The placenta is an organ that develops in mammals during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange from the mother's blood supply to nourish the fetus. The placenta has both a fetal component from the chorionic sac and a maternal component from the endometrium. It begins developing upon implantation and grows throughout pregnancy, reaching full development by the end of the first trimester. The placenta plays a vital role in sustaining the fetus during intrauterine development.
The placenta develops from the chorionic villi and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus. During development, the chorionic villi mature from early mesenchymal villi to immature and mature intermediate villi and finally to terminal villi. By the third trimester, the placenta has highly vascularized and smaller terminal villi. The placenta should be examined at autopsy in cases of fetal or maternal conditions like stillbirth, prematurity, infection, or abnormalities to identify any pathological processes that may have interfered with placental function.
This document discusses the development of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It describes how the placenta forms from the decidua basalis of the endometrium and chorion frondosum of the fetus, which combine to form the placenta. It also discusses the development of chorionic villi and differentiation of trophoblast cells, invasion of spiral arteries by trophoblasts, and establishment of the placental circulation by the 17th day of development. The morphology of the mature placenta is also described, including its discoid shape, surfaces, weight, and potential abnormalities.
The placenta develops from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. By the 11th day, the blastocyst is surrounded by lacunar spaces that form the intervillous space. Stem villi develop by the 13th day and connect the chorionic plate to the basal plate. Primary, secondary, and tertiary villi are successively developed. By the 21st day, the arterio-capillary-venous system is completed. The placenta is fully formed by the 12th week of gestation and continues growing in thickness and circumference until the 16th week. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus and acts as a
The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient/waste exchange. It has two main surfaces - the fetal surface faces the fetus and is smooth, while the maternal surface facing the mother is rough with 15-30 protrusions called cotyledons. The placenta grows in the first half of pregnancy, increasing in thickness and surface area to support the growing fetus. It performs critical functions like gas/nutrient exchange, hormone production, and acts as a selective barrier between the mother and fetus.
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions as the transport system between mother and fetus. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium in early pregnancy. The chorionic villi develop and branch out to form the fetal portion of the placenta, while the decidua basalis forms the maternal portion. By the end of the fourth month, the placenta has grown rapidly and replaced most of the decidua basalis. A full-term placenta is disc-shaped and 500-600g in weight, with 15-20 cotyledons on the maternal side where remnants of the decidua attach.
The placenta is an organ that develops in pregnancy to allow nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus. It has fetal and maternal components. The fetal chorionic villi embed into the maternal decidua basalis. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, enable nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium throughout pregnancy, becoming the primary site of maternal-fetal exchange by term.
The document summarizes the development and anatomy of the human placenta. It begins by defining the placenta and outlining its objectives. It then describes the development of the placenta from the chorion and decidua, the structures of the mature placenta including the chorionic plate, basal plate, intervillous space and villi, and the maternal and fetal circulations that occur through it. Finally, it discusses placental aging and the degenerative changes that occur over the course of a pregnancy.
The placenta is an organ that develops in mammals during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange from the mother's blood supply to nourish the fetus. The placenta has both a fetal component from the chorionic sac and a maternal component from the endometrium. It begins developing upon implantation and grows throughout pregnancy, reaching full development by the end of the first trimester. The placenta plays a vital role in sustaining the fetus during intrauterine development.
The placenta develops from the chorionic villi and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus. During development, the chorionic villi mature from early mesenchymal villi to immature and mature intermediate villi and finally to terminal villi. By the third trimester, the placenta has highly vascularized and smaller terminal villi. The placenta should be examined at autopsy in cases of fetal or maternal conditions like stillbirth, prematurity, infection, or abnormalities to identify any pathological processes that may have interfered with placental function.
This document discusses the development of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It describes how the placenta forms from the decidua basalis of the endometrium and chorion frondosum of the fetus, which combine to form the placenta. It also discusses the development of chorionic villi and differentiation of trophoblast cells, invasion of spiral arteries by trophoblasts, and establishment of the placental circulation by the 17th day of development. The morphology of the mature placenta is also described, including its discoid shape, surfaces, weight, and potential abnormalities.
