This document discusses atmospheric pressure and how it is measured. It defines atmospheric pressure as the force per unit area exerted by the entire air mass above a specified surface. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using a mercury barometer or an aneroid barometer. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing altitude and discusses standard atmospheric pressure units and how pressure varies globally and with weather patterns.
Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere. It affects objects in several ways: by applying a force to still or moving objects which can change their direction or shape; by soaking objects placed vertically in mud more than horizontally due to differences in surface area; and by being measured as pressure, which is force per unit area. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude and changes over time and location, resulting in winds like sea breezes and land breezes.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It is expressed on comparative scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Thermometers use materials like mercury that expand with increasing heat to measure temperature. Temperature inversions occur when warm air is above cooler air near the surface, trapping pollutants. Inversions impact air quality by preventing the dispersion of pollution. Clouds also impact temperature by reflecting sunlight to lower maximum temperatures while trapping heat at night to raise minimums.
deals with temperature, density, pressure, winds and humidity parameters of the atmosphere; Prssure gradient force, coriolis force, gravity force and friction force and winds and currents, ; pressure lows and highs, atmospheric circulation, winds.
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. There are three main types of humidity: absolute, relative, and specific. Absolute humidity is a direct measure of the mass of water in a given volume of air. Relative humidity compares the actual water content of the air to the maximum amount the air can hold at a given temperature. Specific humidity measures the ratio of water vapor to total air mass. Relative humidity is affected by temperature and the amount of water in the air. High humidity can impact climate, plants, animals, human comfort, and more. The most humid areas tend to be near the equator and coastal regions.
The presentation shows how relative humidity affects other ecological parameters in meteorology. This also shows the relationship between and among the ecological parameters in meteorology
Cyclones involve a closed circulation around a low pressure center, spinning counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They bring strong winds inward and cause extensive damage from heavy rain. Cyclones are known by different names depending on location, such as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Western Pacific. Anticyclones circulate clockwise around a high pressure center, pushing winds outward and typically bringing fine weather. Key differences between cyclones and anticyclones are the direction of circulation and associated weather patterns.
Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere. It affects objects in several ways: by applying a force to still or moving objects which can change their direction or shape; by soaking objects placed vertically in mud more than horizontally due to differences in surface area; and by being measured as pressure, which is force per unit area. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude and changes over time and location, resulting in winds like sea breezes and land breezes.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It is expressed on comparative scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Thermometers use materials like mercury that expand with increasing heat to measure temperature. Temperature inversions occur when warm air is above cooler air near the surface, trapping pollutants. Inversions impact air quality by preventing the dispersion of pollution. Clouds also impact temperature by reflecting sunlight to lower maximum temperatures while trapping heat at night to raise minimums.
deals with temperature, density, pressure, winds and humidity parameters of the atmosphere; Prssure gradient force, coriolis force, gravity force and friction force and winds and currents, ; pressure lows and highs, atmospheric circulation, winds.
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. There are three main types of humidity: absolute, relative, and specific. Absolute humidity is a direct measure of the mass of water in a given volume of air. Relative humidity compares the actual water content of the air to the maximum amount the air can hold at a given temperature. Specific humidity measures the ratio of water vapor to total air mass. Relative humidity is affected by temperature and the amount of water in the air. High humidity can impact climate, plants, animals, human comfort, and more. The most humid areas tend to be near the equator and coastal regions.
The presentation shows how relative humidity affects other ecological parameters in meteorology. This also shows the relationship between and among the ecological parameters in meteorology
Cyclones involve a closed circulation around a low pressure center, spinning counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They bring strong winds inward and cause extensive damage from heavy rain. Cyclones are known by different names depending on location, such as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Western Pacific. Anticyclones circulate clockwise around a high pressure center, pushing winds outward and typically bringing fine weather. Key differences between cyclones and anticyclones are the direction of circulation and associated weather patterns.
Precipitation, types and their different forms.Satyapal Singh
This document discusses different types of precipitation including rain, snow, hail, sleet and drizzle. It explains that precipitation forms through the process of evaporation, cooling, condensation and growth of water droplets. There are three main types of precipitation: convective caused by warm air rising, orographic caused when air is forced up over mountains, and cyclonic caused by interactions of warm and cold air masses. The document provides details on the formation mechanisms and characteristics of various precipitation types.
The dew point is the temperature at which the air must be cooled for water vapor in the air to condense into liquid water. When the air temperature cools to the dew point, the relative humidity reaches 100% and condensation occurs in the form of dew, fog, or clouds. An example is provided of air at 15°C containing water vapor; as it cools to 10°C, its relative humidity increases until it reaches 100% saturation at the dew point temperature.
The document discusses the Coriolis force, which is an inertial force that causes objects moving in a rotating reference frame to deflect from their path. It was discovered and named by the French physicist Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis. The Coriolis effect has important impacts in meteorology, oceanography, and ballistics, causing deflections of winds, ocean currents, and projectile trajectories due to the Earth's rotation. It causes clockwise wind flow around low pressures in the Southern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
The document summarizes key information about Earth's atmosphere, including its composition, layers, and importance. It discusses the following main points:
1. Earth's atmosphere is made up primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with smaller amounts of other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
2. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - which vary in temperature and density.
3. Key functions of the atmosphere include absorbing solar energy, recycling water and chemicals, protecting the planet from radiation, and supporting life on Earth.
This document discusses cloud formation and types of clouds. It presents that clouds are formed through convection as warmer air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense into liquid droplets or ice crystals. Clouds are classified into high, middle, and low-level clouds based on their height and composition. Factors like surface heating, topography, fronts, convergence, and turbulence can influence cloud formation. Clouds impact the environment by regulating temperature through reflection and absorption of heat and enabling precipitation through the water cycle.
