Chemical messages for homeostasis
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The document discusses the thyroid gland and its role in regulating metabolism. It states that the thyroid gland secretes the hormones thyroxine and calcitonin. Thyroxine increases the body's metabolic rate and energy production. Disorders of the thyroid gland include hypothyroidism, where thyroxine production decreases, and hyperthyroidism, where production is excessive. Hypothyroidism in infants can cause cretinism and mental/physical delays, while in adults it causes myxedema. Hyperthyroidism results in a high metabolic rate and symptoms like sweating and weight loss. Goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland sometimes caused by iodine deficiency.
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Day 5
The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through hormones produced by endocrine glands. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate metabolism, fluid balance, growth, and reproduction. Key glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes produce hormones that regulate processes throughout the body, working closely with the nervous system. The nervous system transmits signals through the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system to different organs and glands.
Cretinsm
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and secretes thyroid hormones T3 and T4. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid follicles contain colloid and principle follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones. Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by inadequate thyroid hormone production in newborns and can lead to cretinism if untreated. Early treatment with levothyroxine replacement therapy prevents intellectual disability and growth issues.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system regulates functions such as water balance, growth, metabolism, heart rate, blood glucose levels, immune function, and reproduction through glands like the adrenal glands, pancreas, reproductive organs, and parathyroid glands. The adrenal glands produce hormones like epinephrine and cortisol that increase heart rate, metabolism and blood pressure. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Reproductive organs like the testes, ovaries, and thyroid gland produce hormones that control development and function.
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Daniel is feeling anxious and stressed because the examinations are only one week away and he has not started revising. His body is releasing adrenaline in response to these feelings, preparing his body for fight or flight. Adrenaline increases his heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism to provide more energy to his muscles from increased blood glucose and oxygen transport.
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Endocrine System
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions like metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, pineal gland in the brain, thymus in the chest, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands. These glands work together to control homeostasis through hormones that target cells and regulate physiological and biochemical functions throughout the body.
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Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates growth. It is released in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth in organs and tissues, favors fat metabolism over carbohydrates, and works through insulin-like growth factors. Too much or too little growth hormone can lead to gigantism, acromegaly, or dwarfism. Prolactin is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes milk production and has inhibitory effects on reproductive functions. Dopamine agonists like cabergoline are used to treat hyperprolactinemia and some types of acromegaly by inhibiting prolactin secretion.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system helps regulate the body's functions through glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" and controls other glands by producing tropic hormones. Hormones regulate critical functions like growth, metabolism, fluid balance, mood, and reproduction. Disorders can result from too much or too little hormone production and impact one's health, development, and quality of life.
Recommended
Day 5
The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through hormones produced by endocrine glands. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate metabolism, fluid balance, growth, and reproduction. Key glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes produce hormones that regulate processes throughout the body, working closely with the nervous system. The nervous system transmits signals through the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system to different organs and glands.
Cretinsm
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and secretes thyroid hormones T3 and T4. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid follicles contain colloid and principle follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones. Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by inadequate thyroid hormone production in newborns and can lead to cretinism if untreated. Early treatment with levothyroxine replacement therapy prevents intellectual disability and growth issues.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system regulates functions such as water balance, growth, metabolism, heart rate, blood glucose levels, immune function, and reproduction through glands like the adrenal glands, pancreas, reproductive organs, and parathyroid glands. The adrenal glands produce hormones like epinephrine and cortisol that increase heart rate, metabolism and blood pressure. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Reproductive organs like the testes, ovaries, and thyroid gland produce hormones that control development and function.
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Daniel is feeling anxious and stressed because the examinations are only one week away and he has not started revising. His body is releasing adrenaline in response to these feelings, preparing his body for fight or flight. Adrenaline increases his heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism to provide more energy to his muscles from increased blood glucose and oxygen transport.
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The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions like metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, pineal gland in the brain, thymus in the chest, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands. These glands work together to control homeostasis through hormones that target cells and regulate physiological and biochemical functions throughout the body.