The placenta develops from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. By the 11th day, the blastocyst is surrounded by lacunar spaces that form the intervillous space. Stem villi develop by the 13th day and connect the chorionic plate to the basal plate. Primary, secondary, and tertiary villi are successively developed. By the 21st day, the arterio-capillary-venous system is completed. The placenta is fully formed by the 12th week of gestation and continues growing in thickness and circumference until the 16th week. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus and acts as a
The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient/waste exchange. It has two main surfaces - the fetal surface faces the fetus and is smooth, while the maternal surface facing the mother is rough with 15-30 protrusions called cotyledons. The placenta grows in the first half of pregnancy, increasing in thickness and surface area to support the growing fetus. It performs critical functions like gas/nutrient exchange, hormone production, and acts as a selective barrier between the mother and fetus.
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions as the transport system between mother and fetus. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium in early pregnancy. The chorionic villi develop and branch out to form the fetal portion of the placenta, while the decidua basalis forms the maternal portion. By the end of the fourth month, the placenta has grown rapidly and replaced most of the decidua basalis. A full-term placenta is disc-shaped and 500-600g in weight, with 15-20 cotyledons on the maternal side where remnants of the decidua attach.
The placenta is an organ that develops in pregnancy to allow nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus. It has fetal and maternal components. The fetal chorionic villi embed into the maternal decidua basalis. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, enable nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium throughout pregnancy, becoming the primary site of maternal-fetal exchange by term.
The document summarizes the development and anatomy of the human placenta. It begins by defining the placenta and outlining its objectives. It then describes the development of the placenta from the chorion and decidua, the structures of the mature placenta including the chorionic plate, basal plate, intervillous space and villi, and the maternal and fetal circulations that occur through it. Finally, it discusses placental aging and the degenerative changes that occur over the course of a pregnancy.
The document discusses the development and types of placentas. It begins by describing the early development of the placenta from the trophoblast cells. It then discusses the stages of placental development including the prelacunar, lacunar, villous, and maturity stages. The document concludes by describing some abnormal placenta shapes including bilobed, circumvallate, succenturiate, membranacea, and ring-shaped placentas. Ultrasound appearance of normal and some abnormal placentas is also presented.
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ connecting the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient/waste exchange. It contains both fetal and maternal components - the fetal chorionic villi develop from the chorionic sac and maternal decidua develops from the uterine endometrium. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones through this interface between fetal and maternal blood supplies.
The document discusses implantation, placenta formation, and the role of the placenta. It describes how the blastocyst implants in the endometrium, leading to formation of the trophoblast and decidua. This allows establishment of the uteroplacental circulation. It then details the development of the primary, secondary, and tertiary villi to form the chorionic frondosum and definitive placental villi. The placenta connects the fetus to the uterine wall, allowing for nutrient/gas exchange without mixing of maternal and fetal blood. After birth, the placenta separates from the uterine wall as the afterbirth.
The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall of the mother. It is made up of a fetal and maternal component. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the fetus and mother. It develops from the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst and grows throughout pregnancy. At full term, the placenta is disc-shaped and contains villi which facilitate nutrient/gas exchange between the fetal and maternal blood through the placental membrane. Complications can include placenta praevia where the placenta covers all or part of the cervix.
During the second week of development, the bilaminar germ disc undergoes several key events: 1) implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus, 2) differentiation of the trophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers, establishing utero-placental circulation, and 3) differentiation of the embryoblast into hypoblast and epiblast layers, forming the amniotic and exocoelomic cavities. The trophoblast also begins forming primary villi and the extraembryonic mesoderm develops between the trophoblast and embryoblast, forming the chorionic cavity.
The document summarizes fetal development from the 9th week of gestation through birth. It describes how the fetus grows in length and weight each month. It also discusses the development of organs and tissues like the brain, lungs, skin, and muscles. The document then covers the fetal membranes - the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois, and umbilical cord. It explains their roles in protecting the fetus and transporting nutrients. The placenta forms from the chorion and develops branched villi to facilitate nutrient exchange between mother and fetus.
During the second week of development, the blastocyst completes implantation and differentiates into several key structures. The trophoblast develops into an inner cytotrophoblast layer and outer syncytiotrophoblast layer. It begins to erode blood vessels and establish maternal blood flow. Meanwhile, the embryoblast forms the bilaminar embryonic disc of epiblast and hypoblast layers, which will develop into the embryo's tissues and organs. Several extraembryonic structures also form, including the amniotic cavity, amnion, primitive yolk sac, and chorionic sac.