Air pressure is the force exerted by air molecules pushing down on a surface. It depends on factors like elevation, temperature, and humidity. Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude and temperature, and increasing humidity. It can be measured using a barometer. Changes in air pressure affect the weather, with low pressure typically bringing stormy conditions and high pressure typically resulting in fair skies.
Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of the air above pressing down. It is measured in millibars using a barometer. There are mercury and aneroid barometers. Pressure varies due to altitude, temperature, and water vapor content. Higher altitudes, warmer temperatures, and more moisture all result in lower air pressure. The earth's rotation also affects pressure, creating semi-permanent high and low pressure belts globally.
Atmospheric pressure and Atmospheric TemperatureAndino Maseleno
Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude and is caused by the decreasing mass of air above. It is measured in units like atmospheres and pascals. The scale height is the height where pressure decreases by a factor of e and depends on temperature, molecular mass, and gravity. Atmospheric temperature also varies with altitude, from very cold in the mesopause to very warm in the thermosphere due to radiation. Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level used in weather reports.
The document summarizes the mechanism of the Indian monsoon. It describes how seasonal winds blow from the sea to land for months each year in tropical regions. Meteorologists have found a seesaw relationship between pressure changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which causes shifting winds across the equator between seasons. Specifically, lower pressure over the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere summer draws winds from the Pacific toward India, bringing the southwest monsoon. Coriolis forces cause the winds to change direction as they cross the equator.
Air can flow when there are differences in temperature and pressure conditions. It helps study variations in the atmosphere. Large masses of air with uniform temperature and humidity properties are called air masses. They start flowing from source regions and help study cyclones and anticyclones. The contact line between different air masses is called a front, which can be a warm front when warm air moves over cold air, or a cold front when cold air moves over warm air. Cyclones are areas of low pressure surrounded by high pressure, while anticyclones are areas of high pressure surrounded by low pressure. Tropical cyclones are circular over seas in summer, while extra-tropical or temperate cyclones are V-shaped over land
wind erosion and its control measures, factor affecting wind erosion, mechanics of wind erosion, types of soil transportation, suspension, saltation and surface creep, windbreak, shelterbelt, sand duns
Temperature, humidity and wind relevant to weatherJordan Yap
This document discusses various meteorological concepts related to temperature, humidity, and wind. It defines key terms like temperature, relative humidity, dew point, wind speed, and wind classifications. It also explains how changes in these factors can impact agriculture and public health, such as through heat waves, air quality, waterborne illnesses, and infectious diseases. Rising temperatures are associated with more heat-related illnesses and can worsen air pollution and spread vector-borne diseases. Humidity and dew point influence plant health and post-harvest storage. Wind forms due to air pressure differences and impacts include wind advisories, watches and warnings.
This document discusses hydrometeorology and related instruments. It begins by defining hydrometeorology as the branch of science dealing with water in the atmosphere. It then lists and describes various hydro-meteorological instruments such as thermometers, psychrometers, barometers, and sunshine recorders. The document concludes by briefly outlining the vertical structure of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere.
Precipitation occurs when moisture in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the surface. The main types of precipitation are rain, snow, hail, fog, dew, mist, glaze, rime, sleet. Precipitation is measured using rain gauges, snow gauges, radars, and satellites. Rain gauges include non-recording and recording types like tipping bucket, weighing, and float gauges. Recording gauges provide rainfall duration and intensity data in addition to total amounts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions while climate describes average weather patterns over longer periods of time. Various instruments are used to measure and monitor weather elements like temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, and precipitation. Climate is influenced by factors such as latitude, distance from bodies of water, prevailing winds, ocean currents, altitude, and cloud cover. Tropical rainforests and deserts have unique climates that shape distinctive plant and animal adaptations for survival. Deforestation threatens rainforests and contributes to desertification.
This document discusses condensation and the formation of fog and clouds. It begins by defining condensation as the process where a gas transforms into a liquid due to changes in pressure and temperature. It then discusses the necessary and sufficient conditions for condensation to occur, including cooling air to below its dew point until saturated and the presence of condensation nuclei. The document proceeds to describe different types of fog like radiation fog, advection fog, and freezing fog that form through various cooling mechanisms. It also covers cloud condensation nuclei and the classification system used to identify different types of clouds.
The document discusses several key factors that influence temperature:
1) Altitude - Temperature decreases about 0.6°C for every 100 meters gained in elevation, so a place 1000m above sea level would be cooler. This is why places in the Blue Mountains are cooler.
2) Distance from the sea - Places farther inland have greater temperature extremes than coastal areas, as the sea moderates temperatures.
3) Latitude - Temperatures are generally highest near the equator where the sun's rays are most direct, and decrease further from the equator.
1. Air pressure is caused by the weight of the atmosphere and is exerted in all directions. It is measured using a barometer.
2. Wind is caused by differences in air pressure and is affected by pressure gradients, the Coriolis effect, and friction. Unequal heating of the Earth's surface creates pressure differences.
3. The atmosphere circulates in cells with air rising at the equator and sinking at the poles, driven by pressure and temperature differences. This circulation creates global wind patterns like the trade winds and westerlies.
A barometer is an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure by balancing the weight of mercury, water, or air in a tube against the outside air pressure. Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer in 1643 using a vacuum to compare atmospheric pressure to zero pressure. Barometers can help forecast weather by measuring changes in air pressure, with high pressure indicating colder weather and low pressure signaling warmer temperatures and rain.
