Embryogenesis refers to the development of an embryo. Key events include fertilization where an egg and sperm fuse to form a zygote, cleavage where the zygote rapidly divides through mitosis, gastrulation where the single-layered blastula reorganizes into three germ layers, and organogenesis where organs develop. Embryology is the study of developmental events during the prenatal stage including descriptive, comparative, experimental, chemical and teratology approaches. The development of the placenta begins with implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium and formation of the decidua and chorionic villi for nutrient exchange.
The document provides information about animal reproduction and development. It discusses topics like asexual and sexual reproduction, embryonic development, formation of germ layers and organs.
The key stages of embryonic development discussed are fertilization, cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation and organogenesis. Gastrulation involves the formation of three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Organogenesis is the development of organs from the germ layers.
The document also covers post-embryonic development in different life stages from infancy to childhood. It provides details about physical, mental, emotional and social development during these stages.
This document discusses multiple pregnancy (when more than one fetus develops in the womb). It defines key terms like twins, triplets, and describes the two main types of twins - dizygotic (fraternal) and monozygotic (identical). Dizygotic twins result from the fertilization of two separate eggs, while monozygotic twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits. The document also outlines the main stages of human embryogenesis from fertilization to organ formation.
Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through the embryonic and fetal periods. During the embryonic period (first 8 weeks), the three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—develop and give rise to all structures. The fetal period encompasses the remaining 30 weeks of development as structures and organs continue growing and maturing. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a zygote, which undergoes cleavage, morula, and blastocyst stages over the first week. Around day 6, implantation in the uterus occurs and the blastocyst forms an inner cell mass and trophoblast. The trophoblast develops into the pl
Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through the embryonic and fetal periods. During the embryonic period (first 8 weeks), the three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—develop and give rise to all structures. The fetal period encompasses the remaining 30 weeks of development as structures and organs continue growing and maturing. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a zygote, which undergoes cleavage, morula, and blastocyst stages over the first week. Around day 6, implantation in the uterus occurs and the blastocyst forms an inner cell mass and trophoblast. The trophoblast develops into the pl
1. Embryology is the study of embryo development from fertilization to the fetus stage.
2. In animals, the zygote undergoes cleavage to form a morula, which becomes a hollow ball called a blastula through cavitation.
3. The blastula develops into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - which give rise to the body's organs and tissues.
Internal fertilization involves the male releasing sperm into the female reproductive tract, increasing chances of fertilization. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula and gastrula. The gastrula forms the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm - which give rise to the organs of animals. In humans, the blastocyst implants in the uterus and develops a placenta and umbilical cord to exchange gases and nutrients with the mother.
This document provides an introduction to developmental biology. It defines developmental biology as the holistic study of embryonic development and postnatal processes ranging from molecular to organism levels. Historically, the field was known as embryology but the term was replaced to encompass development throughout the lifespan. Key concepts introduced include ontogeny, embryogenesis, and blastogenesis. The document then outlines the historical background of developmental biology, including early contributors like Aristotle, William Harvey, and Marcello Malpighi. It discusses historical debates around preformation versus epigenesis theories of development and how these were later resolved by the cell theory. Modern concepts like the germ plasm theory, mosaic theory, and regulative theory are also introduced.
Embryogenesis refers to the development of an embryo. Key events include fertilization where an egg and sperm fuse to form a zygote, cleavage where the zygote rapidly divides through mitosis, gastrulation where the single-layered blastula reorganizes into three germ layers, and organogenesis where organs develop. Embryology is the study of developmental events during the prenatal stage including descriptive, comparative, experimental, chemical and teratology approaches. The development of the placenta begins with implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium and formation of the decidua and chorionic villi for nutrient exchange.
The document provides information about animal reproduction and development. It discusses topics like asexual and sexual reproduction, embryonic development, formation of germ layers and organs.
The key stages of embryonic development discussed are fertilization, cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation and organogenesis. Gastrulation involves the formation of three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Organogenesis is the development of organs from the germ layers.