The placenta is a flat, circular organ that develops during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient/gas exchange and waste removal between the mother and fetus's blood supplies. The placenta is thickest in the middle and has both a smooth fetal surface and a rough maternal surface containing lobes. It consists of fetal and maternal components separated by the intervillous space through which maternal blood flows. The placenta performs critical functions like respiration, excretion, protection and hormone production throughout pregnancy.
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, and larynthine. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta undergoes development from implantation through the third trimester, forming the chorionic and basal plates separated by the intervillous space containing branching villi. The placenta acts as the site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus as well as producing important hormones. Various abnormalities can occur in placental shape, implantation, circulation or development that impact clinical outcomes.
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, and deciduate. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. The placenta grows in thickness and circumference until 16 weeks of gestation, then increases circumferentially until term. It facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations through specialized villi in the intervillous space. The placenta separates after birth, ending the circulatory connection between mother and fetus.
The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing foetus via the umbilical cord to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components: the fetal placenta which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta , which develops from the maternal uterine tissue. The placenta is expelled from the body upon birth of the fetus.
The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between maternal and fetal blood. It develops from the fetal trophoblast and maternal endometrium. By the second month, the trophoblast develops into the chorionic villi, which come into contact with maternal blood in the intervillous spaces. The placenta allows for gas exchange, nutrient transport, and provides hormonal support to maintain pregnancy. At term, it is discoid in shape, 15-25 cm in diameter, and weighs 500-600 grams.
Placenta , memberanes and amniotic fluidDr anil kumar
Placenta is a hemochoreal. It is deciduate. It develops from trophoblasts.5/6 of placenta is fetal origin and 1/6 is maternal origin.It act as semipermiable memberane to exchange substances between fetus and mother.
Amniotic fluid if less in volume is called oligohydramnios .If excee,called polyhydramnios.
Oligohydramnios is associated with IUGR,renal agenesis and posterior urethral valve .
Polyhydramnios is associated with anencephly, meningocele, sacral agenesis ,diabetes in mother etc
The placenta develops from extraembryonic membranes and allows for nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus through specialized structures. The placenta grows throughout pregnancy to support rapid fetal growth. It develops villi filled with fetal blood that project into the maternal blood-filled intervillous space, maximizing the surface area for transport. The placenta also acts as an endocrine organ, producing hormones to maintain pregnancy and adapt the mother's body. Its syncytiotrophoblast layer forms an immunological barrier to avoid rejection of paternal antigens.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 015 Fetal Membranes-B Fetal Membranes.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The fetal membranes, also known as the embryonic or fetal membranes, play a crucial role in the development and protection of the embryo/fetus during pregnancy.
Understanding the structure and functions of the fetal membranes is essential for healthcare providers to monitor the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy.
Issues related to the fetal membranes, such as preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), require careful management to
The placenta is a complex organ that develops fully by 10 weeks after fertilization. It acts as the interface between the mother and developing fetus, carrying out essential functions like gas exchange, nutrient transport, waste removal, and hormone production. The placenta grows from the trophoblast layer of the fertilized egg and consists of the fetal chorionic villi interdigitated within the maternal decidua. The placenta allows for selective transport of substances between the maternal and fetal circulations. At term, the placenta weighs about 500g and has distinct maternal and fetal surfaces. The umbilical cord contains blood vessels that connect the fetus to the placenta.
The document provides information on the development of the placenta and fetus. It discusses that the placenta develops from the trophoblastic layer of the blastocyst starting at 3 weeks after fertilization. The placenta establishes maternal-fetal circulation by 17 days and reaches maturity by the third trimester. It functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother and fetus. Fetal development proceeds rapidly from the embryonic stage through the fetal stages, with all major organ systems developed by 8 weeks and the fetus gaining weight and physical features through the second and third trimesters.
1. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, forming a single diploid cell called a zygote containing genetic material from both parents.
2. The journey of sperm is difficult, with millions being overcome by acidity or blocked, and thousands destroyed before reaching the egg.
3. During its journey, sperm undergo capacitation to prepare for fertilization by improving motility and membrane changes.
4. Fertilization must occur in the uterine tube, where the egg is swept after ovulation. Hundreds of sperm help make a path for one to fuse with the egg's membrane.
