The document summarizes security issues related to e-commerce and encryption techniques. It discusses concepts like confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity, non-repudiation and describes encryption methods like SSL, digital signatures, and message authentication codes. It also covers encryption techniques like symmetric key encryption using DES/3DES and asymmetric key encryption using RSA cryptography. The document is presented by a group consisting of 5 members and contains details of security issues, encryption standards and methods.
UNIT II E-MAIL SECURITY & FIREWALLS
PGP – S/MIME – Internet Firewalls for Trusted System: Roles of Firewalls – Firewall related terminology- Types of Firewalls – Firewall designs – SET for E-Commerce Transactions.
Key management: Introduction, How public key distribution done, Diffie Hellman Key Exchage Algorithm,Digital Certificate. Key Management using Digital certificate is done etc. wireshark screenshot showing digital cetificate.
Module 1: Introduction to Cryptography and Symmetric Key Ciphers
Computer Security Concepts - OSI Security Architecture -Security Attacks - Services, Mechanisms -
Symmetric Cipher Model - Traditional Block Cipher Structure - The Data Encryption Standard -The Strength of DES - Advanced Encryption Standard.
UNIT II E-MAIL SECURITY & FIREWALLS
PGP – S/MIME – Internet Firewalls for Trusted System: Roles of Firewalls – Firewall related terminology- Types of Firewalls – Firewall designs – SET for E-Commerce Transactions.
Key management: Introduction, How public key distribution done, Diffie Hellman Key Exchage Algorithm,Digital Certificate. Key Management using Digital certificate is done etc. wireshark screenshot showing digital cetificate.
Module 1: Introduction to Cryptography and Symmetric Key Ciphers
Computer Security Concepts - OSI Security Architecture -Security Attacks - Services, Mechanisms -
Symmetric Cipher Model - Traditional Block Cipher Structure - The Data Encryption Standard -The Strength of DES - Advanced Encryption Standard.
This presentation is created for Applied Data Communication lecture of Computer Systems Engineering master programme at Tallinn University of Technology
If you do not have a proper key management process for changing the keys, then it’s better to have no encryption at all. A look inside Key Management Techniques.
1 Symmetric Encryption
2 Message Authentication and Hash Functions
3 Public-Key Encryption
4 Digital Signatures and Key Management
5 Random and Pseudo random Numbers
6 Practical Application: Encryption of Stored Data
7 Symmetric vs Asymmetric
Introduction to Cryptography Training – Level 1Bryan Len
Introduction to Cryptography Training Course Description – The TONEX cryptography training course introduces you to a variety of topics in cryptography such as: Information security and cryptography, stream and block ciphers, symmetric and asymmetric encryption, public key infrastructure (PKI) encryption, public key encryption, hash functions, digital signatures, and digital certificates.
Cryptography is simply expressed as having the concept in a secret code. Such a definition will help the computer security to preserve the authentication, privacy, integrity and confidentiality of data.
By taking the TONEX cryptography training, you will understand the main concept of cryptography, classification of ciphers, Stream ciphers, clock control generators, filter generators and combination generators. Moreover, you will learn about block ciphers, their modes of operation and advanced encryption standards (AES).
Audience:
The cryptography training is a 2-day course designed for:
All individuals who need to understand the concept of cryptography.
IT professionals in the areas of software security and cryptography
Cyber security professionals, network engineers, security analysts, policy analysts
Security operation personnel, network administrators, system integrators and security consultants
Security traders to understand the software security of web system, mobile devices, or other devices.
Investors and contractors who plan to make investments in security system industry.
Technicians, operators, and maintenance personnel who are or will be working on cyber security projects
Managers, accountants, and executives of cyber security industry.
If you are an IT professional who specialize in system security, you will benefit the presentations, examples, case studies, discussions, and individual activities upon the completion of Cryptography training and will prepare yourself for your career.
Training Outline:
The cryptography training course consists of the following lessons, which can be revised and tailored to the client’s need:
Introduction to Cryptography
Stream Ciphers
Block Ciphers
Symmetric (Private Key) Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Main Aspects of Cryptography: PKI and Encryption
Public Key Encryption
Hash Functions and Data Integrity
Digital Signature
GPG
Digital Certificate
Cryptographic Threats and Tools
Hands-on and In-Class Activities
Sample Workshops Labs for Cryptography Training
Learn more
Introduction to Cryptography Training – Level 1
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/cryptography-training/
Enhancing lan using cryptography and other modulesMurali Krishna
This is a seminar for beginners. Which provides basic details about How to secure data over LAN connection using cryptography and other similar methods.
This presentation is created for Applied Data Communication lecture of Computer Systems Engineering master programme at Tallinn University of Technology
If you do not have a proper key management process for changing the keys, then it’s better to have no encryption at all. A look inside Key Management Techniques.