The document also covers post-embryonic development in different life stages from infancy to childhood. It provides details about physical, mental, emotional and social development during these stages.
This document discusses multiple pregnancy (when more than one fetus develops in the womb). It defines key terms like twins, triplets, and describes the two main types of twins - dizygotic (fraternal) and monozygotic (identical). Dizygotic twins result from the fertilization of two separate eggs, while monozygotic twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits. The document also outlines the main stages of human embryogenesis from fertilization to organ formation.
Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through the embryonic and fetal periods. During the embryonic period (first 8 weeks), the three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—develop and give rise to all structures. The fetal period encompasses the remaining 30 weeks of development as structures and organs continue growing and maturing. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a zygote, which undergoes cleavage, morula, and blastocyst stages over the first week. Around day 6, implantation in the uterus occurs and the blastocyst forms an inner cell mass and trophoblast. The trophoblast develops into the pl
Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through the embryonic and fetal periods. During the embryonic period (first 8 weeks), the three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—develop and give rise to all structures. The fetal period encompasses the remaining 30 weeks of development as structures and organs continue growing and maturing. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a zygote, which undergoes cleavage, morula, and blastocyst stages over the first week. Around day 6, implantation in the uterus occurs and the blastocyst forms an inner cell mass and trophoblast. The trophoblast develops into the pl
1. Embryology is the study of embryo development from fertilization to the fetus stage.
2. In animals, the zygote undergoes cleavage to form a morula, which becomes a hollow ball called a blastula through cavitation.
3. The blastula develops into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - which give rise to the body's organs and tissues.
Internal fertilization involves the male releasing sperm into the female reproductive tract, increasing chances of fertilization. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula and gastrula. The gastrula forms the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm - which give rise to the organs of animals. In humans, the blastocyst implants in the uterus and develops a placenta and umbilical cord to exchange gases and nutrients with the mother.
This document provides an introduction to developmental biology. It defines developmental biology as the holistic study of embryonic development and postnatal processes ranging from molecular to organism levels. Historically, the field was known as embryology but the term was replaced to encompass development throughout the lifespan. Key concepts introduced include ontogeny, embryogenesis, and blastogenesis. The document then outlines the historical background of developmental biology, including early contributors like Aristotle, William Harvey, and Marcello Malpighi. It discusses historical debates around preformation versus epigenesis theories of development and how these were later resolved by the cell theory. Modern concepts like the germ plasm theory, mosaic theory, and regulative theory are also introduced.
Embryology is the study of development from fertilization to organ formation. In humans, this encompasses the first 8 weeks and includes key stages like gastrulation and organogenesis. The development involves 5 processes - gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. During these stages, the cells proliferate, migrate, and differentiate to form the three germ layers and subsequent organs. Fetal membranes like the amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois also develop to nourish and protect the growing embryo.
The document discusses the process of human development from fertilization through the first week. It explains that fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division as it is transported down the fallopian tube by cilia motion. By the end of the first week, the embryo has divided into multiple identical cells or blastomeres.
This document discusses the process of human fertilization and early embryonic development. It begins by explaining that fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, forming a single-celled zygote. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. By the end of the first week, the morula has further developed into a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine wall, marking the beginning of the embryonic period of development.
The document summarizes the key stages of fertilization and embryonic development in humans. It describes:
1) Fertilization occurring when the sperm fuses with the ovum in the fallopian tube to form a zygote, which undergoes cell division over several days to become a morula and then a blastocyst.
2) The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and the trophoblast develops to form the placenta, while the inner cell mass forms the embryo and its structures.
3) It outlines the major developmental milestones from weeks 3-31, including organ formation, growth of limbs and senses, and increasing activity of the fetus.
This document provides information on human embryology and development from fertilization through birth. It discusses key topics including:
- Gametogenesis and the process of meiosis that produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells.
- Spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the processes by which sperm and eggs mature and develop.
- Fertilization and the early embryonic stages from zygote to blastocyst.
- The embryonic and fetal periods of prenatal development.
- The significance of embryology for understanding normal and abnormal human development.
