The document discusses key concepts in architecture and design. It defines architecture as the meaningful ordering of space that considers functional needs, spatial relationships, and communicating meaningful ideas about society. An architect must understand technical, functional, spatial, and communicative necessities. Buildings consist of structural systems to support loads and enclosure systems to shelter interior space. Interior design builds upon the defined architectural space.
Architecture involves the planning, design, and construction of buildings and other physical structures. It is both an art and a science. The key elements of architectural design are space, line, color, shape, texture, form, and value. Principles of design include unity, contrast, repetition, variety, emphasis, balance, proportion, functionality, and proximity. The architectural design process generally includes programming, schematic design, design development, construction documentation, and implementation. Islamic architecture blends Islamic values with cultural influences and focuses on engineering design, geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy. Different regions developed distinctive styles such as Persian, Moorish, Timurid, Turkish, and Mughal architecture.
The document outlines the overview and units of a course on theory of architecture. It discusses key concepts like definition of architecture, how it satisfies human needs through functional, aesthetic and psychological aspects. It examines elements of architecture like point, line, plane etc and form elements like sphere, cube etc. It also covers principles of architecture like proportion, scale, balance etc and components that define architectural form like site, structure, materials etc. Finally, it introduces gestalt ideas of visual perception and gestalt theory principles that help understand how humans perceive objects and group visual elements.
This document provides an introduction to the theory of architecture. It defines architecture as both an art and a science of designing and constructing buildings. It discusses the artistic and scientific components of architecture. It also defines architectural theory and describes the different forms and types of architectural theory, including descriptive theory, perspective theory, and critical theory. Finally, it discusses architectural systems and orders and how they relate to the organization of space, structure, enclosure, movement, technology, programming, and context.
The document discusses the primary architectural elements of point, line, plane and volume. It defines each element and provides examples of how they are used in architectural design. A point becomes a line with length and direction. A line extended forms a plane with length, width and surface. A plane extended creates a volume with three dimensions of length, width and depth. The elements are used to define spaces, structures and forms in architecture.
Architectural Design Concepts Approaches - كونسيبت التصميم المعمارى و الفكرة ...Galala University
Architectural Design Concepts Approaches
Summary of several Architectural Design Concepts Approaches to help students generate design concepts.
كونسيبت التصميم المعمارى
الفكرة المعمارية
طرق مختلفة لمساعدة الطلبة للوصول الى كونسيبت او فكرة التصميم المعمارى
This document discusses Philippine laws and standards related to the practice of architecture. It begins by defining key terms like "architect" and the different classifications of architects. It then covers the duties and responsibilities of architects, as well as the scope of their practice. The document also discusses various laws governing the architecture profession like the Architecture Act of 2004 and the Code of Ethical Conduct. It concludes by outlining the seven major services that comprise the full spectrum of an architect's work.
The document discusses architectural design processes and methodologies. It explains that architectural design often involves teamwork. It outlines key steps in the design process including assembling a team, clear communication, budget and cost control, and staying on track. It then describes the development process from schematic design to construction in more detail.
Architecture involves the planning, design, and construction of buildings and other physical structures. It is both an art and a science. The key elements of architectural design are space, line, color, shape, texture, form, and value. Principles of design include unity, contrast, repetition, variety, emphasis, balance, proportion, functionality, and proximity. The architectural design process generally includes programming, schematic design, design development, construction documentation, and implementation. Islamic architecture blends Islamic values with cultural influences and focuses on engineering design, geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy. Different regions developed distinctive styles such as Persian, Moorish, Timurid, Turkish, and Mughal architecture.
The document outlines the overview and units of a course on theory of architecture. It discusses key concepts like definition of architecture, how it satisfies human needs through functional, aesthetic and psychological aspects. It examines elements of architecture like point, line, plane etc and form elements like sphere, cube etc. It also covers principles of architecture like proportion, scale, balance etc and components that define architectural form like site, structure, materials etc. Finally, it introduces gestalt ideas of visual perception and gestalt theory principles that help understand how humans perceive objects and group visual elements.
This document provides an introduction to the theory of architecture. It defines architecture as both an art and a science of designing and constructing buildings. It discusses the artistic and scientific components of architecture. It also defines architectural theory and describes the different forms and types of architectural theory, including descriptive theory, perspective theory, and critical theory. Finally, it discusses architectural systems and orders and how they relate to the organization of space, structure, enclosure, movement, technology, programming, and context.
The document discusses the primary architectural elements of point, line, plane and volume. It defines each element and provides examples of how they are used in architectural design. A point becomes a line with length and direction. A line extended forms a plane with length, width and surface. A plane extended creates a volume with three dimensions of length, width and depth. The elements are used to define spaces, structures and forms in architecture.
Architectural Design Concepts Approaches - كونسيبت التصميم المعمارى و الفكرة ...Galala University
Architectural Design Concepts Approaches
Summary of several Architectural Design Concepts Approaches to help students generate design concepts.
كونسيبت التصميم المعمارى
الفكرة المعمارية
طرق مختلفة لمساعدة الطلبة للوصول الى كونسيبت او فكرة التصميم المعمارى
This document discusses Philippine laws and standards related to the practice of architecture. It begins by defining key terms like "architect" and the different classifications of architects. It then covers the duties and responsibilities of architects, as well as the scope of their practice. The document also discusses various laws governing the architecture profession like the Architecture Act of 2004 and the Code of Ethical Conduct. It concludes by outlining the seven major services that comprise the full spectrum of an architect's work.
The document discusses architectural design processes and methodologies. It explains that architectural design often involves teamwork. It outlines key steps in the design process including assembling a team, clear communication, budget and cost control, and staying on track. It then describes the development process from schematic design to construction in more detail.
it is about dimensional, subtractive, additive, centralised, radial, clustered, grid forms.
it is about the design procedure and how can we make an innovative design follow ing a few simple transformation steps.
This document provides an overview of prehistoric architecture from the early migration of humans out of Africa to the Neolithic period. It discusses early human shelters like those found in caves and the development of more permanent structures during the New Stone Age as people transitioned to farming and animal domestication. Notable examples of prehistoric architecture mentioned include Stonehenge, the megalithic temples of Malta, and the large Neolithic settlement of Catal Huyuk in Turkey. Building materials progressed from plant and animal materials in early shelters to stone, adobe, and polished stone tools in the New Stone Age, along with advances in construction techniques.
Modernism arose in the late 19th century as a philosophical movement in response to industrialization. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern architecture developed new building materials and techniques. Styles included the Chicago School, Expressionism, the International Style, and Brutalism. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against modernism. Deconstructivism from the 1980s fragmented and layered forms. Folding architecture from the 1990s integrated differences through smooth layering inspired by geology and cooking.
This document discusses architectural design principles related to form and space. It explains that architectural form occurs at the junction between mass and space, and that both the form of masses containing space and the spatial volumes themselves should be considered. Various configurations of vertical planes, such as single planes, L-shaped arrangements, and parallel planes are examined for how they define and organize spatial fields at different scales. Examples of buildings and structures are provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document outlines various specialized architectural services provided by UAP including:
- Interior design services such as space planning, layouts, and furniture specifications
- Acoustic design services to control sound transmission
- Lighting design services to control light transmission, timing, and layout
- Site development planning services including landscaping and hardscaping layout
- Comprehensive development planning services synthesizing land use, transportation, socio-cultural factors, and more
- Historic and heritage conservation planning including research, assessment, interpretation and conservation
Carlos Antonio Santos-Viola was one of the first graduates of the University of Santo Tomas College of Architecture in 1935. He worked for renowned architect Juan Nakpil and opened his own office in partnership with Alfredo J. Luz after World War II. Santos-Viola was known for designs based on functionality and integrity using 20th century geometric forms. He was also a devout Catholic and taught architecture at UST from 1949-1981.
