Abstract This research concentrates on the thermal ageing of a full 3-coat system with sacrificial pigment (zinc rich) primer on mild steel where the temperature dependence test is conducted to explore the correlation between the coating resistances with the corrosion rate underneath the coating. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is introduced over a range of temperature to extract activation energies for the rate of controlling processes in the corrosion reactions. It is expected that the zinc rich primer does not form a barrier coating for the metal substrate rather it will be the most active component of the substrate in the electrochemistry. Full 3-coat system with zinc rich primer show the extracted activation energy from coating resistance is significantly lower than the activation energy extracted from the charge transfer resistance. This suggested that the coating resistance from EIS cannot be controlling the corrosion reaction. The activation energies generated for the corrosion process here (78–97 kJmol-1) are very much higher than those of ion transport through the coating (19–37 kJmol-1) during early immersion. Further interesting findings come from the activation energy trends over time particularly for the corrosion process which shown that the value is decreasing where at the end of exposure, the activation energy values for coating and charge transfer resistance become quite similar. It is suggested that at this stage ion transport in the coating might be controlling the corrosion process unlike at the beginning; the activation energy is getting smaller due to coating degradation. Index Terms: epoxy coating, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, thermal effect, zinc rich primer
Experimental investigation on halloysite nano tubes & clay an infilled compos...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Characterization of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behav...HarisChang
Laser beam welding with full penetration was performed on two (1 mm thick, 50x50 mm) identical Inconel 625 metal sheets. The sheets are butt joined together with the geometry of the weld close to a convex shape. The mechanical, microstructural, X-ray diffraction and corrosion tests are conducted on the sample to determine the integrity of the sample.
Plasma Technology In Metallurgy & Metal Working IndustryRajesh Joshi
Presentation on Plasma Technology Uses In Metallurgy & Metal Working Industry By Mr. Arun Kumar (Managing Director - Technocrats Plasma Systems Private Limited).
Experimental investigation on halloysite nano tubes & clay an infilled compos...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Characterization of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behav...HarisChang
Laser beam welding with full penetration was performed on two (1 mm thick, 50x50 mm) identical Inconel 625 metal sheets. The sheets are butt joined together with the geometry of the weld close to a convex shape. The mechanical, microstructural, X-ray diffraction and corrosion tests are conducted on the sample to determine the integrity of the sample.
Plasma Technology In Metallurgy & Metal Working IndustryRajesh Joshi
Presentation on Plasma Technology Uses In Metallurgy & Metal Working Industry By Mr. Arun Kumar (Managing Director - Technocrats Plasma Systems Private Limited).
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
CrSi2 materialisoutstandingbecauseofitsthermoelectricpropertiesandalsobecauseofitsmany
optimizationroutes.Indeed,itsthermalconductivityatroomtemperatureisabout9Wm1 K1 with
a ZT of 0.25.Inthispaperweproposetodecreasethethermalconductivitybynanostructurationand
compensatetheelectronscatteringbyincreasingthechargecarrierconcentrationwithTi.Theprocess
which permittedtogetnanocrystalliteofabout14nmispresented.Aftercoldpressingandsintering
the averagecrystallitesizereaches50nmwithaporosityof70%.Nanostructuringandporositytoa
lesser extentleadtoastrongdecreaseofthethermalconductivityupto0.970.15Wm1 K1 for pure
CrSi2. Asignificantenhancementofthepowerfactorfrom1:25 mWcm1 K2 for purenano-CrSi2 to
2:5 mWcm1 K2 for nano-Cr0.90Ti0.10Si2 was obtained.Thestabilityofthedifferentphasesisalso
evaluatedbycomparingexperimentswithabinitiocalculations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Seminário apresentado pelo doutor Santiago Corujeira Gallo, na UCS (Caxias do Sul, RS) em
28 de setembro de 2009. Público: estudantes, professores e pesquisadores da Pós-Graduação em Materiais (PGMat -UCS)
Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concreteseSAT Journals
Abstract Durability of reinforced concrete with respect to corrosion of reinforcement is one of the major aspects to be considered in the management of civil infrastructure systems. An accelerated laboratory test method developed at SERC where the concrete specimen containing rebar is subjected to polarization under a constant voltage in a sodium chloride solution. It is found that the current response with time follows that of a typical service life model indicating depassivation and corrosion propagation. Index terms- Materials, cement, super plasticizer, workability, compressive strength etc.
Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concreteseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
CrSi2 materialisoutstandingbecauseofitsthermoelectricpropertiesandalsobecauseofitsmany
optimizationroutes.Indeed,itsthermalconductivityatroomtemperatureisabout9Wm1 K1 with
a ZT of 0.25.Inthispaperweproposetodecreasethethermalconductivitybynanostructurationand
compensatetheelectronscatteringbyincreasingthechargecarrierconcentrationwithTi.Theprocess
which permittedtogetnanocrystalliteofabout14nmispresented.Aftercoldpressingandsintering
the averagecrystallitesizereaches50nmwithaporosityof70%.Nanostructuringandporositytoa
lesser extentleadtoastrongdecreaseofthethermalconductivityupto0.970.15Wm1 K1 for pure
CrSi2. Asignificantenhancementofthepowerfactorfrom1:25 mWcm1 K2 for purenano-CrSi2 to
2:5 mWcm1 K2 for nano-Cr0.90Ti0.10Si2 was obtained.Thestabilityofthedifferentphasesisalso
evaluatedbycomparingexperimentswithabinitiocalculations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Seminário apresentado pelo doutor Santiago Corujeira Gallo, na UCS (Caxias do Sul, RS) em
28 de setembro de 2009. Público: estudantes, professores e pesquisadores da Pós-Graduação em Materiais (PGMat -UCS)
Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concreteseSAT Journals
Abstract Durability of reinforced concrete with respect to corrosion of reinforcement is one of the major aspects to be considered in the management of civil infrastructure systems. An accelerated laboratory test method developed at SERC where the concrete specimen containing rebar is subjected to polarization under a constant voltage in a sodium chloride solution. It is found that the current response with time follows that of a typical service life model indicating depassivation and corrosion propagation. Index terms- Materials, cement, super plasticizer, workability, compressive strength etc.
Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concreteseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
LGS crystal which melts congruently at 1470⁰C has been grown by Czochralski method. The langasite
crystal of length about 1cm grown along its Z-axis was cut in X and Y directions , polished and
subjected to various characterization studies. Phase and structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by
Powder XRD measurement. FTIR spectrum was carried out to confirm the functional groups present in
the grown crystals. The optical behavior was studied by UV–vis-NIR analysis. Electrical properties such as Dielectric constant, Resistivity, Conductivity and Piezoelectric coefficient have also been studied.
Influence of Thickness on Electrical and Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared on corning (7059) glass substrates at a thickness of 75.5 and 130.5nm by RF sputtering technique. The deposition was carried out at room temperature after which the samples were annealed in open air at 1500C. The electrical and structural properties of these films were studied. The electrical properties of the films were monitored by four-point probe method while the structural properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the electrical resistance of the films decreases with increase in the thickness of the films. The XRD analysis of the films showed that the films have a peak located at 〖34.31^0-34.35〗^0with hkl (002). Other parameters calculated include the stress ( ) and the grain size (D).
A new technique to measure oxygen reduction kinetics underneath coatings using hydrogen permeation from the back side. Huge step towards characterising buried interface reactivity.