Embryology is the study of development from fertilization to organ formation. In humans, this encompasses the first 8 weeks and includes key stages like fertilization, implantation, formation of the three germ layers through gastrulation, and organogenesis from weeks 5-8. The development involves gamete formation, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation establishing three germ layers, and organogenesis from these layers. Cell proliferation, migration and differentiation are essential cellular processes during development.
Organismal Reproduction and DevelopmentFrezzy Vinson
Organismal reproduction and development can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and results in offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing gametes that fuse. In animals, common forms of asexual reproduction include fission, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction results in offspring with a mix of characteristics from both parents. Vertebrates like humans have specialized reproductive systems including gonads that produce gametes, ducts that transport gametes, and organs that support development and birth. Fertilization of an egg leads to cell division and formation of germ layers, followed by organogenesis and development into a mature organism.
The document provides an overview of embryology, discussing key phases of human development from fertilization through birth. It describes gamete formation (spermatogenesis and oogenesis), the stages of pre-embryonic development (zygote, morula, blastocyst), and the prenatal and postnatal developmental periods. The structure and origin of male and female gametes are also summarized.
1. Oogenesis begins before birth as oogonia undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes, which begin but halt meiosis. At puberty, one oocyte resumes meiosis to become the ovum.
2. Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates the ovum in the fallopian tube. The zygote then undergoes cleavage and forms a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus.
3. If implantation is successful, the blastocyst develops into an embryo with three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—over the course of the first trimester. Concurrently, the placenta forms to support fetal development.
During the first 3 weeks of development, the zygote undergoes cleavage to become a morula, then a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterus between days 6-7. During the second week, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac form and the bilaminar disc develops. In the third week, gastrulation occurs forming the trilaminar disc. The notochord and neural tube begin developing, marking the start of the "period of threes" where the three germ layers and other structures form. This sets the stage for organogenesis in subsequent weeks.
1. Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through birth. This includes general embryology (embryogenesis) and special embryology (organogenesis).
2. Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into male and female gametes. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes to produce sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs in the ovaries to produce eggs.
3. Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic period of development. Cleavage and blastulation occur over the first week as the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiates into a blastocyst.
The document discusses embryonic development in humans. It begins with fertilization and cleavage, followed by gastrulation where the three germ layers are formed. During this time the primitive streak and Henson's node develop. Organogenesis then occurs, forming individual organs from the germ layers. Mammalian development includes the allantois and notochord. In humans, the placenta forms and gestation occurs over three trimesters, with major organ structures present by the first trimester.
Human embryology is the study of prenatal human development from fertilization through birth. There are three main periods of development - the pre-embryonic period from fertilization to 2 weeks, the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, and the fetal period from 9 weeks until birth. Gametogenesis refers to the formation of male and female sex cells or gametes through processes of meiosis and mitosis in the ovaries and testes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic development process.
This document describes the key stages of human embryonic and fetal development. It begins with an introduction to embryology and the processes of gametogenesis that produce egg and sperm cells. There are then four main sections that outline the major developmental periods: 1) Germinal stage, which involves fertilization, cleavage of the zygote, and blastulation. 2) Gastrulation stage, where the embryo reorganizes into three germ layers. 3) Neurulation stage where the neural tube forms from ectoderm. 4) Organogenesis stage in which organs begin to form and differentiate. The document then describes fetal development in the second and third trimesters, focusing on continued growth and differentiation of organ systems.
This document provides an overview of the history and techniques of embryology. It discusses how embryology has advanced from early observations to the use of microscopes and experimental techniques. Key developments included the cell theory, theories of preformation and epigenesis, and von Baer's laws of development. Modern techniques allow for prenatal screening and diagnosis using ultrasound, maternal serum screening, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Fetal therapy is also possible through transfusions, medications, and even surgery. The field also studies concepts like stem cell potency, differentiation, and regeneration. A variety of methods are used like histology, tracing, transplantation, and culture techniques.