The document provides an overview of different interior space programs including interior space programs, site selection programs, furniture programs, and budget programs. It describes the purpose and process for each type of program. An interior space program determines space, furniture, and equipment needs. It includes collecting organization and operations information, quantitative space calculations, and planning recommendations. A site selection program assists in finding an appropriate site through comparative site analyses. A furniture program analyzes existing inventories and identifies new furniture needs. A budget program establishes construction and furniture/fixture/equipment budgets.
The document outlines the key elements and principles of architectural form that will be covered in a theory of architecture course. It includes definitions and examples of common geometric forms like the sphere, circle, hemisphere, cylinder, cone, pyramid, and cube. It discusses how these basic forms can be transformed through dimensional changes, subtractive processes, and additive processes. The document concludes with an assignment asking students to present a critical analysis of an architectural project by examining its use of forms, spatial configuration, and architectural principles.
Tadao Ando is a self-taught Japanese architect born in 1941 known for his use of light, concrete, and simple geometric forms. Some of his notable works include the Church of Light built in a tight urban space with minimal windows, the Amuza Housing which depicts traditional Japanese living with an interior courtyard, and the underground Chichu Art Museum on Naoshima island with a series of skylights bringing natural light to the galleries. Ando aims to create architectural order through geometry while connecting buildings to their natural surroundings. He has received the Pritzker Architecture Prize and other honors for his contributions to architecture.
This document discusses the work and ideas of architect Charles Correa. It provides an overview of some of Correa's key buildings and principles, including his emphasis on open spaces connected to the sky, pluralism, and equity. It also contrasts his approach with Le Corbusier's, noting Correa believed architecture in each place should be unique rather than conforming to international styles. The summary highlights Correa's focus on the relationship between people and the natural environment in Indian architecture.
The document discusses architectural concept development. It defines concept and explains why it is important for designs to have a clear concept. It then provides examples of how to develop concepts through inductive/deductive reasoning, considering needs and symbolism. The document outlines dimensions a concept should address and ways to translate concepts visually and verbally, such as through sketches, models and drawings.
The document discusses various aspects of architectural design including the design process, design considerations, architectural programs, site planning, space programs, utilities planning, and building types. It notes that the design process involves identifying problems, requirements, analysis, synthesis, and interpretation. It also discusses architectural orders in terms of physical, perceptual, and conceptual elements and how architecture achieves space and structure through technology, programs, and context.
The document provides an overview of the Baroque period in art and architecture from approximately 1600 to 1750. It was characterized by dramatic, elaborate decoration and highly emotional religious art and architecture. Key figures who defined the Baroque style included Bernini in Rome with works like the Baldachin at St. Peter's. The Rococo style developed later as a more ornate offshoot of Baroque that emphasized asymmetry, curves and lightness. Examples of Rococo architecture include palaces in France, Germany, Russia and elsewhere across Europe.
The document discusses different forms of organization for structures: centralized form, linear form, radial form, clustered form, and grid form. It provides examples and characteristics for each form. Centralized form has a dominant central element surrounded by secondary elements. Linear form arranges elements in a line. Radial form combines centralized and linear forms with elements radiating from a central point. Clustered form uses proximity to group similar, randomly arranged forms. Grid form creates a regularly spaced, modular pattern through intersecting lines.
The document discusses three conceptual designs for a new police headquarters building under review by the City Council. Concept 2 is considered the most viable as it is closest to the budget of $28 million and offers the least changes needed to the interior layout. All three concepts will exceed the budget. The Council is asked to approve one of the concepts and provide direction on whether an Architectural Advisory Committee will review the project.
Housing: Opportunity, Security, and Empowerment for the Pooridspak
This document discusses housing as an important dimension of poverty reduction in Pakistan. It makes several key points:
1) Housing is a fundamental human need that provides security, but rapid urbanization and population growth have resulted in a shortage of over 4 million housing units in Pakistan, forcing many to live in slums.
2) Adequate housing ensures opportunity, security, and empowerment, which are key pillars for reducing poverty. Inadequate housing creates insecurity and disempowerment among the poor.
3) The number of households is growing faster than the population in most countries due to decreasing household sizes. This increases the demand for housing, posing challenges for housing supply especially in urban areas of developing nations
Design communication (degree) assignment 1a-2015Chow Hong Da
This document outlines an assignment for an architecture course to develop sketching skills through on-site observation. Students are asked to choose a spatial sequence on campus and sketch exterior and interior spaces to demonstrate their understanding of architectural elements like structure, materials, scale and human use of space. They must select their best 4 sketches from the on-site work and present them on an A1 board with details for submission. The goals are to help students understand space in architecture and develop visualization and communication skills through direct observation and sketching of a real-world building site.
it is about dimensional, subtractive, additive, centralised, radial, clustered, grid forms.
it is about the design procedure and how can we make an innovative design follow ing a few simple transformation steps.
This document provides an overview of prehistoric architecture from the early migration of humans out of Africa to the Neolithic period. It discusses early human shelters like those found in caves and the development of more permanent structures during the New Stone Age as people transitioned to farming and animal domestication. Notable examples of prehistoric architecture mentioned include Stonehenge, the megalithic temples of Malta, and the large Neolithic settlement of Catal Huyuk in Turkey. Building materials progressed from plant and animal materials in early shelters to stone, adobe, and polished stone tools in the New Stone Age, along with advances in construction techniques.
Modernism arose in the late 19th century as a philosophical movement in response to industrialization. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern architecture developed new building materials and techniques. Styles included the Chicago School, Expressionism, the International Style, and Brutalism. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against modernism. Deconstructivism from the 1980s fragmented and layered forms. Folding architecture from the 1990s integrated differences through smooth layering inspired by geology and cooking.
This document discusses architectural design principles related to form and space. It explains that architectural form occurs at the junction between mass and space, and that both the form of masses containing space and the spatial volumes themselves should be considered. Various configurations of vertical planes, such as single planes, L-shaped arrangements, and parallel planes are examined for how they define and organize spatial fields at different scales. Examples of buildings and structures are provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document outlines various specialized architectural services provided by UAP including:
- Interior design services such as space planning, layouts, and furniture specifications
- Acoustic design services to control sound transmission
- Lighting design services to control light transmission, timing, and layout
- Site development planning services including landscaping and hardscaping layout
- Comprehensive development planning services synthesizing land use, transportation, socio-cultural factors, and more
- Historic and heritage conservation planning including research, assessment, interpretation and conservation
Carlos Antonio Santos-Viola was one of the first graduates of the University of Santo Tomas College of Architecture in 1935. He worked for renowned architect Juan Nakpil and opened his own office in partnership with Alfredo J. Luz after World War II. Santos-Viola was known for designs based on functionality and integrity using 20th century geometric forms. He was also a devout Catholic and taught architecture at UST from 1949-1981.
The document provides an overview of different interior space programs including interior space programs, site selection programs, furniture programs, and budget programs. It describes the purpose and process for each type of program. An interior space program determines space, furniture, and equipment needs. It includes collecting organization and operations information, quantitative space calculations, and planning recommendations. A site selection program assists in finding an appropriate site through comparative site analyses. A furniture program analyzes existing inventories and identifies new furniture needs. A budget program establishes construction and furniture/fixture/equipment budgets.
The document outlines the key elements and principles of architectural form that will be covered in a theory of architecture course. It includes definitions and examples of common geometric forms like the sphere, circle, hemisphere, cylinder, cone, pyramid, and cube. It discusses how these basic forms can be transformed through dimensional changes, subtractive processes, and additive processes. The document concludes with an assignment asking students to present a critical analysis of an architectural project by examining its use of forms, spatial configuration, and architectural principles.
Tadao Ando is a self-taught Japanese architect born in 1941 known for his use of light, concrete, and simple geometric forms. Some of his notable works include the Church of Light built in a tight urban space with minimal windows, the Amuza Housing which depicts traditional Japanese living with an interior courtyard, and the underground Chichu Art Museum on Naoshima island with a series of skylights bringing natural light to the galleries. Ando aims to create architectural order through geometry while connecting buildings to their natural surroundings. He has received the Pritzker Architecture Prize and other honors for his contributions to architecture.