Gh and prl
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates growth. It is released in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth in organs and tissues, favors fat metabolism over carbohydrates, and works through insulin-like growth factors. Too much or too little growth hormone can lead to gigantism, acromegaly, or dwarfism. Prolactin is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes milk production and has inhibitory effects on reproductive functions. Dopamine agonists like cabergoline are used to treat hyperprolactinemia and some types of acromegaly by inhibiting prolactin secretion.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system helps regulate the body's functions through glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" and controls other glands by producing tropic hormones. Hormones regulate critical functions like growth, metabolism, fluid balance, mood, and reproduction. Disorders can result from too much or too little hormone production and impact one's health, development, and quality of life.
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The document discusses several key hormones of the endocrine system and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. It explains that calcitonin and parathyroid hormone work together to regulate calcium levels in the blood. Calcitonin decreases calcium levels when they are high, while parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels when they are low. It also describes how thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to release T4 and T3, which affect metabolism and growth. The hormones cortisol, insulin, glucagon, and human growth hormone are also summarized in terms of what regulates their release and their main functions in the body.
PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY
Physiological and biochemical changes occur in a pregnant woman's body to support the growth and development of the fetus. The woman's respiratory, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems undergo adaptations to meet increased demands. Nutrient needs are also altered to support the woman's health and the fetus's growth. Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy can harm both mother and baby, potentially leading to complications like anemia, preterm birth, or birth defects. A balanced diet with sufficient calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals is important for supporting the pregnancy.
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Hypothyroidism is a decreased secretion of thyroid hormones. It occurs as cretinism in infants and myxedema in adults. Cretinism causes unproportional growth, mental retardation, enlarged tongue, and lack of sexual development. Myxedema causes edema, swelling of the face, fatigue, weight gain, and constipation. Both can be caused by iodine deficiency or genetic disorders. Goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland and can occur in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroid goiter is caused by iodine deficiency or thyroiditis and leads to increased TSH and gland growth.
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This document summarizes abnormalities related to growth hormone (GH), including hypersecretion and hyposecretion of GH. Hypersecretion of GH can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults, characterized by excessive growth and coarse facial features. Hyposecretion of GH can cause dwarfism, with stunted growth and short stature. Dwarfism has endocrinal causes like GH deficiency or hypothyroidism, and non-endocrinal causes such as malnutrition or chromosomal abnormalities. Pituitary dwarfism specifically results from GH deficiency. Some populations, like African Pygmies, exhibit dwarfism due to a lack of GH receptors.
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This document discusses homeostasis and the endocrine system. It provides details on various endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas. It describes the hormones produced by each gland and their functions in maintaining homeostasis, metabolism, growth and reproduction. Conditions related to imbalances in pituitary hormones like growth hormone and antidiuretic hormone are also summarized, such as acromegaly, gigantism, and diabetes insipidus.
Endocrine Reproductive
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine and reproductive systems. It describes how the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate bodily functions and how glands like the pancreas, testes and ovaries release specific hormones. It also explains the female menstrual cycle and how an egg is released and may be fertilized, leading to embryonic development with formation of the placenta and umbilical cord if implantation occurs. Sexual reproduction is contrasted with asexual reproduction, and feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone levels are discussed.
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The document discusses several endocrine glands and their functions. It describes how hormones travel through the bloodstream to affect cell activities and how glands either release secretions through ducts or directly into the bloodstream. It provides details on the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas and how they regulate important bodily processes like calcium levels, stress response, blood sugar levels, and reproduction through hormone secretion and feedback loops.
6.6 homeostasis and hormones
This document summarizes key hormones and their roles in homeostasis:
- Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels, while thyroxine regulates metabolism and body temperature. Leptin inhibits appetite and is secreted by adipose tissue. Melatonin controls circadian rhythms and is secreted by the pineal gland.
- Testosterone and estrogen influence sexual development and characteristics. The menstrual cycle is regulated by feedback between ovarian and pituitary hormones.
- Examples of clinical applications include diabetes treatment, obesity research, and assisted reproduction techniques. Historical studies on deer reproduction are also mentioned.