Production and characterization of nano copper powder using electric explosio...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of the wear resistance behavior of zn ni and zn-ni sio2 composit...eSAT Journals
Abstract The sliding wear resistance behavior of Zn-Ni and Zn-Ni/SiO2 composite coatings were investigated using a sliding wear rig. Wear behavior was mainly evaluated based on weight loss measurements. Effect of applied load and no. of cycles on the weight loss of the coatings were given particular attention. Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM) was used to investigate the wear tracks to determine the prevalent wear mechanisms. It was found that weight loss of Zn-11%Ni/1%SiO2 was lower than those of Zn-11%Ni and Zn-11%Ni/11%SiO2 with a constant load of 10N and increasing number of cycles. Their weight loss took the following trend; Zn-11%Ni/1%SiO2<zn-11%ni><zn-11%ni /><zn-11%ni1%sio2><zn-11%ni /><zn-11%1%sio2><Zn-11%Ni. Morphology of the wear tracks revealed that the wear mechanism of Zn-Ni/SiO2 coatings were mainly a function of particle content. Optimum wear resistance behavior was observed for coatings of Zn-Ni containing 1wt% SiO2 Keywords: Zn-Ni electrodeposition, composites, wear resistance, SiO2 nanoparticles
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fabrication and optimization of parameters for dye sensitized solar celleSAT Journals
Abstract The interest in the dye sensitized solar cell is due to its low cost, simple preparation techniques and benign effect on the environment. Thin film of TiO2 deposited on FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) acts as one electrodes, platinum coated FTO acts as the other electrode and eosin B solution acts as the sensitizer. Lithium iodide, iodine in acetonitrile solution is used as the electrolyte. It is noted that an efficiency of 7.4% was observed for a cell with Intensity 70 lux. Also the open circuit voltage of 0.5V, short circuit current of 150μA and a fill factor of 0.68 were observed for the cell of area 1X1 cm2. The experimental model is checked with theoretical model using MATLAB software. It is noted that the simulated values follow a pattern which closely resembles the actual values of the experiment. The effect of the aging process on the overall performance of the device was analyzed by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results shows that the electrolyte-TiO2 capacitance of 20 μF (parallel) and the resistance of 14.74 k ohms (parallel) in series with the platinum resistance of 25.58 ohms. Index Terms: DSSC, efficiency, MATLAB and impedance spectroscopic studies
EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRESijoejournal
Copper nanowires were prepared through electrochemical template synthesis using Nucleopore polycarbonate membranes having nominal pore sizes of 800nm and 15nm diameter. The 800nm and 15nm nanowires thus grown were viewed under SEM and TEM respectively, while their FCC crystallographic structure was confirmed through X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. The X-ray diffraction peaks indicated strong texturing for (200). The texturing was found to reduce significantly upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Similar to Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on thermal ageing evaluation of epoxy coating containing zinc rich primer (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on thermal ageing evaluation of epoxy coating containing zinc rich primer
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 134
ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ON THERMAL
AGEING EVALUATION OF EPOXY COATING CONTAINING ZINC
RICH PRIMER
Zalilah Sharer1
, John Sykes2
1
UTM-MPRC, Institute for Oil and Gas, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
zalilah@petroleum.utm.my, john.sykes@materials.ox.ac.uk
Abstract
This research concentrates on the thermal ageing of a full 3-coat system with sacrificial pigment (zinc rich) primer on mild steel
where the temperature dependence test is conducted to explore the correlation between the coating resistances with the corrosion rate
underneath the coating. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is introduced over a range of temperature to extract
activation energies for the rate of controlling processes in the corrosion reactions. It is expected that the zinc rich primer does not
form a barrier coating for the metal substrate rather it will be the most active component of the substrate in the electrochemistry. Full
3-coat system with zinc rich primer show the extracted activation energy from coating resistance is significantly lower than the
activation energy extracted from the charge transfer resistance. This suggested that the coating resistance from EIS cannot be
controlling the corrosion reaction. The activation energies generated for the corrosion process here (78–97 kJmol-1
) are very much
higher than those of ion transport through the coating (19–37 kJmol-1
) during early immersion. Further interesting findings come
from the activation energy trends over time particularly for the corrosion process which shown that the value is decreasing where at
the end of exposure, the activation energy values for coating and charge transfer resistance become quite similar. It is suggested that
at this stage ion transport in the coating might be controlling the corrosion process unlike at the beginning; the activation energy is
getting smaller due to coating degradation.