This document discusses the work and ideas of architect Charles Correa. It provides an overview of some of Correa's key buildings and principles, including his emphasis on open spaces connected to the sky, pluralism, and equity. It also contrasts his approach with Le Corbusier's, noting Correa believed architecture in each place should be unique rather than conforming to international styles. The summary highlights Correa's focus on the relationship between people and the natural environment in Indian architecture.
The document discusses architectural concept development. It defines concept and explains why it is important for designs to have a clear concept. It then provides examples of how to develop concepts through inductive/deductive reasoning, considering needs and symbolism. The document outlines dimensions a concept should address and ways to translate concepts visually and verbally, such as through sketches, models and drawings.
The document discusses various aspects of architectural design including the design process, design considerations, architectural programs, site planning, space programs, utilities planning, and building types. It notes that the design process involves identifying problems, requirements, analysis, synthesis, and interpretation. It also discusses architectural orders in terms of physical, perceptual, and conceptual elements and how architecture achieves space and structure through technology, programs, and context.
The document provides an overview of the Baroque period in art and architecture from approximately 1600 to 1750. It was characterized by dramatic, elaborate decoration and highly emotional religious art and architecture. Key figures who defined the Baroque style included Bernini in Rome with works like the Baldachin at St. Peter's. The Rococo style developed later as a more ornate offshoot of Baroque that emphasized asymmetry, curves and lightness. Examples of Rococo architecture include palaces in France, Germany, Russia and elsewhere across Europe.
The document discusses different forms of organization for structures: centralized form, linear form, radial form, clustered form, and grid form. It provides examples and characteristics for each form. Centralized form has a dominant central element surrounded by secondary elements. Linear form arranges elements in a line. Radial form combines centralized and linear forms with elements radiating from a central point. Clustered form uses proximity to group similar, randomly arranged forms. Grid form creates a regularly spaced, modular pattern through intersecting lines.
The document discusses three conceptual designs for a new police headquarters building under review by the City Council. Concept 2 is considered the most viable as it is closest to the budget of $28 million and offers the least changes needed to the interior layout. All three concepts will exceed the budget. The Council is asked to approve one of the concepts and provide direction on whether an Architectural Advisory Committee will review the project.
Housing: Opportunity, Security, and Empowerment for the Pooridspak
This document discusses housing as an important dimension of poverty reduction in Pakistan. It makes several key points:
1) Housing is a fundamental human need that provides security, but rapid urbanization and population growth have resulted in a shortage of over 4 million housing units in Pakistan, forcing many to live in slums.
2) Adequate housing ensures opportunity, security, and empowerment, which are key pillars for reducing poverty. Inadequate housing creates insecurity and disempowerment among the poor.
3) The number of households is growing faster than the population in most countries due to decreasing household sizes. This increases the demand for housing, posing challenges for housing supply especially in urban areas of developing nations
Design communication (degree) assignment 1a-2015Chow Hong Da
This document outlines an assignment for an architecture course to develop sketching skills through on-site observation. Students are asked to choose a spatial sequence on campus and sketch exterior and interior spaces to demonstrate their understanding of architectural elements like structure, materials, scale and human use of space. They must select their best 4 sketches from the on-site work and present them on an A1 board with details for submission. The goals are to help students understand space in architecture and develop visualization and communication skills through direct observation and sketching of a real-world building site.
This document is a seminar report that discusses how communities can be integrated into the innovation process to create value. It begins with an abstract that outlines how communities and innovation are strongly interrelated, with community interactions impacting the realization of innovations. The report then reviews literature on this topic and discusses the dilemma companies face in balancing explicit knowledge sharing with communities against protecting their own tacit knowledge assets. It presents communities as important for new innovations by enabling external collaboration, knowledge exchange and integration. The report recommends that companies process community contributions to access actionable insights and maintain communities as places to get customer feedback and support various phases of product development.
This document summarizes a case study on the social analysis of an urban community called Judicial Colony. It discusses how urbanization has led to social disorganization and higher crime rates. To address crime issues in 2013, the Judicial Colony administration implemented a security plan including security gates, guards, meetings, lighting, and promoting social cohesion. The study examines residents' satisfaction with security measures and social cohesion through surveys. Results show most residents agree the measures increased safety and social cohesion, though females were slightly more neutral. The study aims to evaluate the security plan and social factors' impact on community satisfaction.
Slides from a keynote talk at UX India 2014.
People have been creating together for thousands of years. Some of those people have written about their experience, and so we have the possibility of building on their wisdom. In this talk, Marc Rettig describes the age-old story of people who seek to have a creative voice through their work, and to connect their personal excitement and possibilities to the needs of the world. As this story repeats itself for many in the world of “user experience,” another familiar dynamic comes to light: the challenge of working in settings that express desire for creativity, but reward compliance. And therein lies a defining question of our time and our careers: where does profound creativity come from?
Mapping tenure security across urban slums and informal settlements in Addis ...SIANI
Presentation by Elizabeth Dessie, PhD student - Unit for Human Geography, University of Gothenburg. At the young researchers meeting on multifunctional landscapes, Gothenburg June 7-8, 2016.
- Jane Austen's novels are preoccupied with questions of social status and class. She satirizes characters obsessed with social distinctions but shows that high rank does not necessarily indicate virtue.
- The term "gentleman" was complex in Austen's world. While some thought it meant not working, her characters show it refers more to education and conduct.
- Austen analyzes the pretensions of those who see themselves as superior to others. Her novels are largely concerned with satirizing people's attempts to assert their social status.
The Rise of Experiential Design – What You Need to SucceedFITC
The document discusses experiential design and provides an overview of the field. It defines experiential design as a discipline focused on creating more engaging experiences than traditional media through physical and interactive experiences. It outlines different categories of experiential design like exhibitions, environmental graphics, entertainment, marketing, and placemaking. It also discusses various techniques used in experiential design such as video installations, video mapping, augmented reality, virtual reality, and immersive environments. The document provides examples and resources for those interested in pursuing a career in experiential design.
This document summarizes a research paper that validates theories of urban crime in the city of Raipur, India. The paper discusses how the urban form and physical characteristics of cities can influence criminal activity. It reviews theories proposed by urban planners and criminologists dating back to the 1960s on factors like natural surveillance, accessibility, legibility and territoriality. The paper then analyzes crime data from Raipur between 2008-2014 to identify crime hotspots. Two areas of the city with different urban forms, Kabir Nagar and Moudhapara, are mapped based on occupancy rates, barriers, accessibility and other parameters to understand the relationship between urban design and crime. Fear mapping is also done based on local surveys to identify
Altering the Physical Environment
There are three broad strategies for reducing crime opportunities through environmental design: defensible space, CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design), and situational crime prevention. Defensible space uses techniques like territoriality and natural surveillance to increase feelings of ownership and control over private spaces. CPTED focuses on access control, surveillance, and territorial reinforcement. Situational crime prevention aims to reduce opportunities for specific crimes through 25 techniques that increase efforts, risks, and reduce rewards around criminal acts. All three strategies analyze crime problems and seek to limit crime opportunities through environmental modifications and place management.
Spatial organisation is all about creating space through land form, built elements & Trees. The essence of landscape lies in the creation of quality space in temporal scale.
While Information Architecture took its name from architecture, it took very little else. This is not surprising, as the early days of the web were about making sites that supported the interaction between people and data. The obvious model back then was a library; a library is a space for humans to receive knowledge. But with the rise of social networks, and the integration of community into almost all online experiences, more architecture practices are directly transferable to design. Online spaces are no longer just about findability, but about falling in love, getting your work done, goofing around, reconnecting with old friends, staving off loneliness... humans doing human things.