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat and produces two hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate at which cells convert glucose to energy, while calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bones. The parathyroid glands are four small masses located on the back of the thyroid that produce parathyroid hormone to raise blood calcium levels by stimulating bone cells to release calcium. Disorders of the thyroid can include goiters caused by iodine deficiency, cretinism in newborns from low thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism where too much hormone is produced.
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The document discusses changes to the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine system during pregnancy. The gastrointestinal tract is displaced by the enlarging uterus, which can alter findings for certain diseases. Gastric emptying time is prolonged during labor and after analgesics. The liver increases blood flow but does not increase in size. Hormone and enzyme levels in the blood change. The pituitary gland enlarges and increases production of growth hormone, prolactin, and other hormones. The thyroid gland increases production to meet maternal and fetal needs. Parathyroid and adrenal gland function is also altered to meet calcium and other regulatory needs for both mother and fetus.
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The document describes several endocrine glands and their functions: the adrenal glands produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids; the pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar; the pineal gland produces melatonin to induce sleep; the thymus produces thymosin which aids immune system development; and the placenta exchanges materials between mother and baby and produces hormones to maintain pregnancy.
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Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is synthesized and secreted by the somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. It is important for postnatal growth and development until reaching adult size, and helps maintain lean body mass and bone mass. Its secretion is increased by sleep, stress, hormones related to puberty, starvation and exercise, and decreased by somatostatin, somatomedins, obesity, hyperglycemia and pregnancy. The hypothalamus controls growth hormone secretion through GHRH and GIH. GHRH stimulates growth hormone release while GIH inhibits it. Growth hormone promotes growth directly and indirectly via stimulating IGF production. It has metabolic effects like increasing protein synthesis and breakdown
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1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones which regulate body activities. Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and target specific organs.
2. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Hormones regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, and response to stress.
3. When hormone levels rise or fall outside the normal range, it can disrupt bodily functions. The endocrine system maintains homeostasis through a negative feedback loop that regulates hormone production.
Endocrine system overview
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and hormones. It discusses how the endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones which regulate bodily processes. The hormones travel via the bloodstream and each only impacts target cells that have receptors for that specific hormone. The document also reviews the different types of hormones and how hormone release is controlled, either by other hormones, changing blood levels, or neural stimulation.
Placental function
The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus through respiratory, excretory, and nutritive processes. It produces hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), estrogen, and progesterone that are crucial to maintaining the pregnancy. The placenta, fetus, and maternal systems form an integrated unit where hormones are transferred between compartments to regulate processes of pregnancy and fetal development.
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1) Adolescence involves physical, emotional, intellectual, and social changes caused by hormonal changes in the body. These changes lead to feelings of awkwardness but are perfectly normal.
2) The endocrine system and hormones like estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, insulin, and glucagon cause the changes of adolescence by stimulating growth, sexual development, and other bodily functions.
3) Glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads work together to regulate hormones and control development, metabolism, and fertility during puberty.
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The document discusses the endocrine functions of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas' location in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach and below the liver. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete three hormones - glucagon from alpha cells, insulin from beta cells, and somatostatin from delta cells. These hormones work together to regulate blood sugar levels. Diabetes occurs when there is a deficiency or absence of insulin from the beta cells, leading to high blood sugar. The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, which is usually diagnosed in childhood and is due to destruction of the beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 90% of cases and is
Role of hormones during pregnancy
During pregnancy, the endocrine system undergoes several changes. The anterior pituitary enlarges due to increased lactotroph cells. Gonadotroph and somatotroph levels decrease while ACTH increases and then drops before delivery. The thyroid gland increases in size due to hCG and estrogen. The adrenal glands increase cortisol secretion due to higher ACTH levels. Hormones produced include hCG, progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, oxytocin and prolactin, each playing an important role in fetal development, uterine changes, and preparing the body for delivery. Hormone levels fluctuate through the three trimesters to support the ongoing changes.