Index Terms: epoxy coating, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, thermal effect, zinc rich primer
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Temperature changes impose a direct impact on the corrosive
protective performance of coatings; especially in an
environment where the value of temperature keeps changing.
For example, a natural gas pipeline network often has
continuous changes in temperature, with possible range as
high as 135o
C in the vicinity of a natural gas well to an
ambient temperature at a pumping station.
Previous work [1, 2] has established that it could be possible
to separate resistances for the coating and the coating-metal
interface from EIS spectra. The plotted Arrhenius of logarithm
resistance against reciprocal of temperature yielded larger
activation energies for the corrosion process than for ion
conduction in the coating, showing that the coating resistance
could not be responsible for controlling the corrosion rate.
Here further coatings, including a full 3-coat system with
sacrificial pigment primer are studied. In this work, the
electrochemical activity of the zinc rich primer (coupled to the
steel substrate) plus barrier properties of those two topcoats
were in concern. Thus, steel with zinc rich primer (ZRP) alone
was tested first to identify characteristics of its
electrochemical (sacrificial action) behavior.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
A commercial zinc rich primer with 50µm thickness was
tested. Coatings were applied to grit-blasted mild steel panels
by air spraying. Further tests were conducted on a full 3-coat
system consisting of a zinc rich pigmented 2-component
epoxy primer (50µm), a low volatile organic content (VOC),
high-solid, high-build epoxy barrier coat pigmented with
micaceous iron oxide (180µm) and a 2-component acrylic
polyurethane topcoat (60µm), prepare and applied similarly.
The edges of all panels were protected with a thick high-
performance epoxy coating. The electrochemical
measurements were made using a three-electrode cell with
vertical working electrode of area 40 cm2
.The reference
electrode was a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and the
counter electrode a platinised titanium electrode of area of 9
cm2
. The samples were exposed in hot 3% NaCl solution (800
cm3
), made from analytical grade chemicals and deionised
water, held at constant temperature in a water bath (or slowly
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 135
cooled in an insulated box). Tests were conducted in duplicate.
Impedance measurements were taken at the free corrosion
potential using a Gill AC computer-controlled potentiostat
with a high-impedance paint buffer (ACM Instruments), using
a 20 mV sine amplitude and a frequency range from 0.1 Hz to
30 kHz. Samples were cooled from 50o
C down to ambient
over (typically) 4 h. After the samples had been tested, the cell
was replaced in the hot water bath and kept at 50o
C until the
next measurement.
Fig- 1: Model circuit used for fitting
The EIS spectra from zinc rich primer were fitted with circle
fit from the ACM software whereas EIS spectra from zinc rich
full system coating were fitted to a non-linear least squares
fitting software (with ZSimWin) to a R[Q[R[QR]]] model
circuit as illustrated in Figure 1 [Q=constant phase element].
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Tests with Zinc Rich Primer (ZRP) Alone
3.1.1 Visual Inspection
Optical micrographs as seen in Figure 2 shows the results of
galvanic activity on the surface of the ZRP coating surface
before and after exposure up to 22 days in 3% NaCl solution.
Figure 2b shows the presence of small „white‟ particles,
probably zinc oxide which starts to build up on the coating
surface after 2 days of exposure. By day 19, the presence of
blisters was noted and with time, these blisters grow, and
unlike normal blisters, they are rough and not smooth (Figure
2c).
(a) (b) (c)
Fig - 2: Optical image showing the formation of corrosion
product on the surface of ZRP coating after (a) 0 day; (b) 2
days; (c) 22 days of exposure
3.1.2 Preliminary Analysis for Coated Panel Exposed
at 21o
C
After an hour of exposure, Nyquist plot shows two semicircles
(Figure 3), similar finding to the study conducted by Meroufel
and Touzain [3]. This indicates that the coating is highly
porous and permeable. The potentials recorded were -0.96
VSCE and -0.98 VSCE which suggests that zinc particles are
already starting to corrode.
0
20000
40000
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
z', ohm.cm2
z'',ohm.cm2
Fig- 3: Nyquist plots obtained for ZRP coating (2 replicates)
after 1-hour exposure at ambient temperature
There are disagreements in the literature concerning the
analysis and interpretation of the impedance spectra. For some
authors, the semicircle at higher frequency corresponds to
undefined charge transfer process while the semicircle at low
frequency is related to oxygen diffusion [4, 5, 6]. Other studies
conclude that semicircle at low frequency is related to the
charge transfer for zinc dissolution, whereas the high
frequency range shows the dielectric properties of the
polymeric matrix [7, 8]. An active electrode acts as coating
resistance in parallel with double layer capacitance (one
semicircle), so for ZRP panels we don‟t expect two, but
sometimes oxide films/passivity generates a more complicated
diagram thus the coating does not behave like a simple zinc
electrode.
3.1.3 Open Circuit Potential Measurements
The duration of protection potential for steel (Epp) is given as
being the time during which the potential remains lower than
free corrosion potential of steel (-0.65VSCE). However it is
often taken in practical as being the time which the potential
remains lower than -0.85VSCE [9]. The ZRP coated panel
potentials are monitored up to 22 days and presented in Figure
4.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 136
-1.00
-0.90
-0.80
-0.70
-0.60
-0.50
-0.40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time, days
Potential,V/SCE
ZR-primer 1
ZR-primer 2
EPP
Fig- 4: Evolution of corrosion potential measured at 21o
C with
time for ZRP coating (2 replicates) exposed in 3% NaCl
solution for 22 days at 50o
C
Due to the high permeability of ZRP coatings, immediately
upon immersion in the electrolyte the potential is about -
0.98VSCE, a value which is close to the potential of zinc in sea
water. This indicates clearly that the zinc particles were
actively consumed to provide initial galvanic protection to the
steel. Notice that the potential passed the EPP value by 6 days.
By 22 days, contact between zinc and steel may have been lost
as the potential recorded is closed to the corrosion potential of
steel.
3.1.4 Temperature Dependence of Impedance
The effect of changing temperature on the EIS response of
ZRP coating in 3% NaCl solution after 7 and 14 days exposure
at 50o
C are shown in Figure 5 and 6 respectively. It seems that
the effect of changing temperature is barely noticeable on the
impedance spectra after 1 and 4 days of immersion.
However by day 7 the effect of changing temperature becomes
much clearer. Even though the effect of temperature on the
size of the „semicircle‟ is apparent in these figures, Nyquist
plots are difficult to fit. Only the first semicircle could be
fitted using “circle fit” from the ACM software. Logarithm of
coating resistance is then plotted against reciprocal of
temperature (Figure 7) and the activation energies measured
are in the range of 32–34 kJmol-1
.