Precipitation, types and their different forms.Satyapal Singh
This document discusses different types of precipitation including rain, snow, hail, sleet and drizzle. It explains that precipitation forms through the process of evaporation, cooling, condensation and growth of water droplets. There are three main types of precipitation: convective caused by warm air rising, orographic caused when air is forced up over mountains, and cyclonic caused by interactions of warm and cold air masses. The document provides details on the formation mechanisms and characteristics of various precipitation types.
The dew point is the temperature at which the air must be cooled for water vapor in the air to condense into liquid water. When the air temperature cools to the dew point, the relative humidity reaches 100% and condensation occurs in the form of dew, fog, or clouds. An example is provided of air at 15°C containing water vapor; as it cools to 10°C, its relative humidity increases until it reaches 100% saturation at the dew point temperature.
The document discusses the Coriolis force, which is an inertial force that causes objects moving in a rotating reference frame to deflect from their path. It was discovered and named by the French physicist Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis. The Coriolis effect has important impacts in meteorology, oceanography, and ballistics, causing deflections of winds, ocean currents, and projectile trajectories due to the Earth's rotation. It causes clockwise wind flow around low pressures in the Southern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
The document summarizes key information about Earth's atmosphere, including its composition, layers, and importance. It discusses the following main points:
1. Earth's atmosphere is made up primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with smaller amounts of other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
2. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - which vary in temperature and density.
3. Key functions of the atmosphere include absorbing solar energy, recycling water and chemicals, protecting the planet from radiation, and supporting life on Earth.
This document discusses cloud formation and types of clouds. It presents that clouds are formed through convection as warmer air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense into liquid droplets or ice crystals. Clouds are classified into high, middle, and low-level clouds based on their height and composition. Factors like surface heating, topography, fronts, convergence, and turbulence can influence cloud formation. Clouds impact the environment by regulating temperature through reflection and absorption of heat and enabling precipitation through the water cycle.
Air pressure is the force exerted by air molecules pushing down on a surface. It depends on factors like elevation, temperature, and humidity. Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude and temperature, and increasing humidity. It can be measured using a barometer. Changes in air pressure affect the weather, with low pressure typically bringing stormy conditions and high pressure typically resulting in fair skies.
Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of the air above pressing down. It is measured in millibars using a barometer. There are mercury and aneroid barometers. Pressure varies due to altitude, temperature, and water vapor content. Higher altitudes, warmer temperatures, and more moisture all result in lower air pressure. The earth's rotation also affects pressure, creating semi-permanent high and low pressure belts globally.
Atmospheric pressure and Atmospheric TemperatureAndino Maseleno
Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude and is caused by the decreasing mass of air above. It is measured in units like atmospheres and pascals. The scale height is the height where pressure decreases by a factor of e and depends on temperature, molecular mass, and gravity. Atmospheric temperature also varies with altitude, from very cold in the mesopause to very warm in the thermosphere due to radiation. Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level used in weather reports.
The document summarizes the mechanism of the Indian monsoon. It describes how seasonal winds blow from the sea to land for months each year in tropical regions. Meteorologists have found a seesaw relationship between pressure changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which causes shifting winds across the equator between seasons. Specifically, lower pressure over the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere summer draws winds from the Pacific toward India, bringing the southwest monsoon. Coriolis forces cause the winds to change direction as they cross the equator.
Air can flow when there are differences in temperature and pressure conditions. It helps study variations in the atmosphere. Large masses of air with uniform temperature and humidity properties are called air masses. They start flowing from source regions and help study cyclones and anticyclones. The contact line between different air masses is called a front, which can be a warm front when warm air moves over cold air, or a cold front when cold air moves over warm air. Cyclones are areas of low pressure surrounded by high pressure, while anticyclones are areas of high pressure surrounded by low pressure. Tropical cyclones are circular over seas in summer, while extra-tropical or temperate cyclones are V-shaped over land
wind erosion and its control measures, factor affecting wind erosion, mechanics of wind erosion, types of soil transportation, suspension, saltation and surface creep, windbreak, shelterbelt, sand duns
Temperature, humidity and wind relevant to weatherJordan Yap
This document discusses various meteorological concepts related to temperature, humidity, and wind. It defines key terms like temperature, relative humidity, dew point, wind speed, and wind classifications. It also explains how changes in these factors can impact agriculture and public health, such as through heat waves, air quality, waterborne illnesses, and infectious diseases. Rising temperatures are associated with more heat-related illnesses and can worsen air pollution and spread vector-borne diseases. Humidity and dew point influence plant health and post-harvest storage. Wind forms due to air pressure differences and impacts include wind advisories, watches and warnings.
This document discusses hydrometeorology and related instruments. It begins by defining hydrometeorology as the branch of science dealing with water in the atmosphere. It then lists and describes various hydro-meteorological instruments such as thermometers, psychrometers, barometers, and sunshine recorders. The document concludes by briefly outlining the vertical structure of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere.
Precipitation occurs when moisture in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the surface. The main types of precipitation are rain, snow, hail, fog, dew, mist, glaze, rime, sleet. Precipitation is measured using rain gauges, snow gauges, radars, and satellites. Rain gauges include non-recording and recording types like tipping bucket, weighing, and float gauges. Recording gauges provide rainfall duration and intensity data in addition to total amounts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions while climate describes average weather patterns over longer periods of time. Various instruments are used to measure and monitor weather elements like temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, and precipitation. Climate is influenced by factors such as latitude, distance from bodies of water, prevailing winds, ocean currents, altitude, and cloud cover. Tropical rainforests and deserts have unique climates that shape distinctive plant and animal adaptations for survival. Deforestation threatens rainforests and contributes to desertification.