Basic study material for thyroid gland .pptx
Thyroid gland
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thyroidgland-120420032852-phpapp01.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolism in nearly every organ system. Disorders of the thyroid gland can cause either hyperthyroidism (overproduction of hormones) or hypothyroidism (underproduction of hormones). Common diseases include Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid nodules. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may involve medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.
thyroidgland-120420032852-phpapp01.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolism in nearly every organ system. Disorders of the thyroid gland can cause either hyperthyroidism from excessive hormone production or hypothyroidism from inadequate production. Common diseases include Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and iodine deficiency-related goiter.
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Fertilization of the ovum prevents the regression of the corpus luteum. Instead, the corpus luteum enlarges, stimulated by the glycoprotein hormone, hCG, produced by the trophoblast (the developing placenta).
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The document discusses several key hormones of the endocrine system and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. It explains that calcitonin and parathyroid hormone work together to regulate calcium levels in the blood. Calcitonin decreases calcium levels when they are high, while parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels when they are low. It also describes how thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to release T4 and T3, which affect metabolism and growth. The hormones cortisol, insulin, glucagon, and human growth hormone are also summarized in terms of what regulates their release and their main functions in the body.
PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY
Physiological and biochemical changes occur in a pregnant woman's body to support the growth and development of the fetus. The woman's respiratory, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems undergo adaptations to meet increased demands. Nutrient needs are also altered to support the woman's health and the fetus's growth. Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy can harm both mother and baby, potentially leading to complications like anemia, preterm birth, or birth defects. A balanced diet with sufficient calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals is important for supporting the pregnancy.
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Hypothyroidism is a decreased secretion of thyroid hormones. It occurs as cretinism in infants and myxedema in adults. Cretinism causes unproportional growth, mental retardation, enlarged tongue, and lack of sexual development. Myxedema causes edema, swelling of the face, fatigue, weight gain, and constipation. Both can be caused by iodine deficiency or genetic disorders. Goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland and can occur in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroid goiter is caused by iodine deficiency or thyroiditis and leads to increased TSH and gland growth.
Copy of abnormalities of GH hormone
This document summarizes abnormalities related to growth hormone (GH), including hypersecretion and hyposecretion of GH. Hypersecretion of GH can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults, characterized by excessive growth and coarse facial features. Hyposecretion of GH can cause dwarfism, with stunted growth and short stature. Dwarfism has endocrinal causes like GH deficiency or hypothyroidism, and non-endocrinal causes such as malnutrition or chromosomal abnormalities. Pituitary dwarfism specifically results from GH deficiency. Some populations, like African Pygmies, exhibit dwarfism due to a lack of GH receptors.
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This document discusses homeostasis and the endocrine system. It provides details on various endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas. It describes the hormones produced by each gland and their functions in maintaining homeostasis, metabolism, growth and reproduction. Conditions related to imbalances in pituitary hormones like growth hormone and antidiuretic hormone are also summarized, such as acromegaly, gigantism, and diabetes insipidus.
Endocrine Reproductive
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine and reproductive systems. It describes how the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate bodily functions and how glands like the pancreas, testes and ovaries release specific hormones. It also explains the female menstrual cycle and how an egg is released and may be fertilized, leading to embryonic development with formation of the placenta and umbilical cord if implantation occurs. Sexual reproduction is contrasted with asexual reproduction, and feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone levels are discussed.
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The document discusses several endocrine glands and their functions. It describes how hormones travel through the bloodstream to affect cell activities and how glands either release secretions through ducts or directly into the bloodstream. It provides details on the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas and how they regulate important bodily processes like calcium levels, stress response, blood sugar levels, and reproduction through hormone secretion and feedback loops.
6.6 homeostasis and hormones
This document summarizes key hormones and their roles in homeostasis:
- Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels, while thyroxine regulates metabolism and body temperature. Leptin inhibits appetite and is secreted by adipose tissue. Melatonin controls circadian rhythms and is secreted by the pineal gland.
- Testosterone and estrogen influence sexual development and characteristics. The menstrual cycle is regulated by feedback between ovarian and pituitary hormones.
- Examples of clinical applications include diabetes treatment, obesity research, and assisted reproduction techniques. Historical studies on deer reproduction are also mentioned.