This document provides an overview of basic reproduction and genetics. It defines reproduction as the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced from their parents. Reproduction can occur asexually through processes like fission, budding, and regeneration, or sexually which involves the fusion of male and female gametes. It then discusses genetics, including key terms like genes, alleles, phenotypes, and genotypes. It provides background on the history of genetics from Mendel's experiments in the 1860s to modern advances. Key concepts covered include inheritance, variation, DNA, chromosomes, mutations, and Mendel's principles of heredity derived from his pea plant experiments.
Animal reproduction can occur through either sexual or asexual means. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, while asexual reproduction generates new individuals without the fusion of gametes through mitosis. Common forms of asexual reproduction in invertebrates include fission, budding, and parthenogenesis. Most animals exhibit seasonal cycles in sexual reproductive activity related to environmental cues like changes in day length or temperature. Fertilization can be external or internal.
Fertilization, implantaion and embryologyobgymgmcri
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
Renal clearance is the volume of blood that is cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time. It represents the rate at which a substance is removed from the blood and excreted in the urine
Embryology is the study of development from fertilization to organ formation. In humans, this encompasses the first 8 weeks and includes key stages like gastrulation and organogenesis. The development involves 5 processes - gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. During these stages, the cells proliferate, migrate, and differentiate to form the three germ layers and subsequent organs. Fetal membranes like the amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois also develop to nourish and protect the growing embryo.
The document discusses the process of human development from fertilization through the first week. It explains that fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division as it is transported down the fallopian tube by cilia motion. By the end of the first week, the embryo has divided into multiple identical cells or blastomeres.
This document discusses the process of human fertilization and early embryonic development. It begins by explaining that fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, forming a single-celled zygote. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. By the end of the first week, the morula has further developed into a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine wall, marking the beginning of the embryonic period of development.
The document summarizes the key stages of fertilization and embryonic development in humans. It describes:
1) Fertilization occurring when the sperm fuses with the ovum in the fallopian tube to form a zygote, which undergoes cell division over several days to become a morula and then a blastocyst.
2) The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and the trophoblast develops to form the placenta, while the inner cell mass forms the embryo and its structures.
3) It outlines the major developmental milestones from weeks 3-31, including organ formation, growth of limbs and senses, and increasing activity of the fetus.
This document provides information on human embryology and development from fertilization through birth. It discusses key topics including:
- Gametogenesis and the process of meiosis that produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells.
- Spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the processes by which sperm and eggs mature and develop.
- Fertilization and the early embryonic stages from zygote to blastocyst.
- The embryonic and fetal periods of prenatal development.
- The significance of embryology for understanding normal and abnormal human development.
Embryology is the study of development from fertilization to organ formation. In humans, this encompasses the first 8 weeks and includes key stages like fertilization, implantation, formation of the three germ layers through gastrulation, and organogenesis from weeks 5-8. The development involves gamete formation, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation establishing three germ layers, and organogenesis from these layers. Cell proliferation, migration and differentiation are essential cellular processes during development.
Organismal Reproduction and DevelopmentFrezzy Vinson
Organismal reproduction and development can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and results in offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing gametes that fuse. In animals, common forms of asexual reproduction include fission, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction results in offspring with a mix of characteristics from both parents. Vertebrates like humans have specialized reproductive systems including gonads that produce gametes, ducts that transport gametes, and organs that support development and birth. Fertilization of an egg leads to cell division and formation of germ layers, followed by organogenesis and development into a mature organism.
The document provides an overview of embryology, discussing key phases of human development from fertilization through birth. It describes gamete formation (spermatogenesis and oogenesis), the stages of pre-embryonic development (zygote, morula, blastocyst), and the prenatal and postnatal developmental periods. The structure and origin of male and female gametes are also summarized.
1. Oogenesis begins before birth as oogonia undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes, which begin but halt meiosis. At puberty, one oocyte resumes meiosis to become the ovum.
2. Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates the ovum in the fallopian tube. The zygote then undergoes cleavage and forms a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus.
3. If implantation is successful, the blastocyst develops into an embryo with three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—over the course of the first trimester. Concurrently, the placenta forms to support fetal development.