As an early Information Architect who had been working in the search field, I found very little but entertainment from phenomenology's Gaston Bachelard or innovator Frank Gehry. But once I began working on social spaces, it all changed. We all know Christopher Alexander from his pattern-language approach to codifying design solutions, but if you go beyond the mere structure you find that in those patterns lies the answers to tricky privacy issues and the cold-start problem. Architects of buildings can help us form a new approach to the architecture of human spaces online. Poetics will go down easy with plenty of real world examples from current websites, shanty villages, air apps and cityscapes.
This document discusses various acoustical defects that can occur in buildings, including reverberation, echoes, sound foci, dead spots, insufficient loudness, and exterior noises. It provides explanations of each defect and potential remedies. Reverberation time should be between 0.5 to 5 seconds depending on the quality of sound desired. The shape of the room and use of sound absorbing materials can help control reverberation time. Echoes can be reduced by using splayed walls and absorptive ceiling materials. Sound foci and dead spots arise from the geometric shape focusing or reducing sound in areas and can be addressed through diffusers, reflectors, and absorbent materials. External noise insulation and location away from noise sources also
The document provides information for students about off-campus housing at George Mason University. It discusses starting a housing search, considering budget and priorities, finding roommates, questions to ask landlords before signing a lease, reading the lease carefully, security deposits and inspections, safety, and common rental costs in the area. The agenda covers the entire rental process from initial search to move-in and responsibilities as a tenant.
The document discusses interior space and how it is defined and structured. Architectural elements like columns, walls, floors and roofs are used to articulate and delineate space. Structural systems like linear, planar and volumetric approaches influence the dimensions and arrangement of interior spaces. Interior design elements like partitions, ceilings, furniture, lighting and finishes are also used to further define spaces and influence spatial qualities within the overall architectural framework.
modern, post-modern architects & their worksgarima23g
this presentation deals with the modern architecture- a few architects of modernist time and their famous works.
it also contains post-modern architecture and architects with their famous works.....!!
This document provides an introduction to architectural theory and elements. It begins by defining architecture and its origins. It then discusses the functional, aesthetic and psychological contexts for architecture in satisfying human needs. It introduces various functional aspects like site, structure, skin, services, use and circulation. It also introduces Gestalt ideas of visual perception. Finally, it discusses fundamental architectural elements like point, line, plane, form and space.
This document discusses the principles of architectural composition. It explains that architects plan and design buildings and make up 35% of building projects, while other roles include quantity surveyors, structural engineers, and service engineers. The key principles of architectural composition are unity, contrast, mass composition, proportion, scale, accentuation, rhythm, and character. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like unity, contrast of shape and mass, the golden ratio, and functional, traditional, and personal character.
Principalofarchitecture 151028182728-lva1-app6892Md Ishteyak Alam
This document discusses the principles of architectural composition. It explains that architects plan and design buildings and make up 35% of building projects, while other roles include quantity surveyors, structural engineers, and service engineers. The key principles of composition are unity, contrast, mass composition, proportion, scale, accentuation, rhythm, and character. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like unity, contrast of shape and mass, the golden ratio, and functional, traditional, and personal character.
Style and ornamentation in ArchitectureAnupama holla
Architectural ornamentation refers to decorative details added to buildings to make them more attractive. Ornamentation can be carved, formed, or painted and often includes motifs from nature or geometry. Styles of ornamentation are influenced by the specific culture and can be classified based on placement (surface, edge, or junction ornamentation) or type (mimetic, applied, or structural). Architectural character depends on expressing a building's function and status through aesthetic elements. Character can be functional, associated with a particular style, or personal to an individual architect. Architectural style is characterized by distinctive features that make a structure identifiable within a historical context. Styles emerge and change over time, influenced by factors like geography, climate, religion
The document discusses the importance of space in architecture. It explains that space can be inhabited and architects carefully configure spaces to accommodate building functions through variables like size, proportion, organization, and materials. Vertical elements and openings in walls are also discussed as defining and impacting spaces by establishing boundaries and connections to other areas. The qualities of an architectural space depend on the properties of its enclosure, including the degree of enclosure, light, and views provided.
Lecture 1 - Introduction to architectureYosef Yemane
The document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of architecture. It defines architecture as both an art and a science, describing it as the process of designing and creating buildings and structures. Key elements of architecture include firmness, space, and delight. The document also outlines some basic design elements in architecture like point, line, shape, form, and space. It discusses principles of design such as balance, movement, rhythm. Additionally, it distinguishes the roles of civil engineering and architecture, with civil engineering focusing on structural elements and ensuring safety, and architecture prioritizing spatial functionality and aesthetics.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on architectural theory. It begins by defining architecture and its role in satisfying human needs functionally, aesthetically, and psychologically. It then introduces various functional aspects of architecture like site, structure, skin, circulation, and services. Finally, it discusses the formal vocabulary of architecture and introduces Gestalt ideas of visual perception, including figure-ground principles and Gestalt laws of organization.
This document discusses the importance of preserving the character of traditional buildings when adding new exterior additions or making alterations. It states that new additions should be differentiated from the original building while still being compatible in massing, size, scale and architectural features. The goal is to allow for adaptive reuse while maintaining the historic character through features like materials, craftsmanship and arrangement of windows. Interior features also contribute to character and should be preserved.
Principles of Architecture and qualities of architecture by Pravin MindePravin Minde
Prof. Pravin Minde presents on the principles of architecture. He discusses that architecture involves planning and designing buildings according to proportions and rules based on the building's purpose and characteristics. The presentation covers the roles of various agencies in building planning, principles of architecture regarding goodness, beauty and truth, and factors that influence a building's function, form and aesthetics such as requirements, rules, and design elements. Minde also outlines principles and elements of architectural composition including focus, unity, balance, rhythm, harmony, and scale.
DESIGN REPORT(ABENEZER KEBEDE AND ESKENDER TESFAYE).pdfnhatty966
This document provides a design report for a proposed College of Architecture. It includes sections on the project overview, site development, concept, structural solutions, materials, sustainability features, functional arrangements, and other design details. The concept is to create a space that fosters progressive learning through a V-shaped design, terraced exterior, integration with sloping landscape, and open exhibition areas. Considerations are given to natural light, ventilation, structural integrity on black soil, and use of appropriate materials like concrete and steel.
Lecture 2 - Organization of form and spaceYosef Yemane
This document discusses the key concepts of form, space, and their organization in architecture. It defines space as the three-dimensional area where matter exists. Architectural space is any space divided by walls and enclosed by a roof. Spatial relationships like adjacent, interlocking, and linked spaces are important for organizing forms. Common spatial organizations include centralized, linear, radial, clustered, and grid patterns. The three pillars of architecture that define a structure are its defining structure, functional program, and aesthetic design. Structural design must consider loading, serviceability, and limits, while aesthetics aim to balance creativity with avoiding incongruous designs.
The data in pdf has been collected from the internet and assembled according to the topic. It is not a self written article or paper. The pdf is about the fluid architecture and its scope in India. As per the available information it is limited to residential areas, however taking case examples from Zaha Hadid's works we can see how it can be taken steps ahead into other areas such as commercial buildings as well.
The document discusses various elements of architecture including design elements, elements of art, architectural character, environmental psychology, sociology of architecture, human behavior and interior environments, and psychological human responses to environments. It describes key concepts such as form, space, line, color, texture, privacy, territoriality, and crowding. The document also provides examples of different architectural styles and famous architects to illustrate these concepts.
The document provides an introduction to the key components and concepts of architecture. It discusses architecture as a response to human needs and culture. The main components identified are use, means, site, shelter, structure, skin, materials, services, circulation, aesthetics, and experience. The document then examines the functional, aesthetic and psychological aspects of architecture in more detail. It identifies primary needs like shelter and discusses the origins and definitions of architecture. Key concepts covered include site, structure, skin, circulation, materials, mass, space, proportion, symmetry, balance, contrast, pattern, and decoration. The document emphasizes that architecture must address functional, aesthetic and psychological needs.