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat and produces two hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate at which cells convert glucose to energy, while calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bones. The parathyroid glands are four small masses located on the back of the thyroid that produce parathyroid hormone to raise blood calcium levels by stimulating bone cells to release calcium. Disorders of the thyroid can include goiters caused by iodine deficiency, cretinism in newborns from low thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism where too much hormone is produced.
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The document discusses changes to the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine system during pregnancy. The gastrointestinal tract is displaced by the enlarging uterus, which can alter findings for certain diseases. Gastric emptying time is prolonged during labor and after analgesics. The liver increases blood flow but does not increase in size. Hormone and enzyme levels in the blood change. The pituitary gland enlarges and increases production of growth hormone, prolactin, and other hormones. The thyroid gland increases production to meet maternal and fetal needs. Parathyroid and adrenal gland function is also altered to meet calcium and other regulatory needs for both mother and fetus.
Adrenal, pancreas, pineal, etc
The document describes several endocrine glands and their functions: the adrenal glands produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids; the pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar; the pineal gland produces melatonin to induce sleep; the thymus produces thymosin which aids immune system development; and the placenta exchanges materials between mother and baby and produces hormones to maintain pregnancy.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is synthesized and secreted by the somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. It is important for postnatal growth and development until reaching adult size, and helps maintain lean body mass and bone mass. Its secretion is increased by sleep, stress, hormones related to puberty, starvation and exercise, and decreased by somatostatin, somatomedins, obesity, hyperglycemia and pregnancy. The hypothalamus controls growth hormone secretion through GHRH and GIH. GHRH stimulates growth hormone release while GIH inhibits it. Growth hormone promotes growth directly and indirectly via stimulating IGF production. It has metabolic effects like increasing protein synthesis and breakdown
11 endocryne system
1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones which regulate body activities. Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and target specific organs.
2. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Hormones regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, and response to stress.
3. When hormone levels rise or fall outside the normal range, it can disrupt bodily functions. The endocrine system maintains homeostasis through a negative feedback loop that regulates hormone production.
Endocrine system overview
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and hormones. It discusses how the endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones which regulate bodily processes. The hormones travel via the bloodstream and each only impacts target cells that have receptors for that specific hormone. The document also reviews the different types of hormones and how hormone release is controlled, either by other hormones, changing blood levels, or neural stimulation.
Placental function
The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus through respiratory, excretory, and nutritive processes. It produces hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), estrogen, and progesterone that are crucial to maintaining the pregnancy. The placenta, fetus, and maternal systems form an integrated unit where hormones are transferred between compartments to regulate processes of pregnancy and fetal development.
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1) Adolescence involves physical, emotional, intellectual, and social changes caused by hormonal changes in the body. These changes lead to feelings of awkwardness but are perfectly normal.
2) The endocrine system and hormones like estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, insulin, and glucagon cause the changes of adolescence by stimulating growth, sexual development, and other bodily functions.
3) Glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads work together to regulate hormones and control development, metabolism, and fertility during puberty.
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The document discusses the endocrine functions of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas' location in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach and below the liver. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete three hormones - glucagon from alpha cells, insulin from beta cells, and somatostatin from delta cells. These hormones work together to regulate blood sugar levels. Diabetes occurs when there is a deficiency or absence of insulin from the beta cells, leading to high blood sugar. The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, which is usually diagnosed in childhood and is due to destruction of the beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 90% of cases and is
Role of hormones during pregnancy
During pregnancy, the endocrine system undergoes several changes. The anterior pituitary enlarges due to increased lactotroph cells. Gonadotroph and somatotroph levels decrease while ACTH increases and then drops before delivery. The thyroid gland increases in size due to hCG and estrogen. The adrenal glands increase cortisol secretion due to higher ACTH levels. Hormones produced include hCG, progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, oxytocin and prolactin, each playing an important role in fetal development, uterine changes, and preparing the body for delivery. Hormone levels fluctuate through the three trimesters to support the ongoing changes.
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The document provides an overview of endocrinology and summarizes key endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and hormones including growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin. It also summarizes the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The document further discusses the endocrine functions of the pancreas including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide and types of diabetes mellitus.