This document discusses condensation and the formation of fog and clouds. It begins by defining condensation as the process where a gas transforms into a liquid due to changes in pressure and temperature. It then discusses the necessary and sufficient conditions for condensation to occur, including cooling air to below its dew point until saturated and the presence of condensation nuclei. The document proceeds to describe different types of fog like radiation fog, advection fog, and freezing fog that form through various cooling mechanisms. It also covers cloud condensation nuclei and the classification system used to identify different types of clouds.
The document discusses several key factors that influence temperature:
1) Altitude - Temperature decreases about 0.6°C for every 100 meters gained in elevation, so a place 1000m above sea level would be cooler. This is why places in the Blue Mountains are cooler.
2) Distance from the sea - Places farther inland have greater temperature extremes than coastal areas, as the sea moderates temperatures.
3) Latitude - Temperatures are generally highest near the equator where the sun's rays are most direct, and decrease further from the equator.
1. Air pressure is caused by the weight of the atmosphere and is exerted in all directions. It is measured using a barometer.
2. Wind is caused by differences in air pressure and is affected by pressure gradients, the Coriolis effect, and friction. Unequal heating of the Earth's surface creates pressure differences.
3. The atmosphere circulates in cells with air rising at the equator and sinking at the poles, driven by pressure and temperature differences. This circulation creates global wind patterns like the trade winds and westerlies.
A barometer is an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure by balancing the weight of mercury, water, or air in a tube against the outside air pressure. Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer in 1643 using a vacuum to compare atmospheric pressure to zero pressure. Barometers can help forecast weather by measuring changes in air pressure, with high pressure indicating colder weather and low pressure signaling warmer temperatures and rain.
Torricelli invented the barometer in 1644 using a glass tube filled with mercury, noticing that atmospheric pressure caused the mercury's level to rise and fall. The barometer works by balancing the weight of the mercury against air pressure, with higher pressure lowering the mercury level. Later refinements included a U-shaped tube and additions like a dial to read the mercury's height in inches to measure pressure changes.
This document explains Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure when temperature is kept constant. It provides examples of how Boyle's law applies to balloons expanding with decreasing pressure, and gas compressing into a smaller volume under increasing pressure. Mathematical and graphical representations of the inverse pressure-volume relationship are also presented.
1) A planet's atmosphere is determined by its gravity - large planets with strong gravity can hold thicker atmospheres than low-mass planets with weak gravity.
2) Atmospheric pressure depends on the thickness of the atmosphere, which is influenced by a planet's gravity. Stronger gravity holds more gas and increases atmospheric pressure.
3) On Earth, atmospheric pressure is measured using barometers like mercury barometers invented by Torricelli, and aneroid barometers which indicate pressure changes using mechanical means without toxic materials. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation and a falling barometer often signals approaching low pressure weather systems.
Here are the key steps to solve these atmospheric pressure and boiling point calculation problems:
1) H = 11(760 - 721) = 429 m
2) H = 4,070 m, P = 760 - (H/11) = 760 - (4,070/11) = 390 mm Hg
3) H = 2,376 m, B.P. = 100 - (760 - P)/27 = 100 - (760 - (760 - (H/11)))/27 = 100 - (760 - (760 - (2,376/11)))/27 = 95 °C
4) P = 625 mm Hg, H = 11(760 - P) = 11(
Presentation on “pressure, manometers,bourdon gauges and load cellsShaik Afzal
This presentation discusses different types of pressure measurement devices. It defines absolute, gauge, atmospheric, and vacuum pressures. Absolute pressure is measured with reference to a vacuum, while gauge pressure uses atmospheric pressure as a datum.
Methods of pressure measurement discussed include manometers, mechanical gauges, and load cells. Manometers measure pressure by balancing fluid columns, and are classified as simple or differential. Simple manometers include piezometers, U-tube, and single column types. Differential manometers measure the difference in pressure between two points.
Mechanical pressure gauges balance fluid columns with springs or weights and include diaphragm, Bourdon tube, dead-weight, and bellows types. Bourdon tube gaug
This document discusses fluid pressure and various ways to measure it. It defines pressure as a force per unit area and explains that pressure increases linearly with depth in a static fluid. It also describes how manometers and barometers work to measure pressure differences and atmospheric pressure respectively using the hydrostatic pressure equation. Manometers use columns of liquid like mercury or water, while barometers use a mercury column to directly measure atmospheric pressure at sea level.
Atmospheric pressure can be measured using a barometer. The first mercury barometer was developed in 1643 by Evangelista Torricelli. Later, an aneroid barometer was invented in 1843 that functions without liquids. In 2004, Cold Energy obtained a patent for a device that generates electricity by exploiting differences in atmospheric pressure between geographic locations using a pressurized air pipeline. This concept could generate enough renewable energy to power 250,000 homes.
Air pressure refers to the weight of the air pressing down on the Earth's surface, which can be measured using a barometer. Low air pressure typically brings cloudy, stormy weather while high pressure usually results in good weather. Air pressure is equal both inside and outside the body, so we don't feel its effects. Understanding air pressure allows one to predict weather patterns by reading a barometer.
This document discusses different types of manometers used to measure pressure. It describes U-tube manometers, which use mercury in two legs of equal area to measure liquid or gas pressure. Well-type manometers have one narrow tube leg and one wide reservoir leg, allowing small pressure changes to produce large changes in the tube height. Inclined tube manometers are slanted to improve sensitivity for small pressure differences. Micromanometers combine an inclined magnifying tube with a reservoir leg to precisely measure minute pressure changes.
