it includes the concept of electronic environment and SLEPT framework for macro environmental factor analysis. SLEPT framework deals with various Social, Legal, Economical, Political and Technological factors.
Included
SLEPT FACTORS
Social and legal factors
Economic and competitive factors
Political factors
E-government
Technological innovation and technology assessment
E-commerce and globalization
SHORT TERMS RELATED TO ECOMMERCE
REFERENCES: E-Business and E-Commerce Management Strategy, Implementation and Practice by Dave Chaffey
Included
SLEPT FACTORS
Social and legal factors
Economic and competitive factors
Political factors
E-government
Technological innovation and technology assessment
E-commerce and globalization
SHORT TERMS RELATED TO ECOMMERCE
REFERENCES: E-Business and E-Commerce Management Strategy, Implementation and Practice by Dave Chaffey
Software Agents & Their Taxonomy | Ecommerce BBA HandoutHem Pokhrel
Software Agents leacture handouts for eCommerce students of Prime College BBA Stream. This presentation will provide you the short overview of the rapidly evolving area of software agents and their classification with their applications and significance.
The presentation is all about the e-commerce infrastructures pertaining to the internet, web and mobile. It include class discussion about augmented reality, HTML 5 advantages / disadvantages and mobile apps benefits. Topics include e-commerce web store requirements, background about internet, html, web servers, websites and web browsers. The presentation was used during the Doctor in Information Technology Advance E-Commerce Course at the University of the East - Manila Campus.
Network Security is the process of taking physical and software preventative measures to protect the underlying networking infrastructure from unauthorized access, misuse, malfunction, modification, destruction, or improper disclosure, thereby creating a secure platform for computers, users and programs to perform their permitted critical functions within a secure environment. - sans.org
Software Agents & Their Taxonomy | Ecommerce BBA HandoutHem Pokhrel
Software Agents leacture handouts for eCommerce students of Prime College BBA Stream. This presentation will provide you the short overview of the rapidly evolving area of software agents and their classification with their applications and significance.
The presentation is all about the e-commerce infrastructures pertaining to the internet, web and mobile. It include class discussion about augmented reality, HTML 5 advantages / disadvantages and mobile apps benefits. Topics include e-commerce web store requirements, background about internet, html, web servers, websites and web browsers. The presentation was used during the Doctor in Information Technology Advance E-Commerce Course at the University of the East - Manila Campus.
Network Security is the process of taking physical and software preventative measures to protect the underlying networking infrastructure from unauthorized access, misuse, malfunction, modification, destruction, or improper disclosure, thereby creating a secure platform for computers, users and programs to perform their permitted critical functions within a secure environment. - sans.org
A Legal Perspective of E-Businesses and E-Marketing for Small and Medium Ente...IJMIT JOURNAL
Electronic businesses are witnessing enormous growth as more and more people are switching to online platforms. The widespread use of Internet has opened new channels to operate trade for many businesses. Also electronic marketing has become a proven channel of passing on the word to the customers. Legal and ethical issues quickly become an area of concern. In this research recommendations are made to harmonize IT and Internet Laws. A novel approach is proposed to promote legal risk management culture in organizations. It begins with revising current state of regulations surrounding e-Businesses and electronic marketing. The proposed approach offers risk management by considering risk mitigation strategy, educating people and use of information technology. Monitoring compliance requirements are met by reviewing the latest changes in regulations and rewarding the employees who ensures the successful implementation of the strategy.
The Countdown is on: Key Things to Know About the GDPRCase IQ
The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) comes into effect on May 25th. This powerful legislation strengthens data privacy laws in Europe and has implications for companies all over the world that store, process or transfer the information of the EU’s citizens.
Failure to comply with the regulation can expose a company to fines based on global revenue and reputation damage, yet many companies are struggling to comply in time.
Join information security expert and CEO/Founder of AsTech Consulting, Greg Reber, as he walks participants through a plan for GDPR compliance.
It includes contents like goals of Innovation, types of Innovation (product innovation, process innovation, service innovation, incremental and radical innovation, modular and architectural inovation) and innovation models
It incudes description about various forms of online/electronic advertising like email marketing, social media marketing, search engine marketing, mobile marketing, web banner advertising etc along with various compensation methods and benefits of online advertising.
It includes description of online/electronic marketing incuding definition, benefits, limitations along with difference between online and offline marketing.
It includes contents related to risk and requirements associated to Electronic Payment Systems. Tt also contains descriptions on various types of electronic payment systems.
The contents include introduction to mobile commerce, factors for M-commerce development, benefits and limitations of m-commerce, M-commerce applications, m-commerce communication technologies, WAP-Wireless Application Protocol, Challenges and Limitations of M-commerce etc
The contents include introduction of commerce, traditional commerce and e-commerce, features and success factors of e-commerce, benefits and limitations of e-commerce, types of e-commerce and terminologies used in e-commerce.