The document outlines the objectives and content of a course on Building Planning & Design. It discusses key principles of architectural composition like unity, contrast, proportion, scale, balance, rhythm and character. It covers factors like climate, solar radiation, temperature, wind, humidity and topography that influence building orientation and planning. It describes considerations for building planning like functionality, structural stability, flexibility, economy and climate. Specific topics to be covered include building services, design of residential and public buildings, and perceptive drawing. Recommended books on related subjects are also provided.
Interiority and exteriority are relative concepts that exist in relation to one another. When an interior space is created, an exterior space is automatically formed as well. The interior space aims to provide safety and identity, while the exterior space connects humans to nature without individual identity. Architecture can cleverly connect interiority and exteriority through thresholds, courtyards, and other techniques. This relationship can be experienced through in-between spaces, interpenetration of interior and exterior, intermingling of elements, and other means.
The document summarizes the history of architecture in Cambodia, beginning with the pre-Angkor period when the Funan kingdom was established in the 3rd century. It then discusses the Chenla period in the 5th century before focusing on the iconic Angkor period. It provides details on the renowned Angkor Wat temple complex, describing it as the "mother of all temples" and noting its immense size, with galleries, courtyards, and a central tower surrounded by a large moat. Numerous other Angkor period temples are also mentioned.
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Roof trusses are triangular structures made of interconnected structural elements that provide support for roofs and loads. They are lightweight, allow for long spans and controlled deflection, and can support considerable loads. Common types of trusses include Pratt, Warren, north light, and saw-tooth trusses. Trusses are made of tension and compression members and are an efficient way to support roofs compared to beams. Steel roof trusses are also used and provide durability, strength, and resistance to elements compared to wood trusses.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses, which are used to build sloped roofs with a bottom chord and two top chords meeting at the peak. Other types discussed include scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, parallel chord trusses, attic trusses, bowstring trusses, gambrel trusses, and steel trusses. The document provides details on the design and purpose of each type of truss.
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This document discusses elevator system control devices and applications. It describes different types of elevators like traction and hydraulic elevators. It explains components like machine rooms, governors, and emergency brakes. It also discusses control devices like call buttons and phones in elevators. Special operating modes are described for efficient operation and fire service. Elevator control can integrate with access control and other systems to manage access and calls.
This document provides a brief history and overview of different types of people moving devices, including lifts, escalators, moving walks, and paternosters. It discusses important early inventions like Elisha Otis's safety gear in 1852 and Nikola Tesla's AC motor in 1888. Escalators were first installed in 1896 at Coney Island. Factors to consider when planning a vertical transportation system include passenger volume, wait times, travel times, and equipment specifications based on load, travel distance, and frequency of use. Hydraulic lifts are best for heavy loads up to 2000kg over short distances, while traditional electric lifts can transport up to 5000kg faster and over longer distances. Machine roomless lifts have limitations
This document discusses vertical transportation and elevator design considerations. It covers elevator classification, types, performance criteria, codes and standards. It describes the components and design considerations for passenger and hydraulic elevators. Key parameters for elevator selection like building population, handling capacity, interval, trip time and sizing equations are defined. An example problem demonstrates how to design an elevator system for a 10-story office building to meet performance requirements. Lobby requirements like proximity and sizing based on peak interval are also covered.
This document discusses color psychology and the meanings and effects of different colors. It explains that Newton discovered white light separates into the visible colors through a prism. Warm colors like red, orange and yellow are excited colors while cool colors like blue and green are calming. Each color has different psychological associations - red represents strength and passion, yellow brings happiness, green symbolizes nature, blue conveys trust, and black signifies power and formality. Understanding how colors impact human emotion and perception can help with effective design and communication.
This document provides an overview of module 2 exercises related to openings, windows, window treatments, and doors in architectural interior design. It outlines foundational objectives such as understanding design elements and principles, applying them effectively, developing an awareness of appropriateness, and enabling informed consumer decisions. It then details learning objectives and notes for identifying window functions, types, parts, treatments, and characteristics. Similar details are provided for examining door functions and types. Assignments involve considering window treatments, a problem window, and the relationship between windows and exterior/interior design.
ID 240 Interior Design II is an interior design course that covers space planning concepts, hand lettering assignments, developing budgets and materials lists, creating kitchen plans and elevations according to NKBA standards, selecting furniture and finishes, making presentation boards, rendering floor plans and elevations, and creating axonometric models or presentation models to present to clients. Students complete projects such as condominium and kitchen redesigns where they apply these skills and techniques.
This document discusses principles of passive cooling and air movement for tropical building design. It recommends maximizing wind exposure and internal airflow while minimizing radiant heat gain from the sun. Specific passive design strategies for hot-humid climates include inducing air movements through building orientation, openings, and landscape elements to improve indoor thermal comfort without mechanical systems. Factors that influence global, regional, and local air flows like monsoons, sea breezes, and building pressure zones are also covered.
This document discusses tropical architecture and climate. It defines tropical climate as regions where the annual mean temperature is not less than 20 degrees. It identifies key characteristics of tropical climates like high temperatures, humidity levels between 50-100%, and prevailing wind patterns. The document also outlines different tropical climate zones - warm humid, hot dry, hot dry maritime desert, monsoon/transition, and tropical upland - and provides examples of locations that fall under each climate type. It stresses that tropical design must consider the local climate context to minimize energy needs and maximize occupant comfort through climate-responsive architecture.
The document discusses climate design considerations for different climate types. It describes the physical and social characteristics of warm humid and hot-dry climates. For each climate type, it provides recommendations for community planning, site design, and building design to best respond to the climatic conditions. The key recommendations are to provide shade, ventilation, protection from sun/glare/precipitation, and maximize air flow/breezes. Land use and structures should be planned to modify harsh climate effects through architectural and landscape design features.
The document discusses climate design considerations for different climate types. It describes the physical and social characteristics of warm humid and hot-dry climates. For each climate type, it provides recommendations for community planning, site design, and building design to best respond to the climatic conditions. The key recommendations are to provide shade, ventilation, protection from sun/glare/precipitation, and maximize air flow/breezes. Land use and structures should be planned to modify harsh climate effects through architectural and landscape design features.
Passive solar design refers to using the sun's energy for heating and cooling buildings through natural means rather than mechanical systems. It involves elements like operable windows, thermal mass materials, and thermal chimneys to move air. Key aspects are proper solar orientation of the building, use of thermal mass to absorb and retain heat, and appropriate ventilation and window placement. Guidelines recommend elongating the building on an east-west axis and locating important interior spaces along the south-facing side to take advantage of sunlight during winter heating hours.
Passive cooling is the least expensive and most environmentally friendly means of cooling a home. It involves designing the building envelope to minimize heat gain and facilitate heat loss through natural processes like air movement, breezes, evaporation, and earth coupling. Key elements of passive cooling design include orientation for airflow, natural ventilation, shading, insulation levels appropriate for the climate, and use of thermal mass and reflective materials. The goal is to reduce daytime heat gain and allow nighttime temperatures and breezes to naturally cool the home and occupants.
Santiago Calatrava Valls is a Spanish architect, sculptor and structural engineer born in 1951 in Spain. He is internationally renowned for his organic architectural structures that take inspiration from nature. Some of his most notable works include the Turning Torso skyscraper in Malmo, Sweden, which twists 90 degrees as it rises; the Chicago Spire tower designed to be the world's second tallest building; and pedestrian bridges and a building for Florida Polytechnic University that promote natural light and ventilation.
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Module 1 1.1 defining architecture
1. Module 1 – Design Concepts
1.1 Definition: Design in Architecture
Objective:
Topic Data:
A building can be considered architecture if it clarifies and stimulates us to
participate with the art by being sensitive to the space defined by the structure.