Brief content on endocrine system
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system presentation by a group of 5 students. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland. For the pituitary gland, it describes its anatomy and location, the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary, and disorders like gigantism, acromegaly, and dwarfism. For the thyroid gland, it explains hormone synthesis and secretion, thyroid function tests (T3, T4, TSH), conditions like goiter and hyper/hypothyroidism, and the role of thyroid hormones in metabolism. It also briefly discusses the parathyroid gland's organization and histology.
Thyroid hormones
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism. T4 is the major hormone produced and is converted to the more active T3 in tissues. Their production involves iodine uptake and coupling of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin. T3 and T4 act through nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression and increase metabolism. Disorders include hypothyroidism with low hormone levels and hyperthyroidism with excessive levels leading to increased metabolism. Tests are used to evaluate thyroid function and hormone levels.
Thyroid
The document discusses the functions and regulation of thyroid hormones. Some key points:
- Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate, promote growth, and stimulate tissue activity throughout the body.
- Their secretion is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland, which is stimulated by TRH from the hypothalamus.
- Hyperthyroidism causes increased metabolic rate and symptoms like weight loss, tremors, and anxiety. Hypothyroidism decreases metabolic rate and causes fatigue, weight gain, and mental sluggishness.
- Conditions like Graves' disease and thyroiditis can lead to autoimmune hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism if the thyroid is destroyed. Treatment depends on the condition
Thyroid
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Chemical messages for homeostasis
- 5. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND METABOLISM - The anabolic and catabolic processes taking place in the body ✓ Anabolism - synthetic reactions ✓ Catabolism - break down reactions
- 6. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND THYROID GLAND is the main endocrine gland that controls the metabolic activities Thyroid gland secretes two hormones - 1. THYROXINE - Metabolic hormone 2. CALCITONIN - Regulation of calcium level
- 7. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND FUNCTIONS OF THYROXINE : 1. Increases energy production 2. Raises the rate of metabolism 3. Accelerates the growth and development of the brain in the foetal stage and infancy 4. Regulates growth in children
- 8. HYPOTHYROIDISM DISORDERS - THYROID GLAND HYPERTHYROIDISM
- 9. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND HYPOTHYROIDISM ○ The condition in which the production of thyroxine decreases
- 10. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND HYPOTHYROIDISM-CRETINISM ✓ Decreased production of thyroxine during the foetal or infancy stage ✓ Hinders proper physical and mental development
- 11. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND HYPOTHYROIDISM-MYXOEDEMA ✓ The condition due to the prolonged deficiency of thyroxine in adults ✓ Major symptoms : × Low metabolic rate × Sluggishness × Increase in body weight × Hypertension × Inflammation in body tissues
- 12. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND HYPERTHYROIDISM ○ The condition in which life activities controlled by thyroxine accelerate due to the continuous and excessive production of thyroxine
- 13. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND HYPERTHYROIDISM-SYMPTOMS ✓ High metabolic rate ✓ Rise in body temperature ✓ Excessive sweating ✓ Increased heart beat ✓ Weight loss ✓ Emotional imbalance
- 14. REGULATION OF METABOLISM - THYROID GLAND GOITRE ✓ The condition in which the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to produce more thyroxine Cause ➢ Iodine essential for the production of thyroxine ➢ In its absence thyroxine production is blocked
- 15. REGULATION OF LEVEL OF CALCIUM PARATHYROID GLAND THYROID GLAND 15
- 16. THYROID GLAND CALCITONIN ✓ Decreases the level of Calcium in Blood REGULATION OF LEVEL OF CALCIUM PARATHYROID GLAND PARATHORMONE ✓ Increases the level of Calcium in Blood
- 17. REGULATION OF LEVEL OF CALCIUM
- 18. WORKSHEET 18
- 19. WORKSHEET - I Write short note on 1. Functions of thyroxine 2. Disabilities due to thyroxine deficiency 3. Problems due to excessive production of thyroxine 4. Goitre
- 21. Place your screenshot here