During the first 3 weeks of development, the zygote undergoes cleavage to become a morula, then a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterus between days 6-7. During the second week, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac form and the bilaminar disc develops. In the third week, gastrulation occurs forming the trilaminar disc. The notochord and neural tube begin developing, marking the start of the "period of threes" where the three germ layers and other structures form. This sets the stage for organogenesis in subsequent weeks.
1. Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through birth. This includes general embryology (embryogenesis) and special embryology (organogenesis).
2. Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into male and female gametes. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes to produce sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs in the ovaries to produce eggs.
3. Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic period of development. Cleavage and blastulation occur over the first week as the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiates into a blastocyst.
The document discusses embryonic development in humans. It begins with fertilization and cleavage, followed by gastrulation where the three germ layers are formed. During this time the primitive streak and Henson's node develop. Organogenesis then occurs, forming individual organs from the germ layers. Mammalian development includes the allantois and notochord. In humans, the placenta forms and gestation occurs over three trimesters, with major organ structures present by the first trimester.
Human embryology is the study of prenatal human development from fertilization through birth. There are three main periods of development - the pre-embryonic period from fertilization to 2 weeks, the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, and the fetal period from 9 weeks until birth. Gametogenesis refers to the formation of male and female sex cells or gametes through processes of meiosis and mitosis in the ovaries and testes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic development process.
This document describes the key stages of human embryonic and fetal development. It begins with an introduction to embryology and the processes of gametogenesis that produce egg and sperm cells. There are then four main sections that outline the major developmental periods: 1) Germinal stage, which involves fertilization, cleavage of the zygote, and blastulation. 2) Gastrulation stage, where the embryo reorganizes into three germ layers. 3) Neurulation stage where the neural tube forms from ectoderm. 4) Organogenesis stage in which organs begin to form and differentiate. The document then describes fetal development in the second and third trimesters, focusing on continued growth and differentiation of organ systems.
This document provides an overview of the history and techniques of embryology. It discusses how embryology has advanced from early observations to the use of microscopes and experimental techniques. Key developments included the cell theory, theories of preformation and epigenesis, and von Baer's laws of development. Modern techniques allow for prenatal screening and diagnosis using ultrasound, maternal serum screening, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Fetal therapy is also possible through transfusions, medications, and even surgery. The field also studies concepts like stem cell potency, differentiation, and regeneration. A variety of methods are used like histology, tracing, transplantation, and culture techniques.
This document provides an overview of basic reproduction and genetics. It defines reproduction as the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced from their parents. Reproduction can occur asexually through processes like fission, budding, and regeneration, or sexually which involves the fusion of male and female gametes. It then discusses genetics, including key terms like genes, alleles, phenotypes, and genotypes. It provides background on the history of genetics from Mendel's experiments in the 1860s to modern advances. Key concepts covered include inheritance, variation, DNA, chromosomes, mutations, and Mendel's principles of heredity derived from his pea plant experiments.
Animal reproduction can occur through either sexual or asexual means. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, while asexual reproduction generates new individuals without the fusion of gametes through mitosis. Common forms of asexual reproduction in invertebrates include fission, budding, and parthenogenesis. Most animals exhibit seasonal cycles in sexual reproductive activity related to environmental cues like changes in day length or temperature. Fertilization can be external or internal.
Fertilization, implantaion and embryologyobgymgmcri
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Embryology-Part-1 for public health students.pdf
1. Unit-8 (EMBRYOLOGY)
Topic - General embryology
Course Instructors –
Dr. S.K.Gupta
Dr. S.K.Karmore
Dr. Alka Suman
Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science, University, Jabalpur
College Of Veterinary Science And A.H. , Mhow
Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology
2. Embryology
The study of developmental events that occur during the prenatal
stage.
The branch of biology concerned with the study ofembryos
and their development.
Ontogeny: all the developmental events that occur during the
existence of a living organism
Phylogeny: it pertains to the evolutionary history or development
of a group of organisms, such as a tribe or a racial group.
