The document discusses electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), a technique used to study the energy loss of inelastically scattered electrons and its interaction with specimen atoms. It outlines the operating principles, regions of EELS spectrum, and applications in various fields such as semiconductor industries and forensic science. Additionally, it covers the costs associated with EELS equipment from major manufacturers.

1. ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS
SPECTROSCOPY (EELS)
NUZHET NIHAAR NASIR AHAMED
February, 2017.

2. TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1. EELS TECHNIQUE
2. OPERATING PRINCIPLES
3. UNDERSTANDING EELS SPECTRUM
4. PARAMETERS MEASURED BY EELS TECHNIQUE
5. EELS IN INDUSTRIES AND RESEARCH
6. COST

3. WHAT IS EELS?
• One of the versatile techniques
which studies the energy loss of
inelastically scattered electrons.
• Measures change in kinetic
energy of the electrons after they
interact with the specimen
• Energy required to remove an
electron
E=-13.6 Z2eV/n2
EELS measures the energy lost by an electron
beam passing through a specimen
http://www.gatan.com/techniques/eels#
Types of specimen and electron beam interactions

4. OPERATING PRINICPLE OF EELS
Every primary electron has three possible interactions with
atoms of a specimen
1. Transmission
• Incident electron just passes through without any
interaction.
2. Elastic Scattering
• The scattered electron has the same energy as that of the
incident electron.
• No energy loss.
3. Inelastic scattering  Studied in EELS
• The scattered electron has energy lower than that of the
incident electron
• Some energy of the incident electron has been lost.
http://www.microscopy.ethz.ch/downloads/Interactions.pdf

5. ATOMIC LEVEL INTERACTIONS
http://www.microscopy.ethz.ch/downloads/Interactions.pdf
The change in energy is directly related to the electron from an
orbital shell in an atom where the inelastic collision took place

6. EELS SPECTROMETER
• The signal from the energy loss spectrometer can be
used to produce an EELS spectrum
• The spectrometer can be used to produce a
compositional map
http://muller.research.engineering.cornell.edu/sites/WEELS/View/Mg_MgO.html

7. REGIONS OF EELS SPECTRUM
• The peaks or edges arise because of
interactions between incident
electrons and inner shell electrons
• Each element has a specific energy-
loss and near-edge structure (ELNES),
which can be used to determine the
valence state and nearest neighbour
co-ordination of the atom analyzed.
• Bond lengths and co-ordination of
molecular groups can be determined
using extended energy loss structures
(EXELFS) which extend beyond the
energy-loss edge maxima.
http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/see-research/igt/people/lloyd/eels.htm

8. EXAMPLES OF OBSERVED EELS SPECTRA
EELS spectra for sulphide and sulphate minerals
• The S L2,3 edge of sulphides starts at
164eV
• For sulphates it starts at ~170eV
• Higher energy peaks (e.g. A, B, B') occur
in both Fe and Zn sulphides
• The peaks A, B, C in the sulphate
spectrum can be assigned to unoccupied
molecular orbitals
• Subtle differences in peaks can be related
to crystal structure
http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/see-research/igt/people/lloyd/eels.htm

9. QUANTIFICATION OF ATOMIC SPECIES
• Fe valency variations revealed by L2,3 edges for
pyrite (FeS2) and magnetite (Fe3O4)
• The former contains only Fe2+ and exhibits a simple
initial peak
• The latter contains both Fe2+ and Fe3+ and the
initial peak shows a minor splitting
• The energy difference between the two 'splits' is
1.3eV
• Thus distinguishes the Fe valencies.
http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/see-research/igt/people/lloyd/eels.htm

10. FIRST ELECTRON MICROANALYZER
https://www.microscopy.org/images/posters/Hillier.pdf
The spectrum shows the carbon and oxygen K-edges from a
collodian film.
The first energy-loss spectrometer operated as an electron
microscope

11. EELS IN INDUSTRIES AND RESEARCH
http://www.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp/labo/terauchi/research/hrea/hrea.html
Schematic picture of ray pathHigh Resolution EELS microscope
EELS is used in
• Semiconductor
industries
• Forensic Science
• Nanomaterials
Engineering
• Nanometallurgy
• Crystallography

12. COST OF EELS EQUIPMENT
• Companies such as Zeiss, Jeol, Philips and Hitachi manufacture EELS equipment
• Extremely expensive
• $95,000 for a Jeol 1200EXII
• $95,000 for a Philips EM10
• $100,000 for a Hitachi 7000
http://www.microscopemaster.com/transmission-electron-microscope.html
EELS APPLICATION
• Colleges and universities can utilize EELS for research and studies
• Easy to operate with proper training
• Can be used in a different scientific, educational and industrial fields

13. REFERENCES
1. http://www.gatan.com/techniques/eels#
2. http://www.microscopy.ethz.ch/downloads/Interactions.pdf
3. http://muller.research.engineering.cornell.edu/sites/WEELS/View/Mg_MgO.ht
ml
4. http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/see-research/igt/people/lloyd/eels.htm
5. https://www.microscopy.org/images/posters/Hillier.pdf
6. http://www.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp/labo/terauchi/research/hrea/hrea.html
7. http://www.microscopemaster.com/transmission-electron-microscope.html

14. THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE