This unit includes: rate of a chemical reaction, graphs,, unit of rate, average rate& instantaneous rate,. factors influuncing rate of a reaction, Rate expression & rate constant, Order & molecularity of a reaction,, initiall rate method & integrated rate law equations, numerical problems,, Half life period, Pseudo first order reaction, Temperature of rate of reaction, Activation energy, collision frequency & effective collision, Collision theory, Arrhenius equation,, effect of catalyst on rate of reaction, numerical problems
CONTENTS
Electrochemistry: definition & importance
Conductors: metallic & electrolytic conduction,
Electrolytes, Electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell
A simple electrochemical cell: Galvanic cell or (Daniell Cell)
Cell reaction, cell representation, Salt bridge & its use,
Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, SHE,
Standard cell potential or standard electromotive force of a cell
Electrochemical series (Standard reduction potential values)
Nernst Equation, Relationship with Standard cell potential with Gibbs energy & also equilibrium constant
Resistance (R) & conductance (G) of a solution of an electrolyte
Conductivity (k) of solution, Cell constant (G*) & their units,
Molar conductivity (Λm) & its variation with concentration & temperature,
Debye Huckel Onsager equation & Limiting molar conductivity,
Kohlrausch’s law & its application & numerical problems.
Electrolytic cells & electrolysis.
Some examples of electrolysis of electrolytes in molten / aq. state.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: First & second law- numerical problems. Corrosion, Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Prevention of rusting.
This unit includes: rate of a chemical reaction, graphs,, unit of rate, average rate& instantaneous rate,. factors influuncing rate of a reaction, Rate expression & rate constant, Order & molecularity of a reaction,, initiall rate method & integrated rate law equations, numerical problems,, Half life period, Pseudo first order reaction, Temperature of rate of reaction, Activation energy, collision frequency & effective collision, Collision theory, Arrhenius equation,, effect of catalyst on rate of reaction, numerical problems
CONTENTS
Electrochemistry: definition & importance
Conductors: metallic & electrolytic conduction,
Electrolytes, Electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell
A simple electrochemical cell: Galvanic cell or (Daniell Cell)
Cell reaction, cell representation, Salt bridge & its use,
Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, SHE,
Standard cell potential or standard electromotive force of a cell
Electrochemical series (Standard reduction potential values)
Nernst Equation, Relationship with Standard cell potential with Gibbs energy & also equilibrium constant
Resistance (R) & conductance (G) of a solution of an electrolyte
Conductivity (k) of solution, Cell constant (G*) & their units,
Molar conductivity (Λm) & its variation with concentration & temperature,
Debye Huckel Onsager equation & Limiting molar conductivity,
Kohlrausch’s law & its application & numerical problems.
Electrolytic cells & electrolysis.
Some examples of electrolysis of electrolytes in molten / aq. state.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: First & second law- numerical problems. Corrosion, Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Prevention of rusting.
This is the power point presentation for the students of class XII. This includes: Types of solutions, concentration of solutions, Solution of solid in liquid, solution of gas in liquid: Henry's law, vapour pressure of solutions, Raoult's law, Ideal & non ideal solutions, azeotropic mixtures, Colligative properties - (1) relative lowering of vapour pressure of solution of volatile solute, (2) elevation in boiling point of solution (3) depression in freezing point of solution (4) osmotic pressure, abnormal molar mass of solute, Van't Hoff's factor, numerical problems.
Class XII Electrochemistry - Nernst equation.Arunesh Gupta
Introduction, application of electrochemistry, metallic conduction & electrolytic conduction, electrolytes, electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell, Galvanic cell (Daniell cell), Standard reduction & oxidation potential, SHE as reference electrode, Standard emf of a cell or standard cell potential, Electrochemical series & its application, Nernst equation, Relationship between (i) Standard cell potential & equilibrium constant (ii) standard cell potential & standard Gibbs energy, some numerical problems.
Includes a discussion of Voltaic and electrolytic cells, the Nernst equation and the relationship between electrochemical processes, chemical equilibrium and free energy.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
This is the power point presentation for the students of class XII. This includes: Types of solutions, concentration of solutions, Solution of solid in liquid, solution of gas in liquid: Henry's law, vapour pressure of solutions, Raoult's law, Ideal & non ideal solutions, azeotropic mixtures, Colligative properties - (1) relative lowering of vapour pressure of solution of volatile solute, (2) elevation in boiling point of solution (3) depression in freezing point of solution (4) osmotic pressure, abnormal molar mass of solute, Van't Hoff's factor, numerical problems.
Class XII Electrochemistry - Nernst equation.Arunesh Gupta
Introduction, application of electrochemistry, metallic conduction & electrolytic conduction, electrolytes, electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell, Galvanic cell (Daniell cell), Standard reduction & oxidation potential, SHE as reference electrode, Standard emf of a cell or standard cell potential, Electrochemical series & its application, Nernst equation, Relationship between (i) Standard cell potential & equilibrium constant (ii) standard cell potential & standard Gibbs energy, some numerical problems.
Includes a discussion of Voltaic and electrolytic cells, the Nernst equation and the relationship between electrochemical processes, chemical equilibrium and free energy.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
Electrochemical Cell or EC Cells which will generate electric current spontan...janmarkdalutpittaban
In this PowerPoint presentation entitled “Electrochemical Cell” explains one of the topic of Inorganic Chemistry which means, a cell which generate electric current spontaneously. This includes features about objectives of the lesson, definition itself, other features of electrochemical cell, and also derivation of formulas and solution of the topic.
This is a revision of my second order reaction rate presentation. It takes into consideration the fact that the product is formed at half the rate of disappearance of the reactant.