Phylogeny vs. ontogeny
Both phylogeny and ontogeny deals with the origin and the
development of organisms. They are both concerned with the
developmental histories. However, ontogeny is different from
phylogeny in a way that it looks through the historical
development of an organism within its own timeline (e.g. from its
simplest to the most complex form) and not on its evolutionary
history. Thus, ontogeny is to the development of an individual
organism as phylogeny is to the evolution of a species.
3. BRANCHES OF EMBRYOLOGY-
1. DESCRIPTIVE EMBRYOLOGY: This field of embryology is associated
with the morphological description of different embryonic stages in the
ontogenetic development of individuals of different species. This involves
the initial work of embryologists till 18th century.
2. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY: It embraces the comparative study of
embryology of different animal groups.
3. EXPERIMENTAL EMBRYOLOGY: It involves all those studies that
attempt to understand the various fundamental mechanism in the
development of different animals, like fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation,
Embryonic induction, determination and differentiation.
4. CHEMICAL EMBRYOLOGY: This branch of embryology includes all
those studies which employ various biochemical, biophysical and
physiological techniques for understanding embryological events at
molecular level.
5. TERATOLOGY: It is the branch of embryology concerned with the study
of malformations or birth defects. The substances that cause birth defects
are called tetratogens. Eg.Phocomalia (poorly developed arms child),
Ectomalia (arm less child)
4. History of embryology
Embryonic development has been a source of
wonder…
Aristotle’s (384-322 B.C.) studies – a shift from
superstitions to observation.
Galen (130-200A.D) – learned about advanced fetuses
but the minute dimensions resisted analysis
De Graaf in 1672 – described ovarian follicle
Hamm and Leeuwenhoek in 1677 – have seen the
sperm cells
5. Theory of Preformation
Spermists - sperm contained new individual in
miniature and only nourished in the ovum
Ovists- thought the same and that the seminal
fluid only stimulates it.
Bonnet (1745) – discovered eggs of some insects
undergoing parthenogenesis
Spallanzani (1729-1799) – demonstrated that
both male and female sex products are
necessary for the initiation of development
6.
Wolff (1733–1794) – thesis on epigenesis
(embryological development occurs through progressive
growth and differentiation)
-Von Baer (1828) – discovered mammalian egg, first
emphasized that the more general basic features of any
animal group appear earlier in the development than
do special features of different members of the group–
Von Baer’s law (Demonstrated existence of germ layers)
-The formulation of cell theory by Matthias
-Schleiden and Theodore Schwann laid down the foundation of
modern embryology as a science.
-Ernst Haeckel (1834 -1919) – drafted the Biogenetic Law of
Muller and Haeckel – Haeckel’s Law of Recapitulation
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny Eg.Tail in vertebrates
7. Embryonic period vs. Foetal period in cattle
Embryonic – first 2 months Development of the
three primary germ layers give rise to all
structures and Basic body plan takesshape
Fetal period – remaining gestation period.
Structures and organs continue to grow and
develop.
9. Fertilization:
The process of fusion or union of the spermatozoon with the
matureovum is known as conception /fertilizaiton/
impregnantation.
Which produced the fertilized single mono-nucleated
cell called thezygote.
Embryogenesis: Theformation and development of anembryo.
1. Cleavage: is a series of rapidmitotic divisions (without
cellgrowth)
2.Gastrulation : is a phase early in the embryonic development
of most animals/human being, during which the single-
layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three-
layered") structure known as thegastrula. These threegerm
layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm,and endoderm.
3. Organogenesis: The production and developmentof the
organs of an animal.
10. Events of Fertilization:
1. Attraction
2. Penitration
3. Conjugation
How fertilization occurs..?
Following ovulation, the ovum is picked up by the tubal fimbriae
and is moved along by theciliaand by peristaltic movementof the
tube.
At the time the cervix under the influence of estrogen, secretes a
flow of alkaline mucus that deposited in the vagina, only
thousands capacitated spermatozoa enter the uterine tube while
300-500 reach theovum, and remainderaredestroyed by theacid
medium of thevagina.