Architecture may be defined as follows:
A. Architecture is defined as the meaningful conservation – the ordering – of
space. The structures can be so designed that the spaces contained are
meaningful, with respect to the functional positioning of elements and also
by whether and how it encourage one to be conscious of the space itself:
its beauty, function and security.
B. Unique among the arts, Architecture with its exterior that encloses the
interior space is placed within the larger environment of earth and sky.
This relationship between the structure and the environment is perhaps
the most crucial element in the design of a particular piece of architecture.
This connection to the earth and the sky has substantial influence on our
perception of, and response to that structure.
C. Above all, architecture is a peculiarly public art., and quite often the
architect’s creation is financed with funds either public or major private
sources. Because of its public nature, the common or shared values of
contemporary society are an integral part of the architect’s subject matter.
To participate fully in the work of architecture, we must understand its
subject matter as revealed in its form and function, and we must
experience what it communicates about the relevant values of the artist
and the society.
The architect is bound by four basic interrelated necessities and for
architecture to be artistically meaningful, it must satisfy these necessities:
1. Technical or structural requirements – the building must stand
therefore knowledge of materials and its potentials are essential.
2. 2. Function – use for which it is intended. The building must stand in such
manner as to reveal the intention of use.
3. Spatial Relationship – building must fit its spatial context.
4. Necessity – which is content, tells about communicating something
significant about the designer and society that might not be perceive.
Architecture that communicates stands as a rich historical record of its
time.
An architect begins by imagining his entire creation – walls, space, earth and sky.
Then the designer animated his imagined creation by picturing living persons in
every room, hall, portico, stairwell, and foyer of his structure. The architect works
with the senses, hearing the noises of human life while working with interior
spaces. But to transpose this dream to reality, he/she must learn well the craft of
the artisans, learn to love the trade, and must develop a sensuous conception of
his or her work, not to be daunted by limited means, he/she will paint and inspire
the landscape. The structure then will be a livable and healing environment when
able to interpret well for the user or occupant of the spaces.
D. The architect must commit himself to the values of obligations and work.
The rights of architectural work are in its beauty. Understanding what it is
that gives beauty needs to be defining to fully understand Architecture as
a functional art therefore needs discipline as it records meaningful human
achievements.
E. The buildings placed on earth are called architecture when it is a
meaningful design of an area – a region of space – for human activity. As
with other art forms, a structure that is architecture communicates the
architect’s perception of the earth.
Architecture, whether interior or exterior, should maintain a stylistic integrity. The
interior design of a structure should reflect the character of the 'exterior design'.
3. SPACE
•
Space is a prime ingredient in the designer's palette and the quintessential
element in interior design. Through the volume of space we not only
move, we see forms, hear sounds, feel gentle breezes and the warmth of
the sun, and smell the fragrances of flowers in bloom. Space inherits the
sensual and aesthetic characteristics of the elements in its field.
•
Space is not a material substance like stone or wood. It is an inherently
formless and diffuse vapor. Universal space has no definition. Once an
element is placed in its field, however, a visual relationship is established.
•
As other elements are introduced into the field, multiple relationships are
established between the space and the elements as well as among the
elements themselves. Space is thus formed by our perception of these
relationships.
ARCHITECTURAL SPACE
The geometric elements-point, line, plane, and volume-can be arranged to
articulate and define space. In architecture, these fundamental elements become
linear columns and beams and planar walls, floors, and roofs.
•
A column marks a point in space and makes it visible in three dimensions.
•
Two columns define a spatial membrane through which we can pass.
•
Supporting a beam, the columns delineate the edges of a transparent
plane.
•
A wall, an opaque plane, marks off a portion of amorphous space and
separates here from there.
•
A floor defines a field of space with territorial boundaries.
•
A roof provides shelter for the volume of space beneath it.
4. In architectural design, these elements are organized to give a building form,
differentiate between inside and outside, and define the boundaries of interior
space.
EXTERIOR SPACE
A building's form, scale, and spatial organization are the designer's response to a
number of conditions:
•
functional planning requirements
•
technological aspects of structure and construction
•
economic realities
•
expressive qualities of image and style
•
address the physical context of its site and the exterior space.
A building can be related to its site in several ways. It can merge with its setting
or dominate it. It can surround and capture a portion of exterior space. One of its
faces can be made to address a feature of its site or define an edge of exterior
space. In each case, due consideration should be given to the potential
relationship between interior and exterior space, as defined by the nature of a
building's exterior walls.
OUTSIDE TO INSIDE
A building's exterior walls constitute the interface between our interior and
exterior environments. In defining both interior and exterior space, they
determine the character of each.
•
They may be thick and heavy and express a clear distinction between a
controlled interior environment and the exterior space from which it is
isolated.
•
They may be thin, or even transparent
•
attempt to merge inside and outside.
5. Windows and doorways, the openings that penetrate a building's exterior walls,
are the spatial transitions between exterior and interior space. Their scale,
character, and composition often tell us something about the nature of the interior
spaces that lie between them.
Special transitional spaces, belonging to both the outside world and the inside,
can be used to mediate between the two environments. A familiar example in
residential architecture is the porch. Cultural and climatic variations of this theme
include the veranda, lanai, and arcaded gallery.
INTERIOR SPACE
Upon entering a building, we sense shelter and enclosure. This perception is due
to the bounding floor, walls, and ceiling planes of interior space. These are the
architectural elements that define the physical limits of rooms. They enclose
space, articulate its boundaries, and separate it from adjoining interior spaces
and the outside.
Floors, walls, and ceilings do more than mark off a simple quantity of space.
Their form, configuration, and pattern of window and door openings also imbue
the defined space with certain spatial or architectural qualities. We use terms
such as grand hall, loft space, sun room, and alcove not simply to describe how
large or small a space is but also to characterize its scale and proportion, its
quality of light, the nature of its enclosing surfaces, and how it relates to adjacent
spaces.
Interior design necessarily goes beyond the architectural definition of space. In
planning the layout, furnishing, and enrichment of a space, the interior designer
should be acutely aware of its architectural character as well as its potential for
modification and enhancement. The design of interior spaces requires, therefore,
an understanding of how they are formed by the building systems of structure
and enclosure. With this understanding, the interior designer can effectively elect
6. to work with, continue, or even offer a counterpoint to the essential qualities of an
architectural space.
Buildings typically consist of physical systems of structure, enclosure, and
mechanical equipment.
A. Structural System - the superstructure is the vertical extension of the
foundation system and consists of the columns, beams, and load-bearing
walls that support the floor and roof structures. The foundation system is the
substructure that forms the base of a building, anchors it firmly to the ground,
and supports the building elements and spaces above. These systems must
work together to support the following types of loads:
•
Dead Loads: a static vertical load comprising the weight of
its structural and nonstructural components, including any equipment
permanently attached to the structure.
•
Live Loads: a movable or moving load comprising the weight of its
occupants and any mobile equipment and furnishings. In cold climates,
collected snow and water impose an additional live load on a building.
•
Dynamic Loads: Where a building is located determines its potential
loading from the dynamic forces of wind and earthquake.
B. Enclosure System - the building envelope consists of exterior walls, windows,
doors, and roof, which protect and shelter interior spaces from the exterior
environment. Interior walls, partitions, and ceilings subdivide and define
interior space. Many of these components are nonstructural in nature and
carry no loads other than their own weight.
C. Mechanical Systems - provide essential services to a building, such as the
heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning of interior spaces. Plumbing systems
supply water suitable for consumption and firefighting and dispose of sanitary
waste. Electrical systems control and safely distribute power for lighting,
equipment, security, communication, and vertical transportation.
7. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
A building's structural system is formed according to the geometry of its materials
and how they react to the forces applied to them. This structural form and
geometry, in turn, influence the dimensions, proportion, and arrangement of the
interior spaces within the building volume.
The two basic linear structural elements are the column and the beam. A column
is a vertical support that transmits compressive forces downward along its shaft.
The thicker a column is in relation to its height, the greater its load-bearing
capacity and its ability to resist buckling resulting from off-center loading or lateral
forces.
