The document discusses several ways to optimize energy usage and conserve energy through automatic control systems using sensors. It describes projects using IR sensors to automatically turn lights and fans on/off based on occupancy. Another project uses an LDR sensor to turn street lights off during the day. A third project uses an MQ-135 gas sensor and Arduino to automatically turn an exhaust fan on when detecting smoke in the kitchen. The document promotes conserving energy through automatic control systems using various sensors.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
We are a group interested in smart buildings. You can follow us on:
Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/smartbsac/
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOBHxngZObwxuBGQqMic6vWVZooiTdowp
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Blog: http://smartbsac.blogspot.com.ar
Piktochart: https://magic.piktochart.com/output/7511257-untitled-infographic-conflict-copy
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
Building Energy Simulation project by using eQuestAsadullah Malik
The energy shortage crisis and the rapid change of global climate have become important issues in the world now a days since modern trends are shifting to more sustainable solutions to save energy and to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Generally speaking, when improving energy efficiency and adopting the energy –saving design, the advantage is not only providing low operating cost for stakeholders, but also reducing the negative impact on the global and ambient environment. This study analyzes the surveyed building integral energy consumption, evaluates its energy performance, and gives further recommendations for saving energy costs by using dynamic energy simulation tool eQuest.
Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) control the functions of the building, allowing a smooth operation and efficient functioning of the building.
We manufacture and assemble various types of façades, roofs, structures, buildings and their elements. According to the client’s architectural drawings or Technical Plan. We prepare partial Work Plans for the façade (or complete Technical Plans and Work Plans), the system, the construction, approvals, and waterproofing and condensation solutions.
Energy Performance Certificates present the energy efficiency of dwellings on a scale of A to G (newly constructed buildings will have to correspond to class A). Domes fire rating of Class A or Class B roof.
We calculate static loads, prepare technical as well as work projects. We can install, help to organize the arrangement or to train the assembly technology of our designed or produced products.
We design according to EN Euro code requirements. Documentation and drawings can be translated to RU, EN, LV, FI, SP, IT, DK, AZ or other languages. Projects are adjusted to Russian Federation SNiP, SP standards and LR STR.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
We are a group interested in smart buildings. You can follow us on:
Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/smartbsac/
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOBHxngZObwxuBGQqMic6vWVZooiTdowp
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100010158125810
Twitter: https://twitter.com
Blog: http://smartbsac.blogspot.com.ar
Piktochart: https://magic.piktochart.com/output/7511257-untitled-infographic-conflict-copy
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
Building Energy Simulation project by using eQuestAsadullah Malik
The energy shortage crisis and the rapid change of global climate have become important issues in the world now a days since modern trends are shifting to more sustainable solutions to save energy and to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Generally speaking, when improving energy efficiency and adopting the energy –saving design, the advantage is not only providing low operating cost for stakeholders, but also reducing the negative impact on the global and ambient environment. This study analyzes the surveyed building integral energy consumption, evaluates its energy performance, and gives further recommendations for saving energy costs by using dynamic energy simulation tool eQuest.
Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) control the functions of the building, allowing a smooth operation and efficient functioning of the building.
We manufacture and assemble various types of façades, roofs, structures, buildings and their elements. According to the client’s architectural drawings or Technical Plan. We prepare partial Work Plans for the façade (or complete Technical Plans and Work Plans), the system, the construction, approvals, and waterproofing and condensation solutions.
Energy Performance Certificates present the energy efficiency of dwellings on a scale of A to G (newly constructed buildings will have to correspond to class A). Domes fire rating of Class A or Class B roof.
We calculate static loads, prepare technical as well as work projects. We can install, help to organize the arrangement or to train the assembly technology of our designed or produced products.
We design according to EN Euro code requirements. Documentation and drawings can be translated to RU, EN, LV, FI, SP, IT, DK, AZ or other languages. Projects are adjusted to Russian Federation SNiP, SP standards and LR STR.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATIONMln Phaneendra
In this ppt particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to allot the active power among the generating stations satisfying the system constraints and minimizing the cost of power generated.The viability of the method is analyzed for its accuracy and rate of convergence. The economic load dispatch problem is solved for three and six unit system using PSO and conventional method for both cases of neglecting and including transmission losses. The results of PSO method were compared with conventional method and were found to be superior.
hey guyz this is the presentation iv made in my last year of engineering and got very nice feedbacks. my topic was oled(organic light emitting diodes).. iv given all its highlited informations with pictures
Power consuption in household and hostel roomsANURAG GIRI
it will help you on the project power consuption in hostal rooms with different devices.you will also come to know about power reading og lpu in the year 2015-16 and also you will come to know about the modern technology.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Energy Optimization through Automation
1.
2. Introduction:
Need for Conservation of Energy:
• Increasing demand for power has increased the use of fossil fuels,
polluting the environment.
• Thus efficient use of energy and its conservation is of paramount
importance.
• One unit of energy saved at the consumption level reduces the need
for fresh capacity creation by 2.5 times to 3 times.
• Energy consumption in the residential sector accounts for a
significant proportion of national usage.
• Optimization of energy usage in the home can then be mutually
beneficial to the homeowner, the electricity provider, and the
environment.
• The homeowners benefit by a reduction in their electricity costs
through optimization of energy usage where applicable.