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Short introduction to what radioactive decay is and how to balance nuclear decay equations. Suggested you use after the introduction to alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
Lyrics to a song that may be used as a humorous "tail" to a thermodynamics lesson or lab. You may sing it to Gershwin's "Summertime" from Porgy & Bess.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
2. History
We attribute the discovery of electrochemical cells to Luigi
Galvani (1737-1798), a citizen of the Papal States
"Therefore having noticed that frog preparations which hung
by copper hooks from the iron railings surrounding a balcony
of our house contracted not only during thunder storms but
also in fine weather, I decided to determine whether or not
these contractions were due to the action of atmospheric
electricity....Finally....I began to scrape and press the hook
fastened to the back bone against the iron railing to see
whether by such a procedure contractions might be excited,
and whether instead of an alteration in the condition of the
atmospheric electricity some other changes might be
effective. I then noticed frequent contractions, none of which
depended on the variations of the weather."
3. What He Did
Traditional metals used: Zn & Cu
▪Galvani discovered that if two metals were immersed in a
saline solution and connected by a wire or touched to a muscle,
an electrical current made the muscle twitch
•
We know now that a small amount of each metal dissolved to
make the corresponding Zn and Cu ions, forming an oxidation-
reduction reaction.
Zn0
→ Zn2+
+ 2e-
Cu2+
+ 2e-
→ Cu0
–Electrons transferred from Zn to Cu2+
through the muscle, which twitched
from the stimulus
4. Alternatively
Typically, we see an electron-transfer reaction,
Zn0
+ Cu2+
→ Zn2+
+ Cu0
▪The reaction is the same: Zn oxidized & Cu2+
reduced (cf.
P. 677)
▸But in the case above, the Zn comes directly into contact
with the copper ions in solution
▸And electrons pass directly from the metal to the ion
▸In Galvani’s reaction, he separated the reaction into two
half-reactions using salt water and the animal muscle.
–So the electrons had to do some work first!
5. Activity Series
Metals & Nonmetals
▪Recall from the STAAR guide
▸Elements above will react with the ions of
elements below
▸Which means they will give electrons to
the ions of elements below them
▸Thus Ca will react with H+
▸And Cu with Ag+
▸Can we quantify this?
Schoolisland.com
6. Alessandro Volta
Toward a quantifying of electric potential
▪The Voltaic cell
▸Alternate copper, water-soaked
cardboard, and zinc
▸The more “cells” of
copper/cardboard/zinc, the higher the
electric potential or driving force
▸We call this driving force “voltage”
8. How It Works
Oxidation: Zn → Zn2+
+ 2e-
Electrons are
produced at the
Zn/Zn2+
interface
This electrode is
called the anode
because
oxidation occurs
9. How It Works
Work
Electrons are
pushed through the
conductive wire
and through the
“work” device--a
motor, a light bulb
or a voltmeter
10. How It Works
Reduction: Cu2+
+ 2e-
→ Cu
Electrons at the
cathode collide
with Cu2+
ions
attracted to this
locus of negative
charge, and reduce
them to metallic Cu
11. How It Works
Ion migration--the salt bridge
Sulfate (SO4
2-
)
migrates through the
salt bridge and Zn2+
in the other direction
to keep charges
balanced
12. Experimental Results
Each half-cell, measured against a standard half-cell, gives a
predictable voltage (standard 298K, 1 M solutions)
▪Standard: H2 gas/H+
(aq) 0.00 V
▸Fe2+
/Fe -0.44 V
▸PbSO4/Pb -0.36 V
▸Pb2+
/Pb -0.13 V
▸Cu2+
/Cu +0.34 V
▸Ag+
/Ag +0.80 V
▸Br2/Br-
+1.07 V
▸PbO2/Pb2+
+1.46 V
13. Your Turn
Given this table, calculate the standard voltage of the
following full cells
▪Fe2+
/Fe // Ag+
/Ag
▸1.24 V
▪Pb2+
/Pb // Br2/Br-
▸1.20 V
▪Cu2+
/Cu // PbO2/Pb2+
▸1.12 V
▪Thus we can predict the “force” with which electrons are
driven from one half-cell to the other
PotentialCell
-0.44 VFe2+/Fe
-0.36 VPbSO4/Pb
-0.13 VPb2+/Pb
0.00 VH2 gas/H+ (aq)
+0.34 VCu2+/Cu
+0.80 VAg+/Ag
+1.07 VBr2/Br-
+1.46 VPbO2/Pb2+
14. How to Write It
The shorthand diagram
▪Fe2+
/Fe // Ag+
/Ag
PotentialCell
-0.44 VFe2+/Fe
-0.36 VPbSO4/Pb
-0.13 VPb2+/Pb
0.00 VH2 gas/H+ (aq)
+0.34 VCu2+/Cu
+0.80 VAg+/Ag
+1.07 VBr2/Br-
+1.46 VPbO2/Pb2+
Oxidation
reaction first
with product
on left and
oxidized
species on
right
15. How to Write It
The shorthand diagram
▪Fe2+
/Fe // Ag+
/Ag
PotentialCell
-0.44 VFe2+/Fe
-0.36 VPbSO4/Pb
-0.13 VPb2+/Pb
0.00 VH2 gas/H+ (aq)
+0.34 VCu2+/Cu
+0.80 VAg+/Ag
+1.07 VBr2/Br-
+1.46 VPbO2/Pb2+
Reduction
reaction
second with
reduced
species on
the left and
product on
the right
16. Batteries
How do “Dry Cells” Work?
Inner half-cell:
e.g. Zn/Zn2+
connected to
central post
Electrons exit here
17. Batteries
How do “Dry Cells” Work?
Outer half-cell:
e.g. Cu/Cu2+
connected to
outer post
Electrons enter here
Electrolyte
inside case is a
solid-like gel