This document discusses the standard atmosphere and how atmospheric pressure varies with altitude. It provides information on how pressure decreases as altitude increases, dropping about 1.2 kPa for every 100 meters at low altitudes. The document also presents an equation called the barometric formula that relates atmospheric pressure, altitude, temperature, and other parameters in the troposphere. It includes a table with typical values for these parameters.
Pressure can be measured using various instruments, including bourdon tube gauges, manometers, and aneroid gauges. Manometers measure pressure by comparing it to the height of a liquid column, with mercury commonly used for its density. Absolute pressure is measured against a vacuum, while gauge pressure is against atmospheric pressure. Instruments are selected based on their required pressure range and accuracy.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude due to less air above. The barometric formula models how pressure and density change with altitude, dropping off exponentially. At sea level, air has a density of about 1.2 kg/m3 under standard temperature and pressure, but density decreases with altitude as pressure and temperature drop under the effects of gravity and the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
This document provides information about climatology and the key concepts within it. It defines weather as the short-term atmospheric conditions over an area, while climate describes conditions over a long period of time (many years). It describes the layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It also discusses atmospheric composition, temperature, pressure, and the processes involved in energy transfer within the atmosphere.
This document provides an overview of climatology and related concepts. It defines weather as the short-term atmospheric conditions over an area, while climate describes conditions over a long period of time. It describes the layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It also discusses atmospheric composition, temperature, pressure, and how energy is transferred through conduction, convection, and radiation.
This document provides an introduction to aerodynamics and the physics of flight. It discusses key concepts such as atmospheric pressure, density, temperature, humidity and how they affect aircraft performance. The international standard atmosphere is described as providing standard values for calculations and comparisons. Aerodynamics is introduced as relating to the forces exerted by moving air or relative wind on aircraft in flight.
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology. It defines important terms like atmosphere, troposphere, vapor pressure, saturation vapor pressure, isobars, relative humidity, and dew point. It explains that meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and its processes. Knowledge of regional climate and meteorological processes is important for hydrologists in estimating precipitation and designing hydraulic structures.
1. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the earth's atmosphere. It is measured in hectopascals (hPa), with 1 hPa equal to 1 millibar.
2. Pressure gradient refers to the rate of change of pressure over distance and indicates how strongly winds will blow between areas of high and low pressure.
3. Dew point temperature is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor and fog can form. It is an important measurement for mariners to consider when deciding whether to ventilate cargo holds.
This document discusses the temporal and spatial variation of temperature and pressure on Earth. It begins with basics on temperature scales and how temperature decreases with altitude and increases with height, known as lapse rate. Factors like latitude, altitude, land/water distribution, and winds affect temperature variation across locations. Temperature ranges from highest at equator to lowest at poles. Pressure also decreases with height due to gravity and air compressibility. Global pressure belts include tropical lows and high and polar zones. Both temperature and pressure exhibit daily, seasonal and annual cycles over time.
This document provides an overview of basic meteorological processes. It discusses topics like atmospheric thermodynamics, stability, boundary layer development, and how meteorology affects plume dispersion. Specific concepts covered include lapse rate, potential temperature, methods for determining stability, boundary layer growth over time, and how factors like wind speed and thermal boundaries influence pollution dispersion.
Unit1 principle concepts of fluid mechanicsMalaysia
This document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including temperature scales, pressure measurements, and fluid properties. It defines temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Rankine and shows conversions between them using formulas. It describes different pressure terms like atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, absolute pressure and vacuum. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at sea level of about 101 kPa. Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure and can be positive or negative. Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge and atmospheric pressures. Vacuum refers to a perfect empty space with zero pressure. Formulas are provided to convert between these pressure terms and examples are given to demonstrate conversions and calculations.
This chapter discusses the principles of flight, including:
1) It examines the fundamental physical laws governing the forces acting on an aircraft in flight, and how pilots must understand these natural laws to control aircraft.
2) It describes the structure of the atmosphere, including its composition of gases and how air density decreases with altitude.
3) It discusses atmospheric pressure and how instruments like the altimeter are affected by changes in pressure. The standard atmosphere is used as a reference point for these measurements.
The document discusses the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) model, which defines standard atmospheric conditions as a function of altitude. Key points:
- The ISA was developed in the 1920s and standardized in 1952 to provide a reference model for aircraft/rocket design and performance.
- It defines how temperature, pressure, and density vary with altitude up to 80,000 ft based on hydrostatic equilibrium equations for a stationary, dry atmosphere.
- Temperature decreases at a constant rate from sea level to the tropopause at -6.5°C/1000m and remains constant above. Pressure and density decrease exponentially with altitude based on the gas laws.
- The ISA provides a baseline for comparing
This document provides an overview of atmospheric pressure and how it varies with height, location, time of day, and season. It discusses that pressure decreases with increasing height due to lower air density. Horizontally, pressure varies with temperature, latitude, and land/sea distribution, forming belts of high and low pressure. Diurnally, pressure shows two highs and lows as air expands and contracts. Seasonally, pressure varies more in tropical regions due to changes in solar heating. Isobars on maps connect places of equal pressure, and their spacing indicates the rate of pressure change.
This document discusses various transducers used for pressure, temperature, level, and flow measurements. It describes different pressure measurement units and scales including absolute, gauge, differential, atmospheric, and vacuum pressure scales. Common pressure transducers like Bourdon gauges and capacitive transducers are explained. Temperature measurement principles of liquid-in-glass thermometers and rotary thermometers are outlined. Common temperature transducers like thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors are also summarized along with the working principle of thermocouples based on the Seebeck effect.