It takes about1 hour for sperm to reach thesite.
11. The sperm release the enzyme, Hylluronidase which
allows penetration of the zona pellucidaand the cell
membrane surrounding theovum.
Many sperm are needed for this to take place but only
onewill enter theovum.
Afterthis the membrane is sealed to prevententry of
any further sperm and the nucluei of the two cell fuse.
The sperm and ovum contribute half (n) the
complement of chromosomes to make a diploid
number (2n).
The sperm (n) and ovum (n) is known as the male and
female gametes and the fertilizedovum as thezygote
(2n)
13. Normal site for Conception..?
The most common site of conception is the ampullary part
(Ampulla ) of the fallopian tubewhich is thewidest part
located closed to theovary
The sex of the new individual at the time of conception is
determined by sexchromosomes.
Every cattle cell contains 60 chromosomes, which are made
up of 58 autosomechromosome and 2 sexchromosomes.
Thesexchromosome areX and Y .
Woman have noYchromosome and male has Y chromosome
(male 58+X+Y) (female58+X+X).
There for e, in mammals sex of young one isalways
determined by Sire (While reverse is found in case of Birds)
14. Development of fertilized ovum/Zygote
Morula:
1. After fertilization, the Zygote divides into 2 cells
(blastomere) (mitosis division)in about 30 hours
after fertilization.
2. The blastomeres continue to divide by binary
division through 4, 8, and 16 cell stage until a
cluster of cells is formed– Morula,resemblibg
a mulberry
3. The morula after spending about 3 days(72
hours) in the uterine tube enters the uterine
cavity through the narrow uterine ostium
(1mm) on the 4th day
16. Blastocyst:
Morula, once entering the uterine cavity, floats
freely(next 2 days) and is covered byendometrial
fluid and mucus.
This fluid is absorbed through the canaliculi ofthe
zona pellucida and Morula begins toaccumulate
fluid and forms a cavity between its cells.
Oncecavityappears, it is now called a blastocyst.
17. Blastocyst
The zona pellucida
becomes stretched, thinned
and gradually disappear
soon prior toimplantation.
The cell of the outer cell
mass forms the wall of the
blastocyst and is knownas
trophoblast.
The inner cell massis
concerned with the
development of the
embryo.
18. Two Distinct Cell Types
1. Trophoblasts – will form theinvading
placenta
2. Innercell mass – will form theembryo
Trophoblasts
21. DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA
➢The placenta is a foetomaternal composite structure
formed by the association of embryo and extra embryonic
membrane with uterine tissue for exchange of food
materials , oxygen and waste materials
➢Placenta develops from two sources:
Foetal part– From chorio-allantoic membrane
Maternal part– From Endometrium(decidua basils)
➢Placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the
blastocyst into the maternal endometrium (That means
development of placenta starts when blastocyst attached to
the endometrium)
➢Once blastocyst is embeded in the endometrial wall,
endometrium changed into Decidua and secretory activity
of endometrium started, glycogen and lipids are stored and
vacuole appear into the stroma
➢Placenta grows throughout the pregnancy
22. Decidua
➢ Decidua (cells loaded with lipid
and glycogen) is the term for the
uterine lining (endometrium)
during a pregnancy (endometrium
changes into functional part
which is more vascular and more
functional called decidua)
➢ Three layer:
1. Decidua basalis : where the
implantation takes place and the
basal plate is formed
2. Decidua capsularis : lies like a
capsule around chorion
3. Decidua Parietalis/vera : on the
opposite uterus wall
1.
2.
3.
