Energy Balance & BASAL METABOLIC RATE

1. ENERGY BALANCE & BMR
Presented & submitted to:
Prof. (Dr.) Devinder Singh
Presented by:
Harsimrat Kaur Dulai
16521028
M.Sc. 2nd (Zoology)

2. Energy Balance:
ENERGY
INTAKE
(TDEI)
ENERGY
EXPENDITURE
(TDEE)

3. Energy intake
•Type of energy: Quality of food taken
•Amount at one time: Quantity of food taken
•Timing of meals: Early vs. Late

4. Food Intake is regulated by
Appetite
Hunger
Satiation
Satiety

5. Homeostatic Mechanisms Contribute to
Energy Balance
 A feedback Mechanism is involved
 Hormonal influence acts on “satiety
centre” in brain
 Hormones involved are: Insulin,
Gherlin, PYY, Leptin.

7. Energy expenditure
 Metabolism: low or high
 Daily activity: sedentary vs. busy life
 Exercise: Aerobic vs. resistant training
 Thermal effect of meals: Specific dynamic
action (SDA)

8. Metabolic rate: The amount of energy
an animal uses in a unit of time. Energy
is measured in Joules or Calories.
 Basal Metabolic Rate or BMR
 Resting Metabolic Rate or RMR
TYPES:

9. Energy Requirements of a normal
person depends on:
 Maintenance of BMR (50-65%)
 Specific Dynamic Action (10%)
 Physical Activities (30-50%)

10. Factors Influencing BMR:
 Age
 Height
 Growth
 Gender
Other factors:
 Fever
 Nourishment
 Environment
 Thyroid hormones

11.  Since BMR is affected by body surface area, it
is usually expressed in kilocalories per
hour/square meter of body surface.
 Body surface area is calculated using the
formula:
(A = W × H × 71.84)
• where A = area in sq cm,
H = height in centimetres
and W = weight in kilograms

12. NORMAL VALUE OF BMR:
 For adult men normal value for BMR is 34- 37
kcal/square meter/hour, and for adult women,
30-35 kcal/Sq.m./hour.
 For easier calculations, BMR for an adult is
fixed as 24 kcal/ kg body weight/day.

13. SDA:
 This refers to the increased heat production or diet
induced thermogenesis.
 Part of this is due to the expenditure of energy for
digestion; absorption and active transport of products of
the digestion.
 Another reason for this expenditure of energy is that
reserve materials such as glycogen, triacyl glycerol,
protein, etc. are synthesized from small molecules
available after digestion.
 SDA can be considered as the activation energy needed
for a chemical reaction.

14. CALCULATED VALUES OF SDA
The values of SDA are:
 For proteins 30%
 For lipids 15%
 For carbohydrates 5%
 For a mixed diet, 10%

15. PHYSICALACTIVITY AND
ENERGY
 Most variable and changeable
 Voluntary
 It can be significant in weight loss and
weight gain
 The energy requirements would depend
on the occupation, physical activity and
lifestyle of the individual

16. CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
 For sedentary work, +30% of BMR
 For moderate work, +40% of BMR
 For heavy work, +50% of BMR should be
added .

17. Calculation for Energy Requirement for a 55 Kg
Person, Doing Moderate Work:
1)For BMR = 24 × 55 kg = 1320 kcal
2) + For activity = 40% of BMR = 528 kcal
3) Subtotal = 1320 + 528 = 1848 kcal
4) + Need for SDA = 1848 × 10% = 184 kcal
5) Total = 1848 + 184 = 2032 kcal

18. ARE YOU HEALTHY?
 Can be known by your BMI
 BMI or Body Mass Index is a
person’s weight in kilograms
divided by his or her height in
metres squared.

19. BMI VALUES:

21. Society affects our appearance

22. Over nourishment & Obesity
 Consumption of more calories than
body needs leads to obesity
 Can be due to hormonal imbalance
 Fat accumulates at different body
regions

23. Body fat can be measured by:
Skinfold measurements
Hydrodensitometry
Bioelectrical Impedance
Air displacement plethysmography
DEXA Scan

24. Skinfold measurements
Skinfold measurements are done using callipers on
several sites across the body. They take into
account the amount of subcutaneous (directly
under the skin) fat an individual has and use it to
predict total body fat percentage by applying
certain formulas.

25. Hydrodensitometry
Hydrodensitometry measures body fat by first weighing
person on the land and then again while submerged in
water. The difference between person’s actual weight and
underwater weight provides a measure of body’s volume.
A mathematical equation is then applied to calculate
body’s density which is then used to determine percentage
body fat

26. Bioelectrical Impedance
Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) works by
passing a low-intensity electric current through the
body and measuring its resistance. The faster the
current travels from one lead to another, the more
muscle and less fat the person has

27. Air displacement plethysmography
This method estimates body composition
by having a person sit inside a chamber
while computerized sensors measure the
air displaced by persons body.

28. DEXA (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry) Scan
This method uses two low dose X-rays to
differentiate among fat free soft tissue (lean
tissue), bony tissue and fat tissue. This method
provides precise measurement of total fat and its
overall distribution in body.

30. Other Health Disorders:
 Anorexia Nervosa: restricted or limited
eating
 Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating or
overeating
 Cardiovascular problems
 Type 2 diabetes

31. Prevention:
 Calculate your BMR and set your “Calories goal”
 Have Cheat Days!
 Engage in Cardio
 Consult Dieticians
 Become social and try reducing stress.
 Most Importantly, Love Yourself (:

32. •Apple shaped: high fiber food, avoid milk.
•Pear Shaped: high protein diet.
•Rectangle shaped: olives, nuts, high fat and protein
diet
•Hourglass shaped: avoid carbs. Go on a detox diet

33. Still, any Queries?
Shoot!