by a medical student

1. REGULATION
OF BODY
GLUCOSE
BY: SYEDA

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DEFINITION
Blood sugar regulation is the process
by which the levels of blood sugar,
primarily glucose, are maintained by the
body within physiological limits
A balance between two sets of factors:
A. Rate of Glucose entrance into blood
stream
B. Rate of removal from blood stream

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What are Normal Blood Glucose Levels?
 What to do when your blood glucose is too low.The
amount of glucose (“sugar”, measured in mg/dL) in
your blood changes throughout the day and night.
Your levels will change depending upon when, what
and how much you have eaten, and whether or not
you have exercised.
_A normal fasting (no food for eight
hours) blood sugar level is between 70 and
99 mg/dL
_A normal blood sugar level two hours
after eating is less than 140 mg/dL

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Mechanisms of blood sugar regulation
 Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative
feedback in order to keep the body in homeostasis.
The levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by
the cells in the pancreas's Islets of Langerhans on
one hand
 & hormones of adrenal cortex & interior pituitary on
other hand
 these hormones work antagonistic to each other &
their ratio matters instead of their values.

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HORMONES REGULATING BLOOD GLUCOSE:
hormone tissue of origin effect on blood glucose
insulin pancreatic beta cells lowers
somatostatin pancreatic gamma cells lowers
glucagon pancreatic alpha cells raises
epinephrine adrenal medulla raises
cortisol adrenal cortex raises
ACTH+Growth hormone anterior pituitary raises
Thyroxine thyriod raises

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INSULIN & GLUCAGON:
 When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is secreted
by the pancreas, lowering blood glucose by
increasing its uptake in cells and stimulating the
liver to convert glucose to glycogen, in which form it
can be stored.
 When blood glucose levels fall, glucagon is secreted
by the pancreas, which increases blood glucose
levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into
glucose and the creation of glucose from amino
acids

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INSULIN:
glucose level
effect on
pancreas
effect on liver
effect on
glucose level
too high
insulin
secreted into
blood
liver converts
glucose into
glycogen
goes down
too low
insulin not
secreted into
blood
liver does not
convert
glucose into
glycogen
goes up

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THYROID,EPINEPHRINE & CORTISOL:
 T3 and T4 bind to receptors on the mitochondria,
causing an increase in the production of ATP, as
well as increase in the transcription of genes that
help utilize glucose and produce ATP, resulting in
higher metabolism of the cell
Epinephrine (adrenaline) is released from nerve
endings and the adrenals, and acts directly on the
liver to promote sugar production (via
glycogenolysis)
Cortisol is a steroid hormone also secreted from the
adrenal gland. It makes fat and muscle cells resistant to
the action of insulin, and enhances the production of
glucose by the liver.

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GROWTH HORMONE & AMYLIN:
Amylin is released along with insulin from beta cells.
It has much the same effect as GLP-1. It decreases
glucagon levels, which will then decrease the liver’s
glucose production, slows the rate at which food
empties from your stomach, and makes your brain
feel that you have eaten a full and satisfying meal.
Growth Hormone is released from the pituitary, which is
a part of the brain. Like cortisol, growth hormone
counterbalances the effect of insulin on muscle and fat
cells

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CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 DEVIATION FROM THE NORMAL VALUES MAY
LEAD TO
 HYPERGLYCEMIA
 HYPOGLYCEMIA
 HYPER:
 DIABETES MELLITUS
 HYPERACTIVITY OF THYROIDS,PITUITARY &
ADRENAL GLANDS
 PANCREATITIS
 SEPSIS
 ANAESTHESIA
 ASPHYXIA

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HYPOGLYCEMIA:
 HYPO:
 OVERDOSAGE OF INSULIN
 INSULIN SECRETING TUMOR(INSULINOMA)
 STEATORRHEA
 SEVERE EXERCISE
 HYPOACTIVITY OF PREVIOUS MENTIONED
GLANDS

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17. Thank You