23. Implantation
➢ The embryo along with extra-embryonic membranes are called
Conceptus and attachment of conceptus to the endometrium is
Implantation
➢ Implantation occur in three phases:
Apposition
Adhesion and
Attachment
➢ Embryo got nourishment in uterine tube by its own yolk and
secretion from oviducts
➢ In uterus embryo derive nutrition from uterine fluid , uterine fluid
consists of cellular debries, extravasated poly-morphonucleocutes
and secretion of endometrial gland called uterine milk (histotrophs)
➢ Implantation is slow and gradual process in domestic animals
➢ There is marked species difference in time of implantation, gestation
period and litter size
24. Species
Time of
implantation (in
days)
Gestation
period
(in days)
Litter size
(numbers)
Cow 28-35 282
(277-290)
01
Ewe 17-20 148
(144-152)
1-2
Sow 17-24 114
(110-116)
08-12
Mare 49-70 338
(330-345)
01
Bitch 14-21 61
(58-64)
06-10
Cat 14-21 64
(60-68)
04
25. Types of Implantation
➢ Three types of Implantation:
1. Superficial/Centric: The
chorionic vesicle remain
within uterine cavity and
expands to fill its lumen
Ex. Domestic Animals
2. Eccentric : The chorionic
vesicle become partially
embedded in pockets of the
uterine wall
Ex. Rat , Squirrel
3. Interstitial: The blastocyst
penetrate into the wall of
uterus and develops there
until parturition
Ex. Primates
1. 2. 3.
27. ➢ At the time of implantation Zona pellucida becomes disappear
➢ The trophoblastic layer differentiates into two parts:
Inner layer - Cytotrophoblast
Outer layer - Syncytotrophoblast
➢ Syncytotrophoblast proliferates into multilayered, multinucleated
protoplasmic mass
➢ Cytotrophoblast differentiates into layer of primary mesoderm
Primary
mesoderm
Cytotophoblast Syncytotrophoblast
CHORION
28. ➢ Inside syncytotrophoblast a number of lacunar spaces appear
and syncytial cells form cords between the lacunar space, called
Trabeculae
➢ Cords of cytotrophoblast invade the trabeculae and convert into
Primary chorionic villi , lacunar space are now called
intervillous space
➢ Primary chorionic villi are transformed into Secondary chorionic
villi when primary mesodermic layer invade into the primary villi
➢ Secondary villi are transformed into Tertiary villi when the foetal
blood vessels appear within primary mesoderm and their
branches project into secondary villi
➢ Later on within primary mesoderm vacuoles are appeared
subsequently they coalase to form extra-embryonic coelome
between amniotic cavity and primary mesoderm
29.
30.
31.
32. ➢ In Birds and in some Farm animals like Cattle, Sheep, Goat
and Pig the allantoic vesicle expands into the extraembryonic
coelom and surrounds the whole amniotic cavity
➢ It occupies the space between the amnion and the chorion
(serosa), the outer wall of amnion fuses with chorion and
therefore forms Chorioallantioic Type of Placenta
➢ The amniotic cavity contains Amniotic fluids within which
embryo becomes float. Amniotic fluid contains salt, water,
protein and sugar . It gives protection to the foetus by
neutralizing shock and pressure. It also acts as lubricants at the
time of birth
➢ At the time of birth the placenta is discarded along with the
amnion and referred as Afterbirth
33. ➢ In Bovines, attachment between maternal and foetal
membranes occur throughout the endometrium of the horn in
the sporadic manner as per distribution of cotyledones
➢ In Sow and Mare the union of chorion and uterine wall is
superficial and their separation at the time of birth without
injury to maternal tissue this type of placenta is called
Deciduate placenta
➢ In Carnivores The villi occupy on the girdle like band around
the middle of chorionic sac
➢ In Humans, The chorionic villi develop rapidly at the
embryonic pole of blastocyst called chorionic frondosum
➢ In Primates The union between foetal and maternal tissue is
so intimate and damage of uterine tissue at the time of birth,
that's why there is extensive bleeding at the time of birth in
primates
34. ➢ Exchange of metabolites occurs directly through foetal and
maternal blood circulation
➢ There is no direct mixing of foetal and maternal blood in
placenta
➢ The chorio-allantoic placenta directly absorb nutrition from
maternal blood is called Haemotrope
➢ Therefore placenta formation (contact between foetal
membrane and endometrium) occurs in various zones which
differs characteristically depending upon the species
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