This document provides information about placental pathology. It describes the structure, development, functions and examination of the placenta. It discusses various anomalies and non-neoplastic lesions seen in placenta such as twin pregnancy, succenturiate lobes, membranacea and infarcts. It also covers tumors and tumor-like conditions including chorioangioma and gestational trophoblastic disease. Complete hydatidiform mole is described as a condition caused by abnormal gametogenesis resulting in trophoblastic hyperplasia and cistern formation.
Renal clearance is the volume of blood that is cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time. It represents the rate at which a substance is removed from the blood and excreted in the urine
The document discusses the development and types of placentas. It begins by describing the early development of the placenta from the trophoblast cells. It then discusses the stages of placental development including the prelacunar, lacunar, villous, and maturity stages. The document concludes by describing some abnormal placenta shapes including bilobed, circumvallate, succenturiate, membranacea, and ring-shaped placentas. Ultrasound appearance of normal and some abnormal placentas is also presented.
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ connecting the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient/waste exchange. It contains both fetal and maternal components - the fetal chorionic villi develop from the chorionic sac and maternal decidua develops from the uterine endometrium. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones through this interface between fetal and maternal blood supplies.
The document discusses implantation, placenta formation, and the role of the placenta. It describes how the blastocyst implants in the endometrium, leading to formation of the trophoblast and decidua. This allows establishment of the uteroplacental circulation. It then details the development of the primary, secondary, and tertiary villi to form the chorionic frondosum and definitive placental villi. The placenta connects the fetus to the uterine wall, allowing for nutrient/gas exchange without mixing of maternal and fetal blood. After birth, the placenta separates from the uterine wall as the afterbirth.
The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall of the mother. It is made up of a fetal and maternal component. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the fetus and mother. It develops from the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst and grows throughout pregnancy. At full term, the placenta is disc-shaped and contains villi which facilitate nutrient/gas exchange between the fetal and maternal blood through the placental membrane. Complications can include placenta praevia where the placenta covers all or part of the cervix.
During the second week of development, the bilaminar germ disc undergoes several key events: 1) implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus, 2) differentiation of the trophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers, establishing utero-placental circulation, and 3) differentiation of the embryoblast into hypoblast and epiblast layers, forming the amniotic and exocoelomic cavities. The trophoblast also begins forming primary villi and the extraembryonic mesoderm develops between the trophoblast and embryoblast, forming the chorionic cavity.
The document summarizes fetal development from the 9th week of gestation through birth. It describes how the fetus grows in length and weight each month. It also discusses the development of organs and tissues like the brain, lungs, skin, and muscles. The document then covers the fetal membranes - the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois, and umbilical cord. It explains their roles in protecting the fetus and transporting nutrients. The placenta forms from the chorion and develops branched villi to facilitate nutrient exchange between mother and fetus.
During the second week of development, the blastocyst completes implantation and differentiates into several key structures. The trophoblast develops into an inner cytotrophoblast layer and outer syncytiotrophoblast layer. It begins to erode blood vessels and establish maternal blood flow. Meanwhile, the embryoblast forms the bilaminar embryonic disc of epiblast and hypoblast layers, which will develop into the embryo's tissues and organs. Several extraembryonic structures also form, including the amniotic cavity, amnion, primitive yolk sac, and chorionic sac.
The placenta is a flat, circular organ that develops during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient/gas exchange and waste removal between the mother and fetus's blood supplies. The placenta is thickest in the middle and has both a smooth fetal surface and a rough maternal surface containing lobes. It consists of fetal and maternal components separated by the intervillous space through which maternal blood flows. The placenta performs critical functions like respiration, excretion, protection and hormone production throughout pregnancy.
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, and larynthine. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta undergoes development from implantation through the third trimester, forming the chorionic and basal plates separated by the intervillous space containing branching villi. The placenta acts as the site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus as well as producing important hormones. Various abnormalities can occur in placental shape, implantation, circulation or development that impact clinical outcomes.
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, and deciduate. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. The placenta grows in thickness and circumference until 16 weeks of gestation, then increases circumferentially until term. It facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations through specialized villi in the intervillous space. The placenta separates after birth, ending the circulatory connection between mother and fetus.
The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing foetus via the umbilical cord to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components: the fetal placenta which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta , which develops from the maternal uterine tissue. The placenta is expelled from the body upon birth of the fetus.