1 Symmetric Encryption
2 Message Authentication and Hash Functions
3 Public-Key Encryption
4 Digital Signatures and Key Management
5 Random and Pseudo random Numbers
6 Practical Application: Encryption of Stored Data
7 Symmetric vs Asymmetric
Introduction to Cryptography Training – Level 1Bryan Len
Introduction to Cryptography Training Course Description – The TONEX cryptography training course introduces you to a variety of topics in cryptography such as: Information security and cryptography, stream and block ciphers, symmetric and asymmetric encryption, public key infrastructure (PKI) encryption, public key encryption, hash functions, digital signatures, and digital certificates.
Cryptography is simply expressed as having the concept in a secret code. Such a definition will help the computer security to preserve the authentication, privacy, integrity and confidentiality of data.
By taking the TONEX cryptography training, you will understand the main concept of cryptography, classification of ciphers, Stream ciphers, clock control generators, filter generators and combination generators. Moreover, you will learn about block ciphers, their modes of operation and advanced encryption standards (AES).
Audience:
The cryptography training is a 2-day course designed for:
All individuals who need to understand the concept of cryptography.
IT professionals in the areas of software security and cryptography
Cyber security professionals, network engineers, security analysts, policy analysts
Security operation personnel, network administrators, system integrators and security consultants
Security traders to understand the software security of web system, mobile devices, or other devices.
Investors and contractors who plan to make investments in security system industry.
Technicians, operators, and maintenance personnel who are or will be working on cyber security projects
Managers, accountants, and executives of cyber security industry.
If you are an IT professional who specialize in system security, you will benefit the presentations, examples, case studies, discussions, and individual activities upon the completion of Cryptography training and will prepare yourself for your career.
Training Outline:
The cryptography training course consists of the following lessons, which can be revised and tailored to the client’s need:
Introduction to Cryptography
Stream Ciphers
Block Ciphers
Symmetric (Private Key) Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Main Aspects of Cryptography: PKI and Encryption
Public Key Encryption
Hash Functions and Data Integrity
Digital Signature
GPG
Digital Certificate
Cryptographic Threats and Tools
Hands-on and In-Class Activities
Sample Workshops Labs for Cryptography Training
Learn more
Introduction to Cryptography Training – Level 1
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/cryptography-training/
Enhancing lan using cryptography and other modulesMurali Krishna
This is a seminar for beginners. Which provides basic details about How to secure data over LAN connection using cryptography and other similar methods.
First presentation of a Cryptography series, it aims to provide a high level overview of cryptography, clarify its objectives, define the terminology and explain the basics of how digital security systems, like Bitcoin, are built.
Mike Dance is a web developer and Bitcoin advocate.
----------
Presented at the BitcoinSYD Meetup on 11 February 2015
Encryption is a fundamental concept in cryptography that involves the process of converting plaintext (readable and understandable data) into ciphertext (encoded and unintelligible data) using a mathematical algorithm and an encryption key. The primary purpose of encryption is to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of sensitive information during transmission or storage.
In the encryption process:
1. **Plaintext:** This is the original, readable data that is to be protected. It could be a message, a file, or any form of digital information.
2. **Encryption Algorithm:** An encryption algorithm is a set of mathematical rules and procedures that transform the plaintext into ciphertext. Common encryption algorithms include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), RSA, and Triple DES.
3. **Encryption Key:** The encryption key is a piece of information used by the encryption algorithm to perform the transformation. The key determines the specific pattern and method by which the plaintext is converted into ciphertext. The strength of the encryption often depends on the length and randomness of the key.
4. **Ciphertext:** This is the result of the encryption process—the transformed and encoded data that appears random and is indecipherable without the corresponding decryption key.
Encryption serves several important purposes in the field of cryptography:
- **Confidentiality:** The primary goal of encryption is to keep information confidential and secure from unauthorized access. Even if an unauthorized party intercepts the ciphertext, they should be unable to understand or decipher it without the correct decryption key.
- **Integrity:** Encryption helps ensure the integrity of data by providing a means to detect any unauthorized modifications. If the ciphertext is altered, the decryption process will produce incorrect results, alerting the recipient to potential tampering.
- **Authentication:** In some encryption scenarios, the use of digital signatures or authenticated encryption helps verify the origin and authenticity of the encrypted data.
- **Secure Communication:** Encryption is widely used to secure communication over networks, such as the internet. Protocols like HTTPS (HTTP Secure) use encryption to protect the confidentiality of data transmitted between a web browser and a web server.
- **Data-at-Rest Protection:** Encryption is applied to data stored on devices or servers, ensuring that even if physical access is gained, the data remains protected from unauthorized viewing.
In summary, encryption is a crucial tool in the field of cryptography, providing a means to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of sensitive information in various digital environments.
encryption is the process of encoding a message or information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it and those who are not authorized cannot. Encryption does not itself prevent interference but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.