1) The document discusses compressible flow and summarizes key concepts like Mach number, speed of sound, stagnation properties, and normal shock waves.
2) It provides equations to calculate flow properties like velocity, pressure, and temperature across area changes and normal shocks.
3) Examples are given to demonstrate calculating stagnation properties, flow variables upstream and downstream of normal shocks, and solving problems involving compressible flow concepts.
1) A normal shock wave occurs when the flow velocity decreases abruptly from supersonic to subsonic speeds. Flow properties like pressure, temperature, and density change discontinuously across the shock.
2) The flow Mach number decreases from a value greater than 1 upstream to less than 1 downstream. Pressure and temperature increase across the normal shock.
3) Normal shock waves are analyzed using the Rankine-Hugoniot equations which relate flow properties on both sides of the shock based on conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Examples show how to calculate post-shock properties given pre-shock conditions.
The document discusses atmospheric pressure and different ways of measuring it. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing altitude and defines standard atmospheric pressure at sea level as 101,325 Pa. It also explains different pressure units like bars, pascals, atmospheres and torrs that are used to measure pressure. Common instruments for measuring pressure include mercury barometers, aneroid barometers, and digital barometers.
1) Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of air molecules pressing down on surfaces below. The random motion of air molecules propagates this pressure equally in all directions.
2) Atmospheric pressure is measured using a mercury barometer, with standard atmospheric pressure at sea level being approximately 1013 hPa. Global maps of current sea-level air pressure show values typically between 1005-1047 hPa.
3) Pressure gradients are weak near the Earth's surface because winds act to reduce differences in pressure over time, transporting air from high to low pressure areas.
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Atmospheric pressure
1. UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA
Facultad de Ingeniería
TECHNICAL ENGLISH
SECCIÓN “A”
Atmospheric Pressure
POR:
Jaime Alexander Aguirre Ramos 200818410 Civil
Floridalma Esperanza Quintana Quiñones 200815490 Civil
Rossio Alejandra Zometa Herrarte 201213588 Civil
Fernando Martínez 200815406 Civil
Byron Sipaque 200818990 Civil
Guatemala, April 11th.
2.
INTRODUCTION
Atmospheric pressure, also called barometric pressure, force per unit area exerted by an
atmospheric column (that is, the entire body of air above the specified area).
Atmospheric pressure can be measured with a mercury barometer (hence the commonly
used synonym barometric pressure), which indicates the height of a column of mercury
that exactly balances the weight of the column of atmosphere over the barometer.
Atmospheric pressure is also measured using an aneroid barometer, in which the sensing
element is one or more hollow, partially evacuated, corrugated metal disks supported
against collapse by an inside or outside spring; the change in the shape of the disk with
changing pressure can be recorded using a pen arm and a clockdriven revolving drum.
OBJECTIVES
• Describe the atmospheric pressure and its effects on fluids.
• Demonstrate the Archimede’s Principle
• Understanding how atmospheric pressure affects.
4. (See also Standard temperature and pressure.) In
the United States, compressed air flow is often
measured in "standard cubic feet" per unit of time,
where the "standard" means the equivalent
quantity of air at standard temperature and
pressure. For every 1,000 feet you ascend, the
atmospheric pressure decreases by about 4%.
However, this standard atmosphere is defined
slightly differently: temperature = 20 °C (68 °F), air
density = 1.225 kg/m³ (0.0765 lb/cu ft), altitude =
sea level, and relative humidity = 20%. In the air
conditioner industry, the standard is often
temperature = 0 °C (32 °F) instead. For natural gas,
the Gas Processors Association (GPA) specifies a
standard temperature of 60 °F (15.6 °C), but allows 15 year average mean sea level pressure
a variety of "base" pressures, including 14.65 psi for June, July, and August (top) and
(101.0 kPa), 14.656 psi (101.05 kPa), 14.73 psi December, January, and February
(101.6 kPa) and 15.025 psi (103.59 kPa).[4] For a
(bottom)
given "base" pressure, the higher the air pressure,
the colder it is; the lower the air pressure, the warmer it is.
Mean sea level pressure (MSLP) is the pressure at sea level or (when measured at a
given elevation on land) the station pressure reduced to sea level assuming an
isothermal layer at the station temperature.
This is the pressure normally given in weather reports on radio, television, and
newspapers or on the Internet. When barometers in the home are set to match the
local weather reports, they measure pressure reduced to sea level, not the actual local
atmospheric pressure. See Altimeter (barometer vs. absolute).
The reduction to sea level means that the normal range of fluctuations in pressure is
the same for everyone. The pressures that are considered high pressure or low
pressure do not depend on geographical location. This makes isobars on a weather
map meaningful and useful tools.
The altimeter setting in aviation, set either QNH or QFE, is another atmospheric
pressure reduced to sea level, but the method of making this reduction differs slightly.
QNH
The barometric altimeter setting that will cause the altimeter to read airfield elevation
when on the airfield. In ISA temperature conditions the altimeter will read altitude
above mean sea level in the vicinity of the airfield
QFE
5. The barometric a altimeter se
etting that w
will cause an
n altimeter to read zero
o when at the
refere
ence datum of a particular airfie (in gen
m eld nway threshold). In IS
neral, a run SA
tempe erature conditions the altimeter w will read heiight above tthe datum iin the viciniity
of the
airfield.
QFE a QNH ar arbitrary Q codes r
and re y rather than abbreviatio
ons, but the mnemoni ics
"Nauttical Height"
" (for QNH) and "Field Elevation" (for QFE) arre often use ed by pilots to
distinguish them.
