Nutrition

1. Mrs.LINTA

2. Energy
 Capacity to do work is known as energy. Energy is
required for every activity of the body. The energy is
derived from the metabolism of carbohydrate, fats and
proteins.

3.  Energy :capacity to do work is known as energy.
 Joule(J): A joule is defined as the energy required to
move 1 kg mass by 1 meter by a force of 1Newton acting
on it.
 Basal metabolism: The energy metabolism of a subject
at complete physical and mental rest and having
normal body temperature and in the post absorptive
state (i.e.12 hours after the intake of last meal) is
known as basal metabolism.

4.  Body mass index(BMI)
BMI is the value derived from the weight
and height of an individual .The BMI is defined as a
body mass divided by square of the body height. It is
expressed in the unit of kg/m2

5. units of Energy
 Kilocalorie, the unit of energy was used for a long time.
Recently the international union of nutritional sciences
has adopted “Joules” as the unit of energy in place of kcal.
1 Kcal =4.184KJ
1000Kcal =4184=4.18 mj(Mega Joules)
1KJ = 0.239Kcal
1 g protein=4 Kcal
1 g fat =9 Kcal
1 g Carbohydrate =4 Kcal

6. Energy requirement of different categories of
people
 Total energy requirement of an individual is mainly
made up of three components .Total energy
requirement during work can be calculated by adding
together the energy requirement for
Basal metabolism
Adding energy requiremement for work
Specific dynamic action of food.

7. 1. Basal Metabolism
The energy metabolism of a subject at complete
physical and mental rest and having normal body
temperature and in the post absorptive state (i.e.12
hours after the intake of last meal) is known as basal
metabolism.
2.Specific dynamic action
The energy requirement differs based on the type of
activity involved. The stimulating effect of
carbohydrate, fats and proteins on energy
metabolism is called specific dynamic action(SDA)

8. 3. Additional energy requirement for work.
It is further classified as light work, moderate
work and heavy work.
factors which affects energy requirements.
a. Age
b. Climate
c. Sex
d. Body size and weight
e. Type of physical activity
f. Physiological state(pregnancy and lactation)
All the factors should be kept in mind while
calculating calorie requirements. Every country has their own
rules for energy requirement. The standard in India are
recommended by ICMR .

9. Body mass index(BMI)and Basic metabolism
 Body mass index(BMI) is a value derived from the
weight and height of an individual. The BMI is defined
as a body mass divided by square of the body height. It
is expressed in the unit of kg/m2.
BMI=weight(kg)/height (m2)
The BMI is an attempt to quantify the
amount of tissue mass(muscle, fat and bone in an
individual, and then categorise that person as
underweight, normal weight or obese based on that
value.

10. classification of obesity and overweight

11. Obesity
 REASONS FOR OBESITY
1. Genetic influences
2. Physiological influcnces
3. Food intake and eating disorders
4. Lifestyle
5. Weight history
6. Pregnancy
7. Drugs

12. complications of obesity
A. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases like
heart diseases, hypertension, high cholesterol levels
and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and
may lead to heart diseases and stroke.
B. Overweight men have high greater chance of
colorectal and prostate cancer and overweight
women have a greater risk of developing cancer of
the ovary and of the breast.
C. Causes strain on the skeletal system and causes
arthritis, especially in knees, hips and spine.

13.  Treatment for obesity.
 Weight reduction is achieved by :
 Increasing activity and exercise
 Consuming fewer calories

14. Basal metabolism
 It is the minimum amount of energy needed by the
body or the maintenance of life when the person is
having complete physical and emotional rest, normal
body temperature and is at post absorptive stage (12
hours after the last meal).
The BMR can be measured directly from the
heat produced or indirectly from o2 intake and co2
expenditure when the subject is at rest.

15. Factors affecting BMR
To stay alive and functioning, body has to carry out
millions of chemical processes, which are collectively
known as metabolism.
Following are the facts that affect BMR
1. Muscle mass
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Stress
5. Physical activity

16. 6.Height
7.Hormonal factor
8.fasting/starvation
9.Environmental factor
10.Drugs
11.Diet
12.pregnancy.

17. Determination of Basal Metabolism
 Basal metabolism is usually determined by using the
apparatus of Benedict and Roth. The apparatus is a
closed circuit system in which the subjects breaths in
oxygen from a metal cylinder of about 6-liter capacity
and carbon dioxide produced is absorbed by soda-lime
present in the tower.

18. Points to keep in mind while measuring BMR
1. Test should be conducted before breakfast 10-12
hours after last meal, i.e.postabsorptive state.
2. Subject should be relaxed and lying down but awake
because sleep reduces BMR and activity increases
this rate.
3. The subject should have a normal pulse rate and free
from tension or fear.
4. The surrounding temperature should be comfortable
as perspiration and shivering may affect the rate of
oxidation.
5. The subjects should be afebrile as fever increase the
BMR by 7% for every degree of Fahrenheit rise in
temperature.