A beam is a horizontal member that transmits forces perpendicular to itself along
its length to its supports. A beam is subject to bending and deflection, which
results in an internal combination of compressive and tensile stresses. These
stresses are proportionally greater along the upper and lower regions of a beam's
cross-section. Increasing depth and placing material where stresses are greatest
optimizes a beam's performance.
LINEAR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Columns mark points in space and provide a measure for its horizontal divisions.
Beams make structural and visual connections across the space between their
supports. Together, columns and beams form a skeletal framework around
interconnected volumes of space.
While a linear structural system may suggest a grid layout of repetitive spaces,
floor, walls, and ceiling planes are necessary for the support and enclosure of
interior space. Floor and ceiling planes, which define the vertical limits of space,
may consist of planar slabs or a hierarchical arrangement of girders (large,
primary beams) and beams and joists (a series of smaller, parallel beams). Walls
and partitions need not be load-bearing and do not have to be aligned with the
columns of a structural frame except when serving as shear walls and providing
for lateral stability. They are free to define the horizontal dimensions of space
according to need, desire, or circumstance.
8. Linear structural systems are cumulative by nature and eminently flexible. They
allow for growth, change, and the adaptation of individual spaces to their specific
uses.
PLANAR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
The two principal types of planar structural elements are the load-bearing wall
and the horizontal slab. A bearing wall acts as a long, thin column in transmitting
compressive forces to its support or foundation.
Window and door openings within a bearing wall tend to weaken its structural
integrity. Any opening must be spanned by an arch or a short beam called a lintel
to support the wall load above and allow compressive stresses to flow around the
opening to adjacent sections of the wall.
A common pattern for bearing walls is a parallel layout spanned by floor joists
and roof rafters or by horizontal slabs. For lateral stability, pilasters and cross
walls are often used to help brace bearing walls.
While linear structural elements outline the edges of spatial volumes, planar
elements such as the bearing wall define the physical limits of space. They
provide a real sense of enclosure and serve as barriers against the elements.
A slab is a horizontal, rigid, usually monolithic plate. A common example is a
reinforced concrete slab. A slab is able to support both concentrated and
distributed loads because the resulting stresses can fan out across the plane of
the slab and take various paths to the slab supports.
When supported along two edges, a slab can be considered a wide, shallow
beam extending in one direction. Supported along four sides, a slab becomes a
two-way structural element. For greater efficiency and reduced weight, a slab can
be modified in section to incorporate ribs.
When integrally connected with reinforced concrete columns, flat slabs can be
supported without beams. They form horizontal layers of space punctuated only
by the shafts of the supporting columns.
VOLUMETRIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
A volumetric structural system consists of a three-dimensional mass. The mass
of the material occupies the void of space. Out of the mass is carved the volume
9. of interior space. Because of the efficiency of engineering methods and the
strength of modern building materials, pure volumetric structural systems are
quite rare today. At a small scale, however, stone and clay masonry units can be
seen to be volumetric structural elements. At a larger scale, any building that
encloses interior space can be viewed as a three-dimensional structure that must
have strength in width, length, and depth.
Composite systems combine linear, planar, and volumetric elements into threedimensional compositions of form and space.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Most structural systems are in fact composites of linear, planar, and volumetric
elements. No one system is superior to all others in all situations. For the
structural designer, each presents advantages and disadvantages, depending on
the size, location, and intended use of a building. An interior designer should be
aware of the character of the interior spaces each system defines.
SHAPING INTERIOR SPACE
While a building's structural system sets up the basic form and pattern of its
interior spaces, these spaces are ultimately structured by the elements of interior
design. The term structure is not used here in the sense of physical support. It
refers to the selection and arrangement of interior elements such that their visual
relationships define and organize the interior space of a room.
Nonload-bearing partitions and suspended ceilings are often used to define or
modify space within the structural framework or shell of a building.
The color, texture, and pattern of wall, floor, and ceiling surfaces affect our
perception of their relative positions in space and our awareness of the room's
dimensions, scale, and proportion.
Within a large space, the form and arrangement of furnishings can divide areas,
provide a sense of enclosure, and define spatial patterns.
Lighting, and the light-and-dark patterns it creates, can call our attention to one
area of a room, de-emphasize others, and thereby create divisions of space.
10. Even the acoustic nature of a room's surfaces can affect the apparent boundaries
of a space. Soft, absorbent surfaces muffle sounds and can diminish our
awareness of the physical dimensions of a room. Hard surfaces that reflect
sounds within a room help to define its physical boundaries. Echoes can suggest
a large volume.
Finally, space is structured by how we use it. The nature of our activities and the
rituals we develop in performing them influence how we plan, arrange, and
organize interior space.
SPATIAL FORM
Interior spaces are formed first by a building's structural system, further defined
by wall and ceiling planes, and related to other spaces by windows and
doorways. Every building has a recognizable pattern of these elements and
systems. Each pattern has an inherent geometry that molds or carves out a
volume of space into its likeness.
It is useful to be able to read this figure-ground relationship between the form of
space-defining elements and that of the space defined. Either the structure or the
space can dominate this relationship. Even as one appears to dominate, we
should be able to perceive the other as an equal partner in the relationship.
It is equally useful to see this alternating figure-ground relationship occurring as
interior design elements, such as tables and chairs, are introduced and arranged
within an interior space.
When a chair is placed in a room, it not only occupies space, it also creates a
spatial relationship between itself and the surrounding enclosure. We should see
more than the form of the chair. We should also recognize the form of the space
surrounding the chair after it has filled some of the void.
As more elements are introduced into the pattern, the spatial relationships
multiply. The elements begin to organize into sets or groups, each of which not
only occupy space but also define and articulate the spatial form.
11. SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
The dimensions of interior space, like spatial form, are directly related to the
nature of a building's structural system-the strength of its materials and the size
and spacing of its members. The dimensions of space, in turn, determine a
room's proportion and scale and influence how it is used.
One horizontal dimension of space, its width, has traditionally been limited by the
materials and techniques used to span it. Today, given the necessary economic
resources, almost any architectural structure is technically possible. Wood or
steel beams and concrete slabs can span up to 30 feet (9 m). Wood or steel
trusses can span even farther, up to 100 feet (30 m) or more. Longer roof spans
are possible with space frames and a variety of curved structures, such as
domes, suspension systems, and membranes supported by air pressure.
While the width of an interior space may be limited by structural necessity, it
should be established by the requirements of those who use the space and their
need to set boundaries for themselves and their activities.
SQUARE SPACES
The other horizontal dimension of space, its length, is limited by desire and
circumstance. Together with width, the length of a space determines the
proportion of a room's plan shape.
A square room, where the length of the space equals its width, is static in quality
and often formal in character. The equality of the four sides focuses on the
room’s center. This centrality can be enhanced or emphasized by covering the
space with a pyramidal or dome structure.
To de-emphasize the centrality of a square room, the form of the ceiling can be
made asymmetrical or one or more of the wall planes can be treated differently
from the others.
Pyramids, domes, and similar roof forms can emphasize the centrality of square
spaces.
The placement of architectural elements, such as windows and stairways, can
de-emphasize the centrality of square spaces.
12. RECTANGULAR SPACES
Square rooms are rare and distinctive. More often, a room will have a length
greater than its width. A rectangular space, normally spanned across
its width, is eminently flexible. Its character and usefulness are determined not
only by its proportion of width to length but also by the configuration of its
ceiling, the pattern of its windows and doorways, and its relationship to adjacent
spaces. When the length of a space is greater than twice its width, it tends to
dominate and control the room’s layout and use. Given sufficient width, the space
can be divided into a number of separate but related areas.
A space whose length greatly exceeds its width encourages movement along its
long dimension. This characteristic of linear spaces makes them suitable for use
as gallery spaces or as connectors of other spaces.
Horizontal dimensions alone do not determine the ultimate qualities and
usefulness of a space. They only suggest opportunities for development.
