The document discusses developing quality open educational resources (OER) for educators in developing countries. It proposes developing a MOOC to train educators to find, adapt, and create locally relevant OERs. Emergent leadership and notions of sustainability and social justice inform this approach. The MOOC would teach skills like identifying, finding, adapting, creating, and sharing OERs through activities and community building. It aims to minimize costs and reach teachers across contexts by using open resources and platforms.

1. Emerging Leadership in Developing
Quality OERs
EDDE 804: Leadership and Project Management in
Distance Education
Presentation March 7, 2016
Matthew Bingley and Rosemarri Klamn

2. Presentation Content
Part I The Problem: Lack of Quality OER in
the Developing World
Part II Emerging leaders and the Capabilities
Approach
Part III Strategic Considerations
Part IV The MOOC

3. Part I: The Problem
“ Quality education is one that develops whatever capabilities
society and individuals have reason to value……paying attention
not only to the means for realizing a quality education but to the
cultural norms and values that either enable or stifle the
development of these capabilities for different groups of
disadvantaged learners” – Tikly & Barrett, 2005, p. 19)

4. The Context
Nations in the developing world often show …
• A lack of educational resources
• Low rates of educational enrollment and adult literacy
• Inability to develop “human capital”

5. Open Educational Resources
In 2012 UNESCO published the Paris OER Declaration
which recommends that nations…
• promote the development and use of OER to address
educational needs in developing countries
• build the infrastructure to enable use of OER in
educational institutions
• (Source: http://bit.ly/1bwsVPU)

6. The Problem with OER
However, the availability of OER in itself is insufficient
to address these issues because …
• Lack of teacher training to find and use OER
• Difficulty adapting OER
• Varying quality of OER
• Barriers of culture and language
• Difficulties accessing OER with technology

7. Our Solution
We propose developing a MOOC to train educators to find, use,
and generate OER….. taking into consideration the potential
pitfalls and benefits of MOOCs and adapting learning to the local
context

8. Part II: Emergent Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Distributed Leadership
Shared Leadership
HolisticLeadership
Servant Leadership
Collaborative Leadership
Emergent Leadership
Authentic Leadership
Vision
Influence
Trust

9. Social Justice Approach to Quality Education
Social Justice Approach to Quality Education based on Fraser’s Social
Justice Framework (2008) and Sen’s Capability Approach (1999)
Tikly & Barrett’s (2009) Social Justice, Capabilities and the Quality of Education in Low Income Countries
Sen’s notion of
Person
(fully realized
capabilities)
Fraser’s
Dimension of
Recognition
(all individuals
have access)
Fraser’s
Dimension of
Redistribution
(access to
resources)
Fraser’s
Dimension of
Participation
(in society)

10. Leadership Theory
Leadership across the continuum from global, community,institutions,
and educators (individual)
Emergent Leadership: behavior-based, unassigned, leadership in virtual or
dispersed (over time, space, and area) environments where leaders “emerge”
within or across (the) team or organization
Qualities include ability to conceptualize new methods or approaches, initiate
new ideas within their sphere of influence, operate within and across
political, symbolic, or structural frameworks (Bolman & Deal, 2003), and
balance internal and external factors (Portugal, 2006)
Challenges include being accepted as an informal rather than formal leader
(Misoiolek & Heckman, 2005), being accepted by their appointed leader as
informal leader, and balancing relational and task-related facets of their
respective roles

11. Leadership in Developing
Quality Education Materials
Global
United Nations
UNESCO
Community (Africa)
TESSA
FAWE
Commonwealth of
Learning
Institutions
NTU (Singapore)
NSU (Florida)
Educators
Individual faculty/
researchers
Tikly & Barrett
Portugal
Liyanagunawardena,
Williams & Adams
Emergent Leaders across Diverse Organizations

12. Part III: The Strategy
Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will
spend the first four sharpening the axe – Abraham
Lincoln
However the beautiful the strategy, you should
look occasionally at results – Winston Churchill
“Do not wait for leaders; do it alone, person to person. Be
faithful in small things because it is in them that your strength
lies.”
-- Mother Teresa, religious sister

13. Strategic Considerations
Pitfalls
• Richter’s concern that education alone is not solution
• Issues of language, customizability
Benefits
• Creation of more OER that benefit local populations
• Training and development of teachers in local contexts
• Intercultural dialogue – adapting this MOOC that anyone can
access

14. Strategic Considerations
Minimize cost
• Open source materials and freeware
• Google Drive, Google Sites
• Wikispaces
• Open Learning Management Systems such as Moodle or
Dokeos
• OER such as Wikieducator, MERLOT, TESSA
Distance
• Reach teachers in different developing contexts
• Analogous projects like Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan
Africa (TESSA) use in-person facilitators to develop OER
collaboratively with on-site educators

15. Strategic Considerations
Pedagogy
• Connectivism because we are using a MOOC to reach those
who can make use of it
• Constructivism because we are trying to instill in learners the
skills needed to develop resources meaningful in their local
contexts
Culture
• Differences in language, backgrounds, digital infrastructure,
and cultural norms may be an issue
• Instructors can learn from this MOOC and adapt the ideas to
their own needs and local contexts
• Local teachers can become “cultural translators” who can
adapt OERs to their needs

16. Part IV: The MOOC
Image source: http://www.wage-organisation.com/benefit/global-network/

17. Course Outline
Module Objectives Bloom’s Taxonomy
Identifying OER To define different types of OER
To articulate how they would be useful
Understanding,
Remembering
Finding OER To locate different kinds of OER
To evaluate OER
Applying
Adapting OER To select OER which may be useful
To articulate objectives for using OER
Applying, Analyzing,
Evaluating
Creating OER To find useful tools for building OER
To design and develop OER
Creating
Sharing OER To share OER with others
To give and receive feedback on OER
Analyzing, Evaluating

18. Activities and Community
Module Activities Community building
Identifying OER Short presentation and forum Introductions forum
Finding OER Short presentation, followed by an
assignment to find potentially useful OER in
various databases. The focus in the forum
this week will be on sharing the found
resources and discussing their usefulness.
Sharing found OER with others
Adapting OER Short presentation followed by an exercise
articulating a need for an OER (such as a
lesson, an activity, a curriculum plan, etc.), to
be shared in the forum.
Sharing the assessment of local needs
and concerns.
Creating OER Short presentation on finding resources that
may be useful. Activity outlining or drafting a
possible OER. Results shared in forum.
Posting drafts in forum for feedback and
discussion.
Developing a final form of an OER.
Sharing OER Sharing the created OER in the forum for
feedback from other participants.
Showing their OERs to others;
commenting on others' OER

19. • The problem is one of training educators to find, adapt,
and create locally relevant OER
• The strategy is to employ a MOOC to teach these skills
using free/open resources whenever possible
• Emergent Leadership informs this approach as do
notions of sustainability and social justice
Summary and Conclusion

20. Questions?
1. I thought it interesting that both presentations tonight
seemed to address issues where learners are adapting to
another culture in one way or another. As a conversation
starter I'd love to hear any thoughts others have on this
issue?
2. What other forms of leadership seem applicable to
strengthening the quality of educational materials?
3. Marc has asked if there is a leadership equivalent for
connectivism. AK mentioned emergent, complex,
distributed and Susan argued that George and Stephen
would consider that all leadership theories could be
consistent with connectivism. What do you think?

21. References
• Alexander, Kamenetz, Schroeder, & De Rosa. 2014). …….
• Ally, M. & Samaka, M., 2013. Open education resources and mobile technology to narrow the
learning divide. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 14(2),
pp.14–27
• United Nations. (2014). Development Policy and Analysis Division.
• Hatakka, M., (2009). Build it and they will come?-Inhibiting factors for reuse of open content
in developing countries. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing
Countries, 37(5), 1-16.
• Ivins, T. (2011). Localization of open educational resources (OER) in Nepal: Strategies of
Himalayan knowledge-workers. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Brigham Young
University, Provo, UT.
• Liyanagunawardena, T., Williams, S., and Adams, A. (2013). The impact and reach of MOOCs:
a developing countries’ perspective. E-Learningeuropa.info. University of Reading.
• Maturing of the MOOC, 2013)……
• (http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ldc/ldc_criteria

22. References
• Misiolek,N.I., & Heckman, R. (2005). "Patterns of Emergent Leadership in Virtual Teams",
HICSS, 2005, 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2014 47th
Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2005, pp. 49a,
doi:10.1109/HICSS.2005.486
• Portugal, L.M. 2006.Emerging Leadership Roles in Distance Education: Current State of Affairs
and Forecasting Future Trends. Retrieved February 22, 2016 from:
http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall2006/portugal93.htm
• Richter, T. & McPherson, M., 2012. Open educational resources: education for the world?
Distance education, 33(2), pp.201–219.
• Thakrar, J., Wolfenden, F. & Zinn, D., 2009. Harnessing open educational resources to the
challenges of teacher education in Sub-Saharan Africa. The International Review of Research
in Open and Distributed Learning, 10(4).
• Tikly, L. & Barrett, A.M., 2011. Social justice, capabilities and the quality of education in low
income countries. International Journal of Educational Development, 31(1), pp.1–14.

23. References
• Walker, M. (2006) Towards a capability-based theory of social justice for education
policymaking. Journal of Education Policy, 21(2), 163-185
• Willems, J. & Bossu, C., 2012. Equity considerations for open educational resources in the
glocalization of education. Distance Education, 33(2), pp.185–199.
• Wright, C.R. & Reju, S., 2012. Developing and deploying OERs in sub-Saharan Africa: Building
on the present. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(2),
pp.181–220.
• Wright, C.R., Dhanarajan, G. & Reju, S.A., 2009. Recurring issues encountered by distance
educators in developing and emerging nations. The International Review of Research in Open
and Distributed Learning, 10(1).