The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between maternal and fetal blood. It develops from the fetal trophoblast and maternal endometrium. By the second month, the trophoblast develops into the chorionic villi, which come into contact with maternal blood in the intervillous spaces. The placenta allows for gas exchange, nutrient transport, and provides hormonal support to maintain pregnancy. At term, it is discoid in shape, 15-25 cm in diameter, and weighs 500-600 grams.
Placenta , memberanes and amniotic fluidDr anil kumar
Placenta is a hemochoreal. It is deciduate. It develops from trophoblasts.5/6 of placenta is fetal origin and 1/6 is maternal origin.It act as semipermiable memberane to exchange substances between fetus and mother.
Amniotic fluid if less in volume is called oligohydramnios .If excee,called polyhydramnios.
Oligohydramnios is associated with IUGR,renal agenesis and posterior urethral valve .
Polyhydramnios is associated with anencephly, meningocele, sacral agenesis ,diabetes in mother etc
The placenta develops from extraembryonic membranes and allows for nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus through specialized structures. The placenta grows throughout pregnancy to support rapid fetal growth. It develops villi filled with fetal blood that project into the maternal blood-filled intervillous space, maximizing the surface area for transport. The placenta also acts as an endocrine organ, producing hormones to maintain pregnancy and adapt the mother's body. Its syncytiotrophoblast layer forms an immunological barrier to avoid rejection of paternal antigens.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 015 Fetal Membranes-B Fetal Membranes.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The fetal membranes, also known as the embryonic or fetal membranes, play a crucial role in the development and protection of the embryo/fetus during pregnancy.
Understanding the structure and functions of the fetal membranes is essential for healthcare providers to monitor the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy.
Issues related to the fetal membranes, such as preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), require careful management to
The placenta is a complex organ that develops fully by 10 weeks after fertilization. It acts as the interface between the mother and developing fetus, carrying out essential functions like gas exchange, nutrient transport, waste removal, and hormone production. The placenta grows from the trophoblast layer of the fertilized egg and consists of the fetal chorionic villi interdigitated within the maternal decidua. The placenta allows for selective transport of substances between the maternal and fetal circulations. At term, the placenta weighs about 500g and has distinct maternal and fetal surfaces. The umbilical cord contains blood vessels that connect the fetus to the placenta.
The document provides information on the development of the placenta and fetus. It discusses that the placenta develops from the trophoblastic layer of the blastocyst starting at 3 weeks after fertilization. The placenta establishes maternal-fetal circulation by 17 days and reaches maturity by the third trimester. It functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother and fetus. Fetal development proceeds rapidly from the embryonic stage through the fetal stages, with all major organ systems developed by 8 weeks and the fetus gaining weight and physical features through the second and third trimesters.
1. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, forming a single diploid cell called a zygote containing genetic material from both parents.
2. The journey of sperm is difficult, with millions being overcome by acidity or blocked, and thousands destroyed before reaching the egg.
3. During its journey, sperm undergo capacitation to prepare for fertilization by improving motility and membrane changes.
4. Fertilization must occur in the uterine tube, where the egg is swept after ovulation. Hundreds of sperm help make a path for one to fuse with the egg's membrane.
This document provides information about placental pathology. It describes the structure, development, functions and examination of the placenta. It discusses various anomalies and non-neoplastic lesions seen in placenta such as twin pregnancy, succenturiate lobes, membranacea and infarcts. It also covers tumors and tumor-like conditions including chorioangioma and gestational trophoblastic disease. Complete hydatidiform mole is described as a condition caused by abnormal gametogenesis resulting in trophoblastic hyperplasia and cistern formation.
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1. Hemoglobin:
• Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs of the body.
• It consists of four protein subunits, each containing a heme group with an iron atom that binds to oxygen.
• Hemoglobin also helps in the transport of carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.
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• Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle tissues and serves as an oxygen reservoir for muscle cells.
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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2. Placenta
• Placenta is a
fetomaternal organ
which is the primary
site of nutrient and gas
exchange between the
fetus and the mother.
• Human Placenta is
discoidal,
haemochorial,
chorioallantoic and
deciduate organ.
3. Changes in the Troblast
• By the beginning of
the second month, the
trophoblast is
characterized by a
great number of
secondary and
tertiary villi that give
it a radial appearance.
4. chorionic villi
Stem villi:
• It connect the chorionic & basal plate.