• The various alternatives that can be used are conventional sources of
energy namely solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal
energy etc.
3. •Problem statement:
Wastage of electricity in our home, school or colleges due to negligence
in switching off fans and lights.
•Approach:
We solve this by making use of IR transmitter-receiver
pair to switch ON and OFF lights and fans automatically
sensing the presence of people.
4. Working :
• IR Transmitter-receiver (TSOP 1738) pair is placed on the door frame ,in
front of each other.
• If a person enters the room then first receiver will cut and then second
receiver will cut.
• The microcontroller will receive a pulse from receiver1 and receiver2 and
increment counter.
• The microcontroller sends a signal to the relay to switch on the lights and
fan.
• If any person leaves the room then second receiver will cut and then first
receiver will cut, counter is decremented.
• When number of persons inside the room is zero, lights and fan inside the
room is turned off using the relay.
5. •Problem Statement:
We have often noticed that even the in the presence of adequate
sunlight the street/staircase lights are not turned OFF, mainly due to
human negligence.
•Approach:
We can overcome this by making use of a sensor
which uses electricity only in the absence of sunlight.
This can save electricity to a large extent.
6. WORKING:
•When there is darkness, the sensor circuit gets activated and switches
ON and light turns off and when there is sunlight the street light gets
OFF.
•IC 555 Timer is used as a comparator, output goes high when the
voltage at trigger pin is less than 1/3rd of supply voltage.
•LDR is used which has resistance whose value depends on the
brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1
mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k
ohms when brightness illuminated
•The output of potential divider circuit(LDR and variable resistance) is
given to trigger pin of IC555
•.As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of trigger pin drops 1/3rd of the
supply voltage and output gets high and LED.
7. •APPROACH:
We overcome this by using smoke detector MQ 135 which senses
the smoke and actuates the exhaust fan automatically till the time it’s
required.
•Problem Statement:
While working in the kitchen we often forget to switch OFF the
exhaust fan even when the smoke has subsided.
8. WORKING
• MQ-135 gas Sensor is used to detect gas NH3, NOx , alcohol, Benzene,
smoke, CO2.
• The enveloped MQ-135 has 6 Pins, 4 of which are used to fetch signals,
while the other two are used to provide heating current.
• The sensor is interfaced to an arduino board which gives power supply to
pin H.
• The resistance value between A and B varies in the range of 30KΩ to
200KΩ with the change in the concentration of gases.
• The analog signal to A0 of the arduino board is given from pin B of the
sensor.
• The changes in the voltage levels are displayed on a Serial Monitor which
reflects the concentration of gases.
• The Arduino board is programmed such that whenever a value greater
than the threshold value of 500 is detected, the output Pin 13 of the
Arduino goes high and the exhaust fan is switched on.
9.
10. Whatis Solar?
• Solar energy is obtained by the conversion of
sunlight into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaics(PV), or indirectly using concentrated
solar power(CSP).
• Concentrated solar power systems uses lenses or
mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam.
• Photovoltaic cells convert light into electric current
using the photovoltaic effect.
• Solar Thermal: Harnessing solar energy to thermal
energy (heat).
• Concentrated Solar Power: Use of lens or mirror to
focus large area of sunlight into a small beam.
11. • The abundance of Solar Energy.
• You don’t pay for sunlight.
• Solar energy is getting more cost effective.
• Solar energy is non-polluting.
• Accessibility of solar power in remote locations.
• Solar energy systems are virtually maintenance free.
12. • High initial capital outlay.
• Dubious reliability.
• Availability of sunlight.
• Polluting materials used in solar panels.
• The efficiency question.
14. FUTUREOFENERGY
• Though it cannot completely replace traditional
energy sources, the future of solar energy is still bright.
• For most part of the year, we are blessed with
abundant sunshine.
• While the country still lags behind the western world,
India is slowly waking up to the possibilities of using the
sun’s energy to the maximum.
• Not just in the industrial and commercial
establishments, but in homes too, spurred by the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission which has an
ambitious target of deploying 20,000 MW of grid
connected solar power by 2020 and 2,000 MW of off-grid
solar power by
2022.
15. Challengeahead
Assuming an average home requires 200 units of
electricity per month, and a reasonable tariff of
Rs. 5 per unit of electricity, the average home pays
Rs. 12,000 per year for electricity. However, a
solar power system costs Rs. 1.2 Lakh. This means
that the system will not pay itself back for up
to 10 years! Thus, even though there may be long-
term savings for a family with solar power, most
families will prefer to continue using electricity from a
utility company. We need to significantly
disrupt the cost of solar power here.
16. Government Support
•The government of India is promoting the use of solar energy through
various strategies. In the budget for 2010/11, the government has
announced an allocation of 1000 crore towards the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission and the establishment of a clean energy fund.
• This new budget has also encouraged private solar companies by
reducing customs duty on solar panels by 5% and exempting excise duty
on solar photovoltaic panels. This is expected to reduce the cost of a
roof-top solar panel installation by 15–20%.
• Additionally, the government has initiated a Renewable Energy
Certificate (REC)scheme, which is designed to drive investment in low-
carbon energy projects.
• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy provides 70 percent subsidy
on the installation cost of a solar photovoltaic power plant in North-East
states and 30 percentage subsidy on other regions.