Sensitive data is vulnerable when it is stored insecurely and transmitted over open networks. The PCI Security Council takes a hard line on protecting cardholder data and describes specific methods to comply with its standards.
Attend this webinar to better understand methods that make data theft more difficult for attackers and render stolen data unusable.
Topics covered include:
• Properly protecting stored cardholder data - encryption, hashing, masking and truncation
• Securing data during transmission - using strong cipher suites, valid certificates, and strong TLS security
• How to identify and mitigate missing encryption
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
5. CONFIDENTIALITY
• Keeping private or sensitive information from being disclosed to unauthorised individuals, entities or
processes.
• Information should not be accessible to an unauthorized person. It should not be intercepted during the
transmission.
6. INTEGRITY
• The ability to protect data from being altered or destroyed by unauthorised access or accidental manner.
• Information should not be altered during its transmission over the network.
8. AUTHENTICITY
• There should be a mechanism to authenticate a user before giving him/her an access to the required
information.
• To Make sure that the message senders or principles are who they say they are.
9. NON - REPUDIABILITY
• It is the protection against the denial of order or denial of payment.
• Once a sender sends a message, the sender should not be able to deny sending the message
• the recipient of message should not be able to deny the receipt.
11. SSL(SECURE SOCKET LAYER)
•SECULAR SOCKET LAYER IS A COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL IS
CREATED BY NETSCAPE IN 1994 TO ENSURE SECURE
TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN WEB SERVERS AND BROWSERS.
•"HTTPS://" IS TO BE USED FOR HTTP URLS WITH SSL,
WHEREAS "HTTP:/" IS TO BE USED FOR HTTP URLS WITHOUT
SSL .
12. WHAT IS SSL USED FOR?
• The SSL protocol is used by millions of online business to protect their customers, ensuring their online
transactions remain confidential.
• A web page should use encryption when it expects users to submit confidential data, including
personal information, passwords, or credit card details.
• All web browsers have the ability to interact with secured sites so long as the site's certificate is issued
by a trusted certificate authority.
13. WHY SSL ? SSL PROVIDES…..
• Confidentiality (Privacy)
• Data integrity (Tamper-proofing)
• Server authentication (Proving a server is what it claims it is)
• Used in typical B2C transaction
• Optional client authentication
• Would be required in B2B (or Web services environment in which program talks to program)
15. FIREWALL
• A firewall is a system of hardware and software components designed to restrict access between or
among networks, most often between the Internet and a private Internet.
• The firewall is part of an overall security policy that creates a perimeter defense designed to protect the
information resources of the organization.
16. HARDWARE V/S SOFTWARE FIREWALLS.
• Hardware firewalls
- Protect an entire network
- Implemented on router level
- Usually more expensive, harder to configure.
• Software firewalls
- protect a single computer
- Usually less expensive, easier to configure.
17. DIGITAL SIGNATURE:
• Digital signature ensures the authenticity of the information.
• A digital signature is an e-signature authenticated through encryption and
password.
18. ENCRYPTION :
• It is a very effective and practical way to safeguard the data being transmitted over the network.
• It is the process of converting information or data into a code, especially to prevent unauthorized
access.
• Sender of the information encrypts the data using a encryption technique and only the specified
receiver can decrypt the data using the same or a different encryption technique.
20. DRAWBACKS OF ENCRYPTION
• Sometimes it may be difficult to access even for a legitimate user
• High availability
• selective access control
• Does not guard threats that emerge from the poor design of systems
• Costly
• based on the computational difficulty of mathematical problems
21. MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION
• Threat: the user is not sure about the originator of the message
• Message Authentication Code Algorithm
22. LIMITATIONS OF MAC
1. Establishment of Shared Secret
2. Inability to Provide Non-Repudiation
Limitations of MAC can be overcome by Digital signature
24. ORIGIN
• Humans want to (1)share information and (2) selectively
• This need gives birth to art of “coding messages”
• The art and science of concealing the messages to introduce secrecy in information security is called
cryptography.
• “ Cryptography “ from GREEK .. KRYPTO (hidden) + GRAPHENE (writing)
25. HISTORY
• HIEROGLYPH is the oldest technique used by Egyptians 4000 years ago
• Around 500-600 BC mono-alphabetic substitution ciphers were used
• Roman method (Caesar Shift Cipher) relies on shifting of a message by an agreed number
• Steganography (slightly different)
26. EVOLUTION
• Started during European Renaissance
• Vigenere Coding came in 15th Century
• After 19th Century it evolved from ad hoc approach to sophisticated art and science
• In early 20th Century machines were invented e.g. Enigma Rotor machine
• During WW2 both cryptography and cryptanalysis became excessively mathematical
• With advances govts. , military units and corporate houses started adopting it
27. MODERN CRYPTOGRAPHY
• It is called as cornerstone of communications security.