0.0E+00
1.0E+03
2.0E+03
0.0E+00 1.0E+03 2.0E+03
z', ohm.cm2
z'',ohm.cm2
25
30
35
40
45
50
25o
C
30o
C
35o
C
40o
C
45o
C
50o
C
Fig- 5: Nyquist plots for ZRP coating at various temperatures
after 7 days of exposure at 50o
C
0.E+00
3.E+03
6.E+03
0.E+00 3.E+03 6.E+03
z', ohm.cm2
z'',ohm.cm2
25
30
35
40
45
50
25o
C
30o
C
35o
C
40o
C
45o
C
50o
C
Fig- 6: Nyquist plots for ZRP coating at various temperatures
after 14 days of exposure at 50o
C
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.00305 0.00315 0.00325 0.00335
1/T(1/K)
LogResistance(ohm.cm
2
)
EA = 32 + 9.9 kJ/mol
slope = 1674
R2
= 0.9764
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.00305 0.00315 0.00325 0.00335
1/T(1/K)
LogResistance(ohm.cm
2
)
EA = 34 + 2.3 kJ/mol
slope = 1785
R2
= 0.9907
(a) (b)
Fig- 7: Arrhenius plot for ZRP coating after (a) 7 days and (b)
14 days of exposure at 50o
C
0.0E+00
5.0E+02
0.0E+00 2.0E+03
0.E+00
2.E+03
0.E+00 6.E+03
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 137
3.2 Tests on Full System
3.2.1 Open Circuit Potential Measurement
Figure 8 displays the open circuit potential (OCP) measured
over time for coated panels (duplicate sets) exposed at 21 and
50o
C. It is interesting to note that the two panels tested at 21o
C
reacted differently during early immersion.
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Immersion time, day
Opencircuitpotential,V
Panel 1
Panel 2
Panel 3
Panel 4
Epp
21o
C
21o
C
50o
C
50o
C
Fig- 8: Evolution of OCP values with immersion time for zinc
rich full system coating at 21o
C and 50o
C
During the first 21 days of immersion Panel 1 had an unstable
potential which varied between -0.3 and -0.8 VSCE before
reaching a stationary value close to the corrosion potential of
steel. In contrast Panel 2 shows potential values close to the
zinc potential during early immersion but rapidly increased
reaching the corrosion potential of steel by 21 days. Panels 3
and 4 tested at 50o
C gave comparable potential values. Their
values were fluctuating in the range of -0.45 to -0.65VSCE
which is similar to the potential for a coated steel substrate. In
this study, the number of days during which the coated panel
exhibits more negative potential than EPP (-0.85VSCE) in 3%
NaCl solution is used for judgment of how long zinc rich
primer coatings provide full cathodic protection to the steel
substrate.
According to these results, it is evident that OCP of these
panels never lies in cathodic protection region (below -
0.85VSCE). The potential measured for these coatings will be
however a compromise between the zinc-steel galvanic couple
(anode and cathode) as suggested by Mayne [10]. Anode
potential may give reading at -0.95VSCE and cathode potential
may be a very much higher.
3.2.2 Effect of Signal Amplitude – A Test of the
Circuit Model
ZRP (primer only) gave two semicircles (Figure 3) and here
again two semicircles were observed (Figure 9) for the full
system. The first semicircle was expected to be the top coating
over the zinc rich epoxy primer and the second semicircle
corresponded to the electrochemical activity of the zinc rich
primer coupled to the steel substrate. To be certain a test is
conducted to investigate the effect of changing the signal
amplitude on the semicircles as a way of identifying the
different features displayed in Nyquist plots. EIS spectra were
taken at amplitudes ranging from 20 mV to 120 mV. It is clear
from Figure 9 that changing the applied potential only changes
the shape of the second semicircle.
Fig- 9: Nyquist plot at various applied potential for zinc rich
full system coating
3.2.3 Temperature Dependence of Coating
Parameters
Figures 10 to 11 show the effect of changing temperature on
the EIS response of full system coating after 21 and 35 days
exposure at 50o
C. Similar to epoxy-phenolic paint and full
system with an inhibitive primer as studied previously [1, 2]
the size of the semicircles decreases as temperature rises.
These semicircles were fitted to the equivalent circuit in
Figure 1 and this procedure give the most accurate
determination of coating resistance (Rp) at high frequency and
charge transfer resistance (Rct) at low frequency. Then the
logarithm of Rp and logarithm of Rct were plotted against
reciprocal of temperature to determine activation energies for
conduction in the coating and the corrosion reaction. A
straight line was fitted to the data points in Figure 12 to
calculate the activation energies by multiplying the slope with
the gas constant, R.