• It consist of primary, secondary & tertiary villi with the progress of development.
Primary villi:
• It consist of a central core of cytotrophoblast & is covered by the cells of
syncytiotrophoblast.
• develop during the end of fourth week
Secondary villi:
• It consist of a central core of primary mesoderm & is covered successively by
cyto & syncytiotrophoblasts.
• develop during the fifth week
Tertiary villi:
• It contains in the centre the foetal blood vessels which are surrounded
successively from within outwards by primary mesoderm, cyto &
syncytiotrophoblast.
• develop during fifth to sixthe week
6. • The villi are anchored in the mesoderm of
the chorionic plate and are attached
peripherally to the maternal decidua by
way of the outer cytotrophoblast shell.
• The surface of the villi is formed by the
syncytium, resting on a layer of
cytotrophoblastic cells that in turn cover a
core of vascular mesoderm.
7.
8. • The capillary
system developing
in the core of the
villous stems soon
comes in contact
with capillaries of
the chorionic plate
and connecting
stalk, thus giving
rise to the
extraembryonic
vascular system
(see Fig. 5.15).
9. • During the following months, numerous small
extensions sprout from existing villous stems into
the surrounding lacunar or intervillous
spaces.
• Initially these newly formed villi are primitive (Fig.
6.8C ), but by the beginning of the fourth month,
cytotrophoblastic cells and some connective tissue
cells disappear.
• The syncytium and endothelial wall of the blood
vessels are then the only layers that separate the
maternal and fetal circulations (Fig. 6.8, B and D).
10. • Frequently the syncytium becomes very thin,
and large pieces containing several nuclei
may break off and drop into the intervillous
blood lakes.
• These pieces, known as syncytial knots,
enter the maternal circulation and usually
degenerate without causing any symptoms.
• Disappearance of cytotrophoblastic cells
progresses from the smaller to larger villi,
and although some always persist in large
villi, they do not participate in the exchange
between the two circulations.
11. Chorion Frondosum and Decidua Basalis
• In the early weeks of development, villi cover
the entire surface of the chorion.
• As pregnancy advances, villi on the
embryonic pole continue to grow and expand,
giving rise to the chorion frondosum (bushy
chorion).
• Villi on the abembryonic pole degenerate and
by the third month this side of the chorion,
now known as the chorion laeve, is smooth
13. • The difference between the embryonic and
abembryonic poles of the chorion is also
reflected in the structure of the decidua, the
functional layer of the endometrium, which is
shed during parturition.
• The decidua over the chorion frondosum, the
decidua basalis, consists of a compact layer
large cells, decidual cells, with abundant
amounts of lipids and glycogen.
• This layer, the decidual plate, is tightly
connected to the chorion.
14. • The decidual layer over the abembryonic
pole is the decidua capsularis (Fig.
6.10A).
• With growth of the chorionic vesicle, this
layer becomes stretched and degenerates.
• Subsequently, the chorion laeve comes into
contact with the uterine wall (decidua
parietalis) on the opposite side of the
and the two fuse, obliterating the uterine
lumen
15.
16. • Hence the only portion of the chorion
participating in the exchange process is the
chorion frondosum, which, together with
the decidua basalis, makes up the
placenta.
• Similarly, fusion of the amnion and chorion
to form the amniochorionic membrane
obliterates the chorionic cavity (Fig. 6.10, A
and B).
• It is this membrane that ruptures during
labor (breaking of the water).
17. Structure of the Placenta
• By the beginning of the fourth month, the
placenta has two components:
(a) a fetal portion, formed by the chorion
frondosum; and
(b)a maternal portion, formed by the decidua
basalis (Fig. 6.10B).
• On the fetal side, the placenta is bordered by the
chorionic plate
• on its maternal side, it is bordered by the decidua
basalis, of which the decidual plate is most
intimately incorporated into the placenta.
18. • In the junctional zone, trophoblast and decidua
cells intermingle.
• This zone, characterized by decidual and syncytial
giant cells, is rich in amorphous extracellular
material.
• By this time most cytotrophoblast cells have
degenerated.
• Between the chorionic and decidual plates are the
intervillous spaces, which are filled with maternal
blood.