It includes defination and components of network, types of network according to area coverage, along with major types of transmission/communication media.
It includes concepts of Technology Management along with key concepts associated with Technology Management like technology forecasting, technology strategy, technology acquisition, technology audit, technology diffusion, technovation etc.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Introduction
• The manager has to constantly scan the environment and
– assess which changes are relevant to their sphere of influence
• The trick for managers is to identify those factors
– which are important in the context of e-commerce and
– which are critical to competitiveness and service delivery
• Organizations that either do not monitor these environmental
factors, or those that do not respond to them adequately
– will not remain competitive and may fail
• The process of monitoring the environment (Micro and
Macro Envioronment) is usually referred to as environmental
scanning.
• Environmental analysis is required to evaluate different
information and respond accordingly.
3. E-environment
• An electronic environment in business includes every
electronically-based resource in the organization
• If an organization conducts business activities through
– the Internet or
– any other electronic-based communications system
including websites, e-mail, search engine optimization strategies, social
media marketing, webinars etc, they are conducting these activities in
a digital environment
• As businesses conduct interactions, transactions and
relationships within their e-environment, they also deal with
other organizations' electronic environments
• Ultimately, the global business community participates in a
comprehensive electronic environment
4. SLEPT framework for macro environmental
factor analysis
• Framework to assess an organization’s external environmental
influence on it
• Provides an overall picture of the macro environment to
identify threats and opportunities
• Gives an understanding of broad and long term trends and
makes the firm in a better position for strategic decision
making
• It considers five factors affecting the macro environment:
– Social
– Legal
– Economical
– Political
– Technological
5. a) Social factors
• include the influence of consumer perceptions in
determining usage of the Internet for different activities
• Social factors important in governing adoption of any e-
commerce service are:
i) Cost of Access
– Cost of computing device, cost of ISP etc
– Free access would certainly increase adoption
ii) Value proposition (Perceived benefit)
– Customers need to perceive a need to be online – what can the
Internet offer that other media cannot?
– Examples of value propositions include access to more supplier
information and possibly at lower prices.
6. iii) Ease of use (Skills)
– This includes the ease of first connecting to the Internet using
the ISP and the ease of using the web once connected.
iv) Security
– The perception generated may be: if you are connected to the
Internet then your personal and credit card details may not be
secure.
– Probably it take many years for this fear to diminish as using the
Internet slowly becomes established and standard way of
purchasing goods.
v) Fear of the unknown
– Many will simply have a general fear of the technology and the
new media
– Not surprising since much of the news about the Internet non-
adopters will concern fraud and privacy infringement (violation)
7. vi) Motivation for use of online services
– Community, Entertainment, Product trial, Information, Survey,
download etc.
vii) Experience level, Usage type, Psychographic segmentation
(values, attitudes, beliefs, interests, personality traits etc)
viii) Adoption of e-business by small and medium sized
enterprises
8. b) Legal Factors
• Include laws and regulations of the state/country
• Determine method by which products can be promoted and
sold online
Important legal issues to assess are listed below:
i) Data protection and privacy law
– refers to the laws that deal with the regulation for storing and using of
personal information collected by government, public and private
organizations (For eg: Individual Privacy Act 2075 (2018) in Nepal)
– http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/category/documents/
prevailing-law/statutes-acts/the-privacy-act-2075-2018
– https://www.gov.uk/data-protection
– The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a regulation in EU
law on data protection and privacy in the European Union (EU) and
the European Economic Area (EEA)
– Federal Laws Related to Identity Theft
(https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL31919.html#_Toc216156
012)
9. ii) Brand and trademark protection and other Intellectual
property rights
– Domain name registration (Domain Name Laws)
– Trademark protection laws
– Copyright protection laws
– Patent protection laws
iii) Online advertising law
– Permission Marketing (Opt-in/Opt-out policy)
– truth-in-advertising rule requires advertisers to be honest about
their products or services, enforced by the Federal Trade
Commission (US)
– Anti-spam legislation: The CAN-SPAM Act (2003), which stands
for the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and
Marketing Act, sets requirements for businesses to abide by
when sending marketing or advertising e-mail
10. iv) Contract law
– A contract is an agreement that a party can turn to a court to
enforce
– Contract law is the body of law that relates to making and
enforcing agreements
– Both companies and consumers use contracts when they buy
and sell goods, when they license products or activities, for
employment agreements, for insurance agreements etc
v) Tax jurisdiction
– A jurisdiction is the taxation authority that imposes the tax.
– determines the tax amount and the way in which payment of
the entire tax amount is divided between different tax
authorities.
– Under the pre-electronic commerce system of international tax
treaties, the right to tax was divided between the country
– where the enterprise that receives the income is resident and
that from which the enterprise derives that income
11. Economic factors
• Variations in the economic performance in different countries
and regions affect spending patterns and international trade
• Economic health and competitive environment in different
countries will determine the e-commerce potential of each
• Economic forces are factors such as
– inflation,
– interest rates,
– employment rates etc that influence levels of production and
demand for goods and services
• These factors dictate the availability and affordability of
production resources
– as well as the abilities of consumers to afford products or services
12. i) Levels of Inflation
• Inflation is the sustained rise in the prices of products
• Rising inflation affects the demand for e-commerce goods or
services
– because it reduces the number of items consumers can afford
• This affects your e-commerce business particularly if you deal
in nonessential or luxurious items
• Consumers actually restrict their spending to essential items
during periods of high inflation
• Inflation also increases the costs of inputs, such as electricity,
Internet, online advertising, computer maintenance etc
• The adverse effects of high costs of operations, coupled with
falling demand for e-commerce products
– reduce profits
13. ii) Rates of Interest
• Low interest rates encourage borrowing
– while high interest rates discourage borrowing
• Low interest rates boosts e-commerce business
– because it increases the amount of money in circulation
– Increases lending and borrowing activities in the financial sector
• Consumers can spend more on your e-commerce products
when they have more money at their disposal
• High interest rates suppress money circulation and suppress
demand for e-commerce products
• They also increase the financing costs of your business,
especially if you borrow loans with variable interest rates
14. iii) Trends of Employment (Rate of employment)
• Increasing employment rates translate to growing demand for
e-commerce products
– because more people earn income
• High unemployment rates signal worsening economic
conditions
– as no new jobs are created and many people lose jobs
• As a result,
– the demand for e-commerce products declines with increased rates
of unemployment and vice versa
15. iv) Exchange rates
• Fluctuations on exchange rates increases business risks
(International trade)
v) Economic growth rates (GDP, GNP, PCI etc)
• Emergence of multinational companies due to increase in
GDP, PCI etc
• Impacts on FDI
16. Political factors
The political environment is shaped by the interplay of
– government agencies,
– public opinions,
– consumer pressure groups and
– industry-backed organizations
• Eg of Consumer pressure groups
– CAUCE (Coalition against Unsolicited E-mail)
– founded in 1997 in US
– All volunteer Internet end-user advocacy organization
– Consulting with governments, law enforcing agencies,
industry associations etc
17. • Eg of Industry-backed organizations : TRUSTe
– offers a set of privacy assurance programs
– that enable organizations that collect or process personal
information to demonstrate responsible data collection and
processing practices
– consistent with regulatory expectations and standards for
privacy accountability
• National governments and multi-national organizations
– have an important role in determining the rules by which
Internet governed and controlled
18. • Political environment also includes government policies and
intervention in the economy like trade control, competition
regulation, consumer protection laws etc.
• Political action enacted through government agencies to
control the adoption of the Internet can include:
– promoting the benefits of adopting the Internet for consumers
and business to improve a country’s economic prosperity,
– enacting legislation to protect privacy,
– control taxation by providing organizations with guidelines and
assistance for compliance with legislation
19. – setting up international bodies to coordinate the Internet such
as ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers) and other independent organizations controlling
Internet technology
– Provide leadership in international e-commerce policy
development
– Priority on online government services like tax payment,
bidding etc.
– Government stability and related changes
– Import restrictions on quality and quantity of product etc
20. Technological factors
• changes in technology offer new opportunities to the way
products can be developed and marketed
• Technological environment affects the manner in which the
resources of the economy are converted into output
• The rapid development of technology requires quick reaction by
businesses
– in order to survive in an emerging competitive environment and
– keep up with new trends and innovative services which other
competitors might be offering
• The technological factors can include both products and
processes and can present opportunities and threats
– but it is vital for competitive advantage and is a successful driver
in globalization
21. The factors includes:
• Rapidity of technological change
• Levels of technological awareness
• Cost of technology adoption
• Research and Development in technological aspects (Inventions and
Innovations)
• Technology legislation (IT related laws like cyber law, Privacy law etc)
• Technology infrastructure (Web/Broadband/Consumer Access Devices
etc)
• Security Systems: encryptions, digital certificates, SSL protocol etc.
• New ways to communicate with consumers e.g. Social media, Email, e-
CRM etc
• Advancements in Machineries and Equipments
• Technology incentives (for attracting and retaining technology
companies and startups)
22. Technology Assessment
• scientific, interactive, and communicative process that aims to
contribute to the formation of public and political opinion on
societal aspects of science and technology
• form of policy research that examines short- and long term
consequences (for example, societal, economic, ethical, legal)
of the application of technology
Technology assessment institutions around the world
• Centre for Technology Assessment (TA-SWISS), Switzerland
• Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Germany
• The Danish Board of Technology Foundation, Copenhagen
• Norwegian Board of Technology, Oslo
• Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST), London etc