Avera age sealevel l pressure is
s 101.325 k kPa (1013.2 25 mbar, or hPa) or 29 9.92 inches of
mercu ury (inHg) o or 760 mill limeters (m mmHg). In aviation we eather repo orts (METAR R),
QNH is transmit tted around the world in milliba or hecto
d d ars opascals (1 millibar = 1
hectop pascal), exc cept in the U
United States, Canada, a and Colombia where it is reported in
inches s (to two de ecimal place es) of mercu ury. (The United States s and Canad da also repo ort
sea le
evel pressur SLP, whic is reduc to sea l
re ch ced level by a d
different mmethod, in the
remar section, not an inte
rks ernationally transmitte part of t code, in hectopasca
y ed the als
or miillibars.[5] However, in Canada's public wea
H n ather report sea leve pressure is
ts, el
instea reported in kilopas
ad d scals [1], w
while Environment Canada's stan ndard unit of
pressu ure is the same [2] [3].) In the we eather code e, three digi its are all th
hat is neede ed;
decimmal points an nd the one o or two most t significant
t digits are omitted: 10 013.2 mbar or
101.32 kPa is tra ansmitted a as 132; 1000 0.0 mbar or r 100.00 kP Pa is transm mitted as 00 00;
998.7 mbar or 99 9.87 kPa is transmitted d as 987; ettc. The high hest sealeve el pressure o on
Earth occurs in Siberia, wh here the Sib berian High often atta
h ains a seallevel pressu
ure
above e 1050.0 mb bar (105.00 kPa). The lo owest meas surable sea level pressu ure is found at
the ceenters of tro opical cyclonnes and torn nadoes.
Altitu
ude atmos
spheric pressure var
riation
Pressu varies smoothly f
ure from the Earth's surfa to the top of the mesospher
ace re.
Althou the pre
ugh essure channges with th weather, NASA has averaged th conditions
he he
for al parts of the earth y
ll year‐round. As altitud increases atmosphe
. de s, eric pressu
ure
decrea ases. One can calcu ulate the a atmospheri pressure at a giv
ic e ven altitud
de.
Temperature and d humidity a also affect t
the atmosph heric pressu
ure, and it is
s necessary to
know these to compute an accurate
6. Within the tropo
n osphere, th following equation relates atm
he g mospheric p
pressure p to
altitud
de h
where
e the consta
ant paramet
ters are as d
described be
elow:
ameter
Para iption
Descri Value
p0 sea level stand
dard atmosph
heric pressur
re 101325
5 Pa
L tem
mperature la
apse rate 0.0065 K
K/m
T0 sea level stand
dard tempera
ature 288.1
15 K
g Ea
arth‐surface g
gravitational
l acceleration
n 9.80665 m 2
m/s
M mo
olar mass of dry air 0.0289644 kg/m
mol
R un
niversal gas c
constant 8.31447 J/(mol
l•K)
Local
l atmospheric press
sure variat
tion
Atmosspheric preessure variies widely on Earth, and
these changes ar importan in studyin weather and
re nt ng r
climat See pre
te. essure syst
tem for the effects of air
e
pressu
ure variatioons on weathher.
Atmos spheric preessure showws a diurnal l or semidiuurnal
(twicee‐daily) cycle caused by global atm
mospheric t tides.
This effect is strongest in tropica zones, with
al
Hur
rricane Wilmaa on 19 Octob ber
amplitude of a feew millibarss, and almoost zero in p
polar
200
05–88.2 kPa (1
12.79 psi) in e
eye
areas.. These variiations have
e two superrimposed cy ycles,
a circ
cadian (24 h) cycle a
and semi‐ccircadian (112 h)
cycle.
Atmo
ospheric p
pressure re
ecords
The h
highest baro
ometric pre
essure ever recorded on Earth w 1,085.7 hectopasca
r was als
(32.06
6 inHg) mea asured in To
onsontseng gel, Mongolia on 19 Dec cember 20001.The lowe est
non‐toornadic atm
mospheric pressure eve er measuredd was 870 h hPa (25.69 in
nches), set o
on
7. 12 October 1979, during Typhoon Tip in the western Pacific Ocean. The measurement
was based on an instrumental observation made from a reconnaissance aircraft.
Atmospheric pressure based on height of water
Atmospheric pressure is often measured with a mercury barometer, and a height of
approximately 760 millimetres (30 in) of mercury is often used to illustrate (and
measure) atmospheric pressure. However, since mercury is not a substance that
humans commonly come in contact with, water often provides a more intuitive way to
visualize the pressure of one atmosphere.
One atmosphere (101 kPa or 14.7 psi) is the amount of pressure that can lift water
approximately 10.3 m (34 ft). Thus, a diver 10.3 m underwater experiences a pressure
of about 2 atmospheres (1 atm of air plus 1 atm of water). This is also the maximum
height to which a column of water can be drawn up by suction.
Low pressures such as natural gas lines are sometimes specified in inches of water,
typically written as w.c. (water column) or W.G. (inches water gauge). A typical gas
using residential appliance is rated for a maximum of 14 w.c., which is approximately
35 hPa.
In general, non‐professional barometers are aneroid barometers or strain gauge
based. See pressure measurement for a description of barometers.
Boiling point of water
Water boils at about 100 °C (212 °F) at standard
atmospheric pressure. The boiling point is the
temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to
the atmospheric pressure around the water.
Because of this, the boiling point of water is lower at
lower pressure and higher at higher pressure. This
is why cooking at elevations more than 3,500 ft
(1,100 m) above sea level requires adjustments to
recipes.[10] A rough approximation of elevation can
be obtained by measuring the temperature at which
water boils; in the mid‐19th century, this method was used by explorers.