Linear spaces may be subdivided with furnishings or by architectural elements.
Gallery - Linear spaces may be subdivided with furnishings
or by architectural elements.
Connector - Both square and rectangular spaces can be altered by addition or
subtraction or by merging with adjacent spaces. These modifications can be
used to create an alcove space or to reflect an adjoining circumstance or site
feature.
CURVILINEAR SPACES
The nature of building materials and the techniques used to assemble them
establish rectangular spaces as the norm. Curvilinear spaces are exceptional
and usually reserved for special circumstances. The simplest curvilinear space is
a circular one. It is compact and self-centering. While focusing in on its center, a
circular space also relates to the surrounding space equally in all directions. It
13. has no front, back, or sides, unless defined by other elements. An elliptical space
is more dynamic, having two centers and unequal axes. Other curvilinear spaces
can be seen as transformations of circular or elliptical spaces that have been
combined in an overlapping manner.
The radius of the curvature of a wall depends on the scale
and flexibility of the material used to build it.
Circle Ellipse
Within a rectilinear context, a curvilinear space is highly visible. Its contrasting
geometry can be used to express the importance or uniqueness of its function. It
can define a freestanding volume within a larger space. It can serve as a central
space about which other rooms are gathered. It can articulate the edge of a
space and reflect an exterior condition of the building site. Curved walls are
dynamic and visually active, leading our eyes along their curvature. The concave
aspect of a curved wall encloses and focuses space inward, while its convex
aspect pushes space outward. An important consideration when dealing with a
curvilinear space is the integration of furniture and other interior elements into its
volume. One way of resolving conflicting geometries is to arrange interior
forms as freestanding objects within the curvilinear space. Another is to integrate
the form of built-in furniture and fixtures with the curved boundaries of
the space.
THE VERTICAL DIMENSION OF SPACE
The third dimension of interior space, its height, is established by the ceiling
plane. This vertical dimension is as influential as the horizontal dimensions of
space in forming the spatial quality of a room. While our perception of a room’s
horizontal dimensions is often distorted by the foreshortening
of perspective, we can more accurately sense the relationship between the
height of a space and our own body height. A measurable change in the height
of a ceiling seems to have a greater effect on our impression of a space than a
similar change in its width or length.
14. Varying the ceiling height can have a powerful effect on the perceived scale of a
space.
CEILINGS
High ceilings are often associated with feelings of loftiness or grandeur. Low
ceilings often connote cave-like coziness and intimacy. Our perception of
the scale of a space, however, is affected not by the height of the ceiling alone
but by its relationship to the width and length of the space. A ceiling defined by a
floor plane above is typically flat. A ceiling created by a roof structure can reflect
its form and the manner in which it spans the space. Shed, gable, and vaulted
ceiling forms give direction to space, while domed and pyramidal ceilings
emphasize the center of a space.
Pyramids and domes emphasize the centrality of a space.
The roof structure can sometimes be left exposed, giving texture, pattern, and
depth to the ceiling plane.
SPATIAL TRANSITIONS
Although individual spaces may be designed and formed for a certain purpose or
to house certain activities, they are gathered together within a building’s
enclosure because they are functionally related to one another, they are used by
a common group of people, or they share a common purpose. How interior
spaces are related to one another is determined not only by their relative position
in a building’s spatial pattern but also by the nature of the spaces that connect
them and the boundaries they have in common.
Floor, wall, and ceiling planes serve to define and isolate a portion of space. Of
these, the wall plane, being perpendicular to our normal line of sight, has the
greatest effect as a spatial boundary. It limits our visual field and serves as a
barrier to our movement. Openings created within the wall plane for windows and
doorways reestablish contact with the surrounding spaces from which the room
was originally cut.
15. DOORWAYS
Doorways provide physical access from one space to another. When closed,
they shut a room off from adjacent spaces. When open, they establish visual,
spatial, and acoustical links between spaces. Large open doorways erode the
integrity of a room’s enclosure and strengthen its connection with
adjacent spaces or the outdoors.
The thickness of the wall separating two
spaces is exposed at a doorway. This depth determines the degree of separation
we sense as we pass through the doorway from one space to another. The scale
and treatment of the doorway itself can also provide a visual clue to the nature of
the space being entered.
The number and location of doorways along a room’s perimeter affects our
pattern of movement within the space and how we may arrange its furnishings
and organize our activities.
Doorway locations affect our patterns of movement and activities within a room.
WINDOWS
Windows let light and air into the interior spaces of buildings and provide views of
the outdoors or from one space to another. Their size and placement, relative to
the wall plane in which they occur, also affect the degree of separation between
an interior space and the exterior environment. Windows framed within a wall
plane attract our attention with their brightness and outlook but maintain the
enclosure provided by the wall. Large windows and glass walls attempt, at least
visually, to merge indoor and outdoor space. The visual treatment of the window
frames in each case can either emphasize or minimize the perceived limits of
interior space.
Interior windows can, in a similar manner, visually expand a room beyond its
physical boundaries and allow it to become an integral part of the surrounding
interior space.
•
Daylighting Framing Views
•
Degree of Enclosure …
•
or Transparency
16. •
Thin Frame Thick Frame
Interior Windows …Connecting Spaces
STAIRWAYS - are also important forms of spatial transitions between rooms. An
exterior set of steps leading to a building’s entrance can serve to separate private
domain from public passage and enhance the act of entry into a transitional
space like a porch or terrace.
Interior stairways connect the various levels of a building. The manner in which
they perform this function shapes our movement in space—how we approach a
stairway, the pace and style of our ascent and descent, and what we have an
opportunity to do along the way. Wide, shallow steps can serve as an invitation,
while a narrow, steep stairway can lead to more private places. Landings
that interrupt a flight of steps can allow a stairway to change direction and give us
room for pause, rest, and outlook.
The space a stairway occupies can be considerable, but its form can be fit into
an interior in several ways. It can fill and provide a focus for a space, run along
one of its edges, or wrap around a room. It can be woven into the boundaries of
a space or be extended into a series of terraces.
MODIFYING SPACE
The architectural planning and design for a new building takes into account the
nature of the activities to be housed;
•
the spatial requirements for form, scale, and light;
•
the desired relationships among the various interior spaces.
When an existing building is to be used for activities other than those for which it
was originally intended, however, activity requirements must be matched with the
existing conditions. Where a misfit occurs, a modification of the existing spaces
may be required.
Two major types of alteration can be considered:
•
The first involves structural changes in the boundaries of interior space
and is of a more permanent nature than the second.
17. •
The second type of alteration involves nonstructural modifications and
enhancement accomplished through interior design.
A structural change may involve removing or adding walls to alter the shape and
rearrange the pattern of existing spaces or to add on new space. When
making such alterations, it is extremely important to understand the distinction
between load-bearing walls and non load-bearing partitions.
•
Adding New Space
•
Reconfiguring an existing space requires removing walls and constructing
new ones.
•
New opening for access
•
Supporting framework of columns and beams or a bearing wall
•
Existing framing extended
•
Rearranging Space
•
Horizontal extension
•
Expanding upward
•
Addition
Within the boundaries of space, the existing pattern of openings can also be
altered.
•
Windows may be enlarged or added for better daylighting or to take
advantage of a view.
•
A doorway may be moved or added for better access to a room or to
improve the movement paths within the space.
•
A large doorway may be created to merge two adjacent spaces.
•
Any new or enlarged opening in a load-bearing wall requires a lintel or
header sized to carry the wall load above the opening.
To add a stairway, daylight a space with skylights, or create a vertical
relationship between two levels of space, structural changes in the floor or ceiling
18. plane are required. Alterations in these horizontal structures of a building require
that the edges of any new openings be reinforced and supported by a system of
beams, columns, posts, or bearing walls.
References:
Interior Design Illustrated by Francis D.K. Ching
Activity:
Exercises:
Assignments/ Research: