on
of
vapor
is
immediate
due
to
the
wide
interface
surface
(2000
m2
offered
by
1
liter
of
water
atomized
at
3
μm).
Due
to
size
and
cost
they
are
convenient
for
small
and
medium
installa1ons
(0,5
to
15
kg/h).
The
use
of
demineralised
water
is
highly
recommended.
Best
ultrasonic
humidifiers
reach
excep1onal
levels
of
precision
(±
1%)
in
the
en1re
range
of
their
rated
capacity
and,
thanks
to
the
high
efficiency
of
absorp1on,
they
are
suitable
for
the
distribu1on
of
the
produced
mist
directly
into
the
room
as
well
as
in
ducted
systems.
21. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
To
Conclude,
let
Us
Men7on
a
Few
Case
Studies
22. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Evapora7ve
Cooling:
Datacenter
Applica7on
The
need:
humidity
control
and
evapora1ve
cooling
A
company
has
a
big
data
center
in
Middlesbrough
(Newcastle-‐
UK).
It
has
more
than
180
global
data
centers
and
IT
service
companies.
Data
hall
Atomizing
nozzles
Hot
exhaust
air
to
data
centre
Coniugated
dampers
24. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Evapora7ve
Cooling:
Air
Cooled
Heat
Exchangers
In
aircooled
heat
exchangers
(i.e.:
condensers,
radiators,
etc.)
the
intake
air
is
adiaba1cally
cooled
to
improve
the
performance
in
hoWest
periods.
Water
may
be
sprayed
in
excess
in
order
to
wet
the
finned
coil
so
promo1ng
a
further
evapora1on
during
air
hea1ng
along
the
exchanger.
25. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
COMPARATIVA ESTACIONES 4/09/06
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
12.30
13.00
13.30
14.00
14.30
15.00
15.30
16.00
16.30
17.00
17.30
18.00
18.30
19.00
19.30
20.00
20.30
21.00
21.30
22.00
22.30
23.00
23.30
HORA
ºCY%HR
Tª EXT. PEÑAG. Tª EXT. ILUST. Tª AMB. PEÑAG. Tª AMB. ILUST. Tª IMP. PEÑAG. Tª IMP. ILUST.
HR EXT. PEÑAG. HR EXT. ILUST. HR AMB. PEÑAG. HR. AMB. ILUST. HR IMP. PEÑAG. HR IMP. ILUST.
El ecpa S.L.
Instalaciones y Control
The
aim
of
this
solu1on
is
to
provide
more
comfort,
cooling
the
environment
using
water
as
a
“source
of
power”,
because
it’s
considerably
more
economic
than
tradi1onal
cooling
systems
(direct
expansion)
as
it
consumes
less
power.
Evapora7ve
Cooling:
Subway
Applica7on
Number
of
pla•orms:
2
Q
=
90,000
m3/h
for
each
pla•orm
(ven1la1on)
Outdoor
air
=
100%
Discharging
air
condi1ons:
27-‐28°C/70-‐80%
r.H.
Result:
In
the
period
15/july/2006
to
15
sept/2006,
the
temperature
in
this
sta1on
was
3.4°C
colder
than
in
other
comparable
sta1ons.
Peñagrande
subway
sta1on,
Madrid
26. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Need:
efficiency
improvement
of
a
new
gas
turbine
for
produc1on
of
electricity
Petrochemical
complex
With
23
plants,
they
operate
400,000
barrels
per
day
of
crude
oil,
produce
18.4
million
tons
per
annum
(mpta)
of
petroleum-‐based
products
and
2.4
mpta
of
ethylene
and
propylene-‐based
deriva1ves
Evapora7ve
Cooling:
Industrial
Applica7on
Technical
note:
Cooling
the
combus1on
air
ingested
by
the
turbine
–
even
by
a
few
degrees
–
can
increase
power
output
substan1ally.
This
because
cooled
air
is
denser
and
therefore
gives
the
turbine
a
higher
mass-‐flow
rate
and
pressure
ra1o,
resul1ng
in
increased
turbine
output
and
efficiency
–
as
much
as
1
%
per
degree
Celsius.
Varia1on
of
the
performance
of
a
gas
turbine
vs.
air
intake
temperature
27. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
The
solu7on
Project
condi7ons:
Airflow
:
80.000
m3/h
From
43°C
and
20%
R.H.
Desired
25
°C
with
max
85%
R.H.
Total
Rack
Capacity
:
690
l/h
Turbine
Evapora7ve
Cooling
Diagram
28. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Humidifica7on
in
a
Music
Hall
in
Athens
The
needs
1)
Control
humidity
level
during
all
seasons,
ie..
instruments
made
of
wood
are
the
most
affected
and
come
into
contact
with
non-‐wood
pieces,
string
instruments
(guitars,
violins,
etc.).
2)
Changes
in
humidity
cause
the
detune
problems
to
singers,
during
a
performance.
Room
environment
must
be
at
show1me
condi1ons
before
musicians
being
warming
up.
The
solu7ons
Music
hall:
4
–
adiaba1c
mul1zone
Master
sta1on
10
–
adiaba1c
mul1zone
Slave
sta1on
14
–
distribu1or
rack
14
–
drop
separators
Library:
2
–
adiaba1c
mul1zone
Master
sta1on
6
–
adiaba1c
mul1zone
Slave
sta1on
8
–
distribu1or
rack
8
–
drop
separators
Greek
Na1onal
Opera,
Athens
29. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
CAR
FACTORY
Humidifica1on
in
most
automo1ve
paint
booths
has
tradi1onally
been
accomplished
by
water
spray
coils
or
wet-‐media
located
in
the
air
houses
serving
the
paint
booths.
The
needs
Desired
stable
paint
booth
condi1ons
at
65
to
75°F
&
65
to
75%rH.
The
pain1ng
booths
are
supplied
with
permanently
condi1oned
air
by
a
ducted
system.
Humidifica7on
in
Water-‐Borne
Pain7ng
Booths
The
results:
the
system
has
operated
with
a
precision
previously
unknown
in
this
industry,
achieving
set
point
in
10
minutes
from
cold
startup.
From
the
actual
performance
graph,
from
a
cold
start,
the
system
comes
into
specifica1on
within
10
minutes
and
then
maintains
±1°F
and
±2%rH.
The
old,
simple
cardboard
pads
will
no
longer
provide
the
precision
and
reliability
demanded.
30. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Humidifica7on
in
a
Museum
in
Venice
The
need
Temperature
and
Humidity
control
inside
the
various
rooms
with
1ght
Temperature
and
Humidity
set
point
range
(24°C
Temperature
–
50%
rH
with
±
5%
tolerance).
The
installed
system
It
was
chosen
a
Direct
Expansion
Units
(Mul1func1on
air/water
cooled
units
for
climate
control
+
Fan
Coils)
with
its
regula1on
system
for
temperature
control,
temperature
and
Humidity
values
recording
and
remote
management
via
Internet
access.
Due
to
historical
architecture
of
the
building,
it
was
not
allowed
the
installa1on
of
water
piping
for
hydronic
systems.
Technical
Solu7on:
Air/Water
Units
–
Fan
Coils
–
Ultrasonic
Humidifiers
AG150A
fan-coil
Bus
M-Net
fan-coil
gatew
ay
Ethernet
(cross
cable)
fan-coil
BUS
SUPERVISION
BUSpLAN
BUS
GATEWAY
BUS HUMIDIFIERS
RS485 bus GATEWAY
RS485 bus pLAN
RS485 bus HUMIDIFIERS
RS485 bus SUPERVISION
Results
• Reduced
energy
requirements:
60W
per
litre
of
spray
per
hour,
corresponding
to
about
7%
of
the
energy
consump1on
of
a
tradi1onal
humidifier.
• Use
of
demineralized
water
eliminates
the
problem
of
bacteria
improving
the
air
quality.
• The
adiaba7c
humidifica7on
process
decreases
the
temperature
of
the
air
in
summer7me,
thus
reducing
the
ac7vity
of
the
compressors
and
saving
energy.
• Extremely
fine
droplet
spray:
the
water
is
finely
sprayed
into
extremely
small
droplets
(few
microns)
easily
and
quickly
absorbed
by
the
air.
31. EinB2016
–
5th
Interna1onal
Conference
“ENERGY
in
BUILDINGS
2016”
Luigi
Nalini,
Speaker
luigi.nalini@carel.com