8. Experiments
SOLAR GLOBE
You can see that at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=zfEZTMbFZX4#!
Materials:
* Waste Bags Black
* Scissors
* Tape
* Hair Dryer
The larger the size of garbage bags that you get, the lighter will be your solar globe,
and you will avoid adding tape to join sections. But do not neglect the quality of the
bag. Being thinner, it will be lighter too, and is just what we need. So I do not
recommend the stock or good quality brand, as its high resistance is due to increased
film thickness.
The tape must be of medium or good quality, because if not paste properly, can ruin
your home to a hot air balloon flight time.
Procedure:
As you can imagine, this experiment is very simple. Just cut a lot of garbage bags with
the help of scissors. It is not easy to give an exact value of the dimensions, since they'll
depend of the final weight of your solar balloon, solar radiation in the area where you
live, etc.. But as a rule, the size of your balloon should be around one meter diameter,
and about four in length.
Thus, to calculate the dimensions of the piece you have to assemble, you have to
calculate the circumference of the globe. Here's an example:
We manufacture a solar balloon diameter of 1.5 meters and 5 meters long. The
perimeter of the same will be:
1.5 4.7
So the dimensions of the rectangle you have to create, hitting the bags of waste will be
4.7 meters x 5 meters.
To join sections, overlapping them or can put one right next to each other (I
recommend the latter). Forcibly presses the tape to the paste; recalled that the
adhesive tape classified using pressure sensitive adhesives.
9. Do not close your entire solar globe, leaving a small hole about 15 centimeters. They
put the hair dryer to inflate (careful not to burn the bag). When ready, close the hole
with tape. It's time for takeoff!
The following video is a clear and successful example of a home solar balloon in
operation.
How It Works
First of all, I would like a little clarification. The balloons solar powered solar
radiation, hot air hair dryer use it only to accelerate the process.
Everything has to do with the "famous" principle of Archimedes. While we have seen
in several experiments home, let us refresh her memory. He himself says that:
An object immersed in a fluid receives an upward force (called thrust), equal to the
weight of the displaced fluid volume.
Obviously the object is our balloon, and fluid is atmospheric air.
As our own solar balloon hot air, whose density is less than cold air, the weight of it
will be low. The force that pushes the balloon down, is the weight of it. On the other
hand, we push the atmospheric air exerts on the balloon. Would look like:
Weight
Thrust
When the weight of our balloon, is less than the thrust that it receives, when it is off
and is kept floating in the air. It seems strange to call this as "floating", but it's just
what happens, like a boat, but here the fluid is not water but a gas (atmospheric air).
When we add hot air hair dryer, the fluid within it begins to cool, since heat escapes it.
After several minutes, the density of air inside the balloon would be such that it could
not take off.
10.
But the sun does yours here as it stays warm the fluid. Not by chance, we indicated
that waste bags must be black. This makes our homemade balloon absorbs the most
solar radiation.
When the weight of our balloon, is less than the thrust that it receives, when it is off
and is kept floating in the air. It seems strange to call this as "floating", but it's just
what happens, like a boat, but here the fluid is not water but a gas (atmospheric air).
When we add hot air hair dryer, the fluid within it begins to cool, since heat escapes it.
After several minutes, the density of air inside the balloon would be such that it could
not take off.
But the sun does yours here as it stays warm the fluid. Not by chance, we indicated
that waste bags must be black. This makes our homemade balloon absorbs the most
solar radiation.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND CANDIES
You can see that at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=WzdOxvDSfPA
To mention a couple, we can recall the experience called Experiment with air pressure
where we appreciate how easy it is crushed a can of soda, or the one published later
(Another experiment with atmospheric pressure) where an egg gets almost magically
in a container whose peak is smaller than him.
Today is the turn of the candy, which transforms this experiment in tempting and fun.
Materials:
* Container with vacuum pump
* Sweets
These containers are used in cooking, food storage vacuum.
Sweets are very common, although their name varies widely between different
countries. Can be found as "Baubles," "Gummy," etc.. They are made with sugar and
gelatin, which gives a very particular and rubbery.
11. Procedure:
This home is very simple experiment. Just put the candy in the bowl, cover and begin
to operate the vacuum pump. You see, the candy will begin to increase its size.
When you open the container, you will hear the sound of air entering the same and
watch the candy regain their size with great speed.
The following video shows step by step the experiment, and while it is in Spanish, you
do not understand anything of it, because what interests us is well illustrated.
How does it work?
As mentioned before, these kinds of candies are made with sugar and gelatin. What
gives you that look so rubbery, it is precisely the amount of air they contain. But the
air is perfectly enclosed and encapsulated in small bubbles, so you cannot escape from
there.
When we begin to operate the vacuum pump, the pressure inside the container starts
to decrease, but the pressure within the air bag remains sweets atmospheric pressure,
since, as mentioned, cannot escape.
So far, the pressure inside the bubbles of the candy is greater than the pressure within
the container, so that the first pushes out the walls of each airbag and sweet as the
material is less stiff, as its size increases magic.
When we opened the container, the pressure within it is equal to atmospheric, and
thus also the pressure inside the bubbles of sweet.
So that there is no more pressure exerting a force on the inner walls of the air bag.
Similarly, if we could increase the pressure inside the container, the opposite would
occur, and sweets decrease their size, and then would recover when opening the
container.
12. CONCLUSIONS
• Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted by an atmospheric.
• Atmospheric pressure can be measured with a mercury barometer.
• The Archimedes discovered the following principle an object is immersed in a
fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
object.
REFERENCE
Technical English Booklet. Universidad de San Carlos.
Engineering School. Second Edition