The document summarizes several endocrine glands and their functions. It describes the pituitary gland as the "master gland" that controls many other glands. It regulates the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through thyroid hormones. The parathyroids regulate blood calcium levels via parathyroid hormone. The pancreas regulates blood sugar through insulin and glucagon. The adrenals regulate stress response and metabolism through cortisol and other hormones. The ovaries and testes produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. The thymus and pineal gland also have roles in immunity and reproduction.

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3. Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
Thymus Gland

5. •Small gland about the size of a pea.
•It is connected to the hypothalamus by a
stalk called Infundibulum.
•It is called the MASTER GLAND because it
controls the function of so many other
glands (ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and
adrenal cortex)
•It is divided into two parts: Anterior
Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary
•Anterior and posterior pituitary contains
capillary bed which connects it to the
hypothalamus for direct innervations of
hormones.

6. •The hormones secreted by anterior
pituitary gland are:
•Growth Hormone
•Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
•Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
•Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone
•Luteinizing Hormone
•Follicle-stimulating Hormone
•Prolactin

7. •The hormones secreted by posterior
pituitary gland are:
•Antidiuretic Hormone (ADHD)
•Oxytocin

8. Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone - Most tissues -Increase gene expression breakdown
of lipids, and release of fatty acids
from cells; increases blood glucose level.
Thyroid Stimulating - Thyroid Gland - Increase thyroid hormone secretion.
Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic - Adrenal cortex - Increase secretion of glucocorticoid
Hormone hormones, such as cortisol; increases
skin pigmentation at high concentrations.
Melanocyte-stimulating -Melanocytes -Increase melanin production in
Hormone in the skin melanocytes to make skin darker color.
Luteinizing Hormone - Ovary in female - Promotes ovulation and progesterone
Testis in male production in ovary; promotes
testosterone synthesis and support for
sperm cell production in testis

9. Anterior Pituitary
Follicle-stimulating - Follicles in ovary -Promotes follicle maturation and estrogen
Hormone in female; seminifo- secretion in ovary; promotes sperm cell
rous tubules in male production in testis
Prolactin - ovary and mammary - Stimulates milk production and prolongs
gland in female; testis progesterone secretion following
in male ovulation and during pregnancy in
women; increase sensitivity to LH in males.
Superior Pituitary
Antidiuretic -kidney - Conserves water; constricts blood vessel.
Hormone
Oxytocin - Uterus, - Increase uterine contractions.
mammary gland Increase milk letdown from mammary gland

13. •Is made up of two lobes connected by
a narrow band called ISTHMUS.
•One of the largest endocrine gland. It
appears more red because it is highly
vascular.
•The main function of thyroid gland is to
secrete thyroid hormone- which
regulate the rate of metabolism in the
body.
•The hormone secretion is regulated by
hypothalamus and pituitary.
•Thyroid hormones are THYROXINE or
TETRAIODOTHYROXINE (T4) and
TRIIODOTHYROXINE (T3).

14. Goiter – enlargement of thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism – lack of thyroid
hormones
*in infants hypothyroidism can result in
CRETINISM
*in adults lack of thyroid hormones can
result in MYXEDEMA
Hyperthyroidism - increase in
metabolic rate, extreme
nervousness, and chronic
fatigue.

15. Thyroid hormones -Most cells of the Body -Increase metabolic rates,
(Thyroxine & Triiodothyroxine) essential for normal
process of growth and
maturation.
Calcitonin -Primarily bone - Decrease rate of bone
breakdown; prevents large
increase in blood Calcium
levels following a meal

18. • Embedded in the posterior wall of
the thyroid gland.
• It secrets hormone called
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) – which
is essential for regulation of blood
calcium levels.
• Hyperparathyroidism- abnormally high
rate of PTH secretion.
• Hypoparathyroidism- abnormally low
rate of PTH secretion.

19. Parathyroid hormones
-Bone, Kidney
-Increase rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; increases
vitamin D synthesis, essential for maintenance of normal blood
calcium level.

22. •Two small glands located superior to
each kidney.
• Each adrenal gland has an inner part
called ADRENAL MEDULLA and an outer
part called ADRENAL CORTEX. They
function as separate glands
•The principal hormones of adrenal
medulla are Epinephrine and
Noripinephrine – also known as Fight-
or-Flight hormone. They are release in
response to stimulation of sympathetic
nervous system.

23. •Adrenal Cortex secretes
three classes of steroid
hormones:
•Mineralocorticoids
•Glucocorticoids
•Androgens

24. Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine, some - Heart, Blood vessel - increase cardiac output
mostly noripenephrine liver, fat cells increase blood flow to
skeletal muscles and
heart; increase release
of glucose and fatty acids
into blood; in general
prepares body for physical
activity

25. Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids - Kidneys; to lesser degree - increase rate of sodium
intestine and sweat glands transport into the body
increase rate of potassium
excretion; secondarily
favor water retention.
Glucocorticoids -Most tissues (liver, fat, skeletal -Increase fat and protein
muscle, immune tissues) breakdown; increase
glucose synthesis from
amino acids; increase
blood nutrient level;
inhibit inflammation and
immune response.
Adrenal Androgens - Most tissues -Insignificant in males; increase
female sexual drive, growth of
pubic and axillary hair.

28. •Endocrine part of the pancreas
consists of pancreatic islets. The
islets secrete two hormones-
insulin and glucagon- which helps
regulates blood levels of
nutrients specially glucose.
•Glucagon is secreted by alpha
cells while insulin is secreted by
beta cells.

29. •The hormone INSULIN is
released by beta cells in response
to elevated blood glucose levels.
•The hormone GLUCAGON is
released from alpha cells when
blood glucose levels are too low.

30. Insulin -Especially liver, skeletal -Increase uptake and use of
muscle, adipose tissue. Glucose and amino acids.
Glucagon - Primarily liver - Increase breakdown of glycogen
and release of glucose into the
circulatory system.

33. •The testes of males secret sex
hormones in addition to sperm cells.
•The main sex hormone in male is
TESTOSTERONE.

34. •The ovary of female secrete sex
hormones in addition to egg cells or
oocytes.
•Two main classes of sex hormone in
female: PROGESTERONE & ESTROGEN.

35. TESTES
TESTOSTERONE -Most tissues -Aids in sperm cell production,
maintenance of functional reproductive
organs, secondary sexual charac-
teristics, sexual behavior.
OVARIES
Estrogens & - Most tissues - Aids in uterine and mammary gland
Progesterone development and function , external
genitalia structure, secondary sexual
characteristics, sexual behavior, menstrual
cycle.

39. •The thymus lies in the upper part of
thoracic cavity.
•It is important in the function of
immune system.
•It secretes hormone called THYMOSIN.

40. THYMOSIN
-Immune tissue
-Promotes immune system development and function.

43. •The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-
shaped structure located superior and
posterior to the thalamus.
•It secretes hormone called
MELATONIN.

44. MELATONIN
-Among others, Hypothalamus
-Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone,
thereby inhibiting reproduction.

46. Pituitary Gland –
Thyroid Gland –
Parathyroid Gland –
Pancreas –
Adrenal Gland –
Testes and Ovaries –
Thymus Gland –
Pineal Gland –