• They are derived from lacunae in the
syncytiotrophoblast and are lined with syncytium
19. • During the fourth and fifth months the decidua
forms a number of decidual septa, which project
into intervillous spaces but do not reach the
chorionic plate
• These septa have a core of maternal tissue, but
their surface is covered by a layer of syncytial cells,
so that at all times a syncytial layer separates
maternal blood in intervillous lakes from fetal
tissue of the villi.
• As a result of this septum formation, the placenta
is divided into a number of compartments, or
cotyledons .
• Since the decidual septa do not reach the chorionic
plate, contact between intervillous spaces in the
22. • As a result of the continuous growth of the
fetus and expansion of the uterus, the
placenta also enlarges.
• Its increase in surface area roughly parallels
that of the expanding uterus and throughout
pregnancy it covers approximately 15 to 30%
of the internal surface of the uterus.
• The increase in thickness of the placenta
results from arborization of existing villi and
is not caused by further penetration into
maternal tissues.
23. FULL-TERM PLACENTA
• At full term, the placenta is discoid with a
diameter of 15 to 25 cm, is approximately 3
cm thick, and weighs about 500 to 600 g.
• At birth, it is torn from the uterine wall and,
approximately 30 minutes after birth of the
child, is expelled from the uterine cavity.
• After birth, when the placenta is viewed from
the maternal side, 15 to 20 slightly bulging
areas, the cotyledons, covered by a thin
layer of decidua basalis, are clearly
recognizable (Fig. 6.14B).
• Grooves between the cotyledons are formed
by decidual septa.
24. • The fetal surface of the placenta is covered
entirely by the chorionic plate.
• A number of large arteries and veins, the
chorionic vessels, converge toward the
umbilical cord (Fig. 6.14A).
• The chorion, in turn, is covered by the amnion.
• Attachment of the umbilical cord is usually
eccentric and occasionally even marginal.
• Rarely, however, does it insert into the
chorionic membranes outside the placenta
(velamentous insertion).
25. Circulation of the Placenta
• Cotyledons receive their blood through 80 to 100
spiral arteries that pierce the decidual plate and enter
the intervillous spaces at more or less regular
intervals
• The lumen of the spiral artery is narrow, so blood
pressure in the intervillous space is high.
• This pressure forces the blood deep into the
intervillous spaces and bathes the numerous small
villi of the villous tree in oxygenated blood. As the
pressure decreases, blood flows back from the
chorionic plate toward the decidua, where it enters
the endometrial veins.
• Hence, blood from the intervillous lakes drains back
26. • Collectively, the intervillous spaces of a mature
placenta contain approximately 150 ml of blood,
which is replenished about 3 or 4 times per minute.
• This blood moves along the chorionic villi, which
have a surface area of 4 to 14 m2.
• However, placental exchange does not take place in
all villi, only in those whose fetal vessels are in
intimate contact with the covering syncytial
membrane.
• In these villi, the syncytium often has a brush border
consisting of numerous microvilli, which greatly
increases the surface area and consequently the
exchange rate between maternal and fetal
circulations.
27. Functions of the placenta
• Exchange of Gases
• Exchange of Nutrients and Electrolytes
– amino acids, free fatty acids,
carbohydrates, and vitamins
• Transmission of Maternal Antibodies
– maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG)
28. Function of placenta
Endocrine Synthesis and Secretion
• HCG
• The steroid hormones synthesized by the
placenta are progesterone and oestrogens
• The ovaries of a pregnant woman can be
removed after the first trimester without
causing an abortion because the placenta takes
over the production of progesterone from the
corpus luteum.
29. Abnormalities of the Placenta
• Its abnormalities could be regarding to different factors,
these are:
Abnormal shape
1. Placenta bilobata: consists of two equal lobes
connected by placental tissue
2.Placenta bipartita: consists of two equal parts
connected by membrane
3.Placenta Succenturiata: consists of a large lobe and a
smaller one connecting together by membrane
4.Placenta Cirrcumvallata: when the peripheral edge of
the placenta is covered by a circular fold of decidua
30. Abnormalities of the Placenta
Abnormal position:
• placenta prevea-placenta attached in internal
os of the uterus
• Abnormal adhesion:-
Placenta accreta-the chorionic villi penetrates
deeply in to the uterine wall to reach the
myometrium
- Placenta percreta – the chorionic villi reaches
the peritoneal coat
31.
32. Reading assignment
• Fetal membranes and Umbilical Cord
• Pharyngeal apparatus
• Twins and placenta in twins