• Based on number theory, computational-complexity and probability theory
Classic Cryptography Modern Cryptography
It manipulates traditional characters It operates on binary bit sequences
Based on ‘security through obscurity’ Relies on mathematical algorithms.
Secrecy is obtained through secret key
It requires entire cryptosystem for
communicating confidentially
Requires parties interested in secure
communication to possess the secret key
31. TYPES OF CRYPTOSYSTEMS [1. SYMMETRIC KEY ]
Examples: Digital Encryption Standard(DES), Triple- DES(3DES), IDEA and TWOFISH
32. FIESTEL BLOCK CIPHER
• The input block to each round is divided into two halves that can
be denoted as L and R for the left half and the right half
• In each round, the right half of the block, R, goes through
unchanged. But the left half, L, goes through an operation that
depends on R and the encryption key
• each round uses a different key, although all these subkeys are
related to the original key
• The permutation step at the end of each round swaps the
modified L and unmodified R.
• Above substitution and permutation steps form a ‘round’.
The number of rounds are specified by the algorithm design
• Once the last round is completed then the two sub blocks,
‘R’ and ‘L’ are concatenated in this order to form the ciphertext
block
• difficult part of designing a Feistel Cipher is selection of round
function ‘f’
33. FEATURES OF SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION
• Persons using it must share a common key prior to exchange of information
• Keys are recommended to be changed regularly to prevent any attack on the system
• robust mechanism needs to exist to exchange the key between the communicating parties
• Length of Key (number of bits) in this encryption is smaller and hence, process of encryption-decryption
is faster than asymmetric key encryption
• Processing power of computer system required to run symmetric algorithm is less
34. CHALLENGES OF USING SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION
1. Key Establishment
2. Trust Issue
• But, today we need to communicate to non-familiar parties..
35. TYPES OF CRYPTOSYSTEMS [2. ASYMMETRIC KEY]
• Different keys are used for encrypting and
decrypting the information
User have 2 dissimilar keys mathematically
related called private key and public key
Public key –public repository
Private key –well guarded secret
When Host1 needs to send data to Host2,
he obtains the public key of Host2 from
repository, encrypts the data, and transmits
Host2 uses his private key to extract the plaintext.
o Length of keys is large so slower
o Processing power of computer system required to run asymmetric algorithm is higher
36. CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM
• the user needs to trust that the public key that he is using in communications with a person really is the
public key of that person and has not been spoofed by a malicious third party
• This is usually accomplished through a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) consisting a trusted third party
37. PUBLIC KEY ENCRYPTION: RSA CRYPTOSYSTEM
• Used even today
• Invented by: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Len Adleman
• Two things are involved: (1) Generation of key pair (2) Encryption- Decryption modes
38. 1. GENERATION OF RSA KEY PAIR
• The process is as follows:
1. Generate the RSA modulus(n)
• Select two large primes, p and q
• Calculate n=p*q.
2. Find Derived Number(e)
• Number e must be greater than 1 and less than (p − 1)(q − 1)
• There must be no common factor for e and (p − 1)(q − 1) except for 1
3. Form the public key
• The pair of numbers (n, e) form the RSA public key and is made public
4. Generate the Private Key
• Private Key d is calculated from p, q, and e. For given n and e, there is
unique number d
• Number d is the inverse of e modulo (p − 1)(q – 1)
• Example:
1. Generate the RSA modulus(n)
• P=7, q=13. Thus, n=p*q=7*13=91
2. Find Derived Number(e)
• Select e = 5 because , there is no number that is common factor of 5
and (p − 1)(q − 1) = 6 × 12 = 72
3. Form the public key
• The pair of numbers (n, e) = (91, 5) forms the public key
4. Generate the Private Key
• Input p = 7, q = 13, and e = 5 to the Extended Euclidean Algorithm. The
output will be d = 29
• Check: de = 29 × 5 = 145 = 1 mod 72
Each party has to generate a pair of keys i.e. public key and private key
though n is part of the public key, difficulty in factorizing a large prime number ensures that attacker cannot find in
finite time the two primes (p & q) used to obtain n
39. RSA ENCRYPTION
• Encryption:
• sender wish to send some text message to
someone whose public key is (n, e)
• the sender then represents the plaintext as a
series of numbers less than n
• To encrypt the first plaintext P, which is a
number modulo n.
• Decryption:
• receiver of public-key pair (n, e) has received a
ciphertext C
• Receiver raises C to the power of his private key
d. The result modulo n will be the plaintext P
• Returning again to our numerical example,
the ciphertext C = 82 would get decrypted to
number 10 using private key 29
RSA does not directly operate on strings of bits as in case of symmetric key
It operates on numbers modulo n
it is necessary to represent the plaintext as a series of numbers less than n