Endocrine System
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The endocrine system regulates functions such as water balance, growth, metabolism, heart rate, blood glucose levels, immune function, and reproduction through glands like the adrenal glands, pancreas, reproductive organs, and parathyroid glands. The adrenal glands produce hormones like epinephrine and cortisol that increase heart rate, metabolism and blood pressure. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Reproductive organs like the testes, ovaries, and thyroid gland produce hormones that control development and function.
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The document discusses the endocrine system and hormone-secreting glands. It describes the major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, and pineal gland. It also discusses the suffixes -crine, meaning to secrete, and -dipsia, meaning thirst, as well as hormones and their roles in regulating processes like metabolism, growth, sexual development, and blood sugar levels.
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Anatomy and Physiology Module #1 Homeostasis
Calcium levels in the blood are regulated by the endocrine system through negative feedback loops. When calcium levels drop, the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone which signals the bones to release more calcium and the kidneys to absorb more calcium from urine. When calcium levels rise, less parathyroid hormone is released and the thyroid secretes calcitonin to decrease bone calcium release. Bone growth is regulated by human growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Too little causes dwarfism while too much causes gigantism. Estrogen and testosterone also stimulate bone growth during puberty.
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The endocrine system includes glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target tissues and organs. The major glands are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, thymus, and pineal. The pituitary gland regulates other endocrine glands by secreting hormones like growth hormone, TSH, and ACTH. The thyroid regulates metabolism and produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Disorders include hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The pancreas produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels, and diabetes occurs when there is insufficient insulin. Sex glands like the ovaries and testes produce hormones like estrogen, progesterone and test
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The document discusses the endocrine system, which controls many body functions by releasing hormones into the blood. It describes several endocrine glands such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads and ovaries. It also discusses endocrine emergencies like diabetes mellitus and the role of insulin in facilitating glucose entry into cells.
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The document discusses the endocrine system, which controls many body functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. It describes several important glands, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads and ovaries. It also discusses diabetes mellitus, a common endocrine disorder caused by insufficient insulin production that can lead to serious complications if not managed properly.
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The document discusses the endocrine system, which controls many body functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. It describes several endocrine glands such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads and ovaries. It also discusses endocrine disorders like diabetes mellitus and how insulin regulates glucose metabolism in the body.
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The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the pituitary gland as the "master gland" that controls several other glands. It regulates functions like growth, metabolism, fluid balance, reproduction and development through hormones. Hormones work in low concentrations, bind to target cells, and control chemical reactions and transport throughout the body. Other glands described are the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, pineal, thymus and reproductive organs.
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The thyroid gland produces hormones such as thyroxine and triiodothyronine that regulate metabolism, and calcitonin which affects calcium and phosphorus metabolism; the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone which increases calcium levels; and other endocrine glands including the pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes produce hormones like insulin, glucagon, corticosteroids, catecholamines, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone that regulate processes such as carbohydrate metabolism, stress response, and sexual development.
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The endocrine system regulates important body functions through hormones secreted by various glands. Key glands include the adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, pancreas, parathyroid and thyroid glands, pineal gland, and pituitary gland. These glands secrete hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep cycles, and other critical processes. Disorders of the endocrine system can affect hormone levels and the function of glands like the thyroid, leading to diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, infertility, and other conditions.
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The document summarizes several endocrine glands and their functions. It describes the pituitary gland as the "master gland" that controls many other glands. It regulates the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through thyroid hormones. The parathyroids regulate blood calcium levels via parathyroid hormone. The pancreas regulates blood sugar through insulin and glucagon. The adrenals regulate stress response and metabolism through cortisol and other hormones. The ovaries and testes produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. The thymus and pineal gland also have roles in immunity and reproduction.
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The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through hormones produced by endocrine glands. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate metabolism, fluid balance, growth, and reproduction. Key glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes produce hormones that regulate processes throughout the body, working closely with the nervous system. The nervous system transmits signals through the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system to different organs and glands.
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The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate functions like growth and development, metabolism, and sexual behavior. Key glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads. Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues to slow down or speed up their activities, maintaining homeostasis in the body. Examples include insulin regulating blood sugar from the pancreas and testosterone influencing sexual maturation from the testes. Disorders can result if hormones are deficient or in excess, such as diabetes from low insulin or hyperthyroidism from overactive thyroid function.
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Hormones regulate many bodily functions through feedback mechanisms. Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels through negative feedback with the pancreas. When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes insulin to lower them. Leptin from fat cells signals satiety in the brain. Melatonin from the pineal gland controls circadian rhythms and its use can help with jet lag by resynchronizing the body clock. Thyroxine from the thyroid increases metabolism and helps control body temperature.
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The endocrine system helps regulate the body's functions through glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" and controls other glands by producing tropic hormones. Hormones regulate critical functions like growth, metabolism, fluid balance, mood, and reproduction. Disorders can result from too much or too little hormone production and impact one's health, development, and quality of life.
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Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
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