0.0E+00
1.0E+07
2.0E+07
0.0E+00 1.3E+07 2.5E+07
z', ohm.cm2
z'',ohm.cm2
20mV
50mV
100mV
120mV
0.E+00
2.E+06
3.E+06
0.E+00 4.E+06
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 138
0.0E+00
4.0E+06
8.0E+06
0.0E+00 4.0E+06 8.0E+06 1.2E+07
z', ohm.cm2
z'',ohm.cm2
25oC 35oC 40oC 50oC50
o
C40
o
C35
o
C25
o
C
Fig- 10: Nyquist plots at various temperatures for zinc rich
full system coating after 21 days of exposure at 50o
C
0.0E+00
1.5E+06
3.0E+06
0.0E+00 3.0E+06 6.0E+06
z', ohm.cm2
z'',ohm.cm2
25oC 30oC 35oC 40oC40o
C25o
C 30o
C 35o
C
Fig- 11: Nyquist plots at various temperatures for zinc rich
full system coating after 35 days of exposure at 50o
C
The effect of temperature on ion transport through the film
and the corrosion process are summarized in Figure 12 which
shows the trend of activation energy determined for ion
conduction in the film (Rp) and corrosion process (from Rct).
The activation energy for the corrosion process is very much
higher than ion conduction during earlier immersion.
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034
1/T (1/K)
LogResistance(ohm.cm2
)
Rp
Rct EA = 25 + 2.5 kJ/mol
EA = 45 + 3.2 kJ/mol
(a)
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
0.00315 0.0032 0.00325 0.0033 0.00335 0.0034
1/T (1/K)
LogResistance(ohm.cm2
)
Rp EA = 28 + 1.9 kJ/mol
Rct EA = 20 + 0.5 kJ/mol
(b)
Fig- 12: Arrhenius plots of Rp and Rct for zinc rich full system
coating after (a) 21 days and (b) 35 days of exposure at 50o
C
It is evident from Figure 13 that the activation energy for the
corrosion process decreasing overtime, and at the end of the
exposure, they are quite similar. It is suggested that at this
stage ion transport in the coating might be controlling the
corrosion process. In the beginning the activation energy
values get smaller over time because of coating degradation.
If we compare these result with zinc phosphate full system
coating as reported previously [1, 2, 11] we see that Rp values
for 2 coats of zinc rich full system are similar to those for the
first semi-circles on the thicker zinc phosphate full system
coating; suggesting that the interpretation offered here is
correct. However the high activation energy values seen in the
zinc phosphate full system coating were not seen here.
19 20 20
11 10
97
37
24 25 24
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
3 7 14 21 30
Time, days
Activationenergy,kJ/mol
Rp
Rct
EA for ion conduction
EA for corrosion process
37
30
20
45
28
84
78
28 25
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 3 14 21 35
Time, days
Activationenergy,kJ/mol
Rp
Rct
EA for ion conduction
EA for corrosion process
Fig- 13: Evolution with time of activation energy for ion
conduction and corrosion process for zinc rich full system
coating (duplicate sets)
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 139
CONCLUSIONS
In contrast with the zinc phosphate full system coating [1],
zinc rich full system gave the same conclusion as the thinner
coatings [2] where the coating resistance from EIS cannot be
controlling the corrosion reaction. The activation energies
generated for the corrosion process here (78–97 kJmol-1) are
very much higher than those of ion transport through the
coating (19–37 kJmol-1) during early immersion (Figure 13).
Further interesting findings come from the activation energy
trends over time particularly for the corrosion process where
the value is decreasing, so that at the end of exposure the
values for Rp and Rct become quite similar. It is suggested
that at this stage ion transport in the coating might be
controlling the corrosion process unlike at the beginning; the
activation energy is getting smaller due to coating degradation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia
for awarding the scholarship that supported this research and
Shell Global Solution International BV for providing samples
and financial support.
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