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- 1. PPT-008-02 1 ELECTRICALSAFETY ENGINEERING TEEMS Well come Mosaic hotel Noida Family This program addresses electrical safety issues which may be found in OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart S. The intent of this program is to familiarize people with potential electrical hazards at the work site and at home. We suggest you consult an electrician to answer specific questions which may arise.
- 2. AN AVERAGE OFONE WORKER IS ELECTROCUTED ON THE JOB EVERY DAY! There are four main types of electrical injuries: • Electrocution (death due to electrical shock) • Electrical Shock • Burns • Falls PPT-008-02 2
- 3. US fire statisticson electrical fire causes (2018-2019) PPT-008-02 3 Factor contributing to ignition in reported structure fires Fires % unclassified electrical failure or malfunction 36,300 7 unspecified short circuit arc 21,400 4 short circuit arc from defective or worn insulation 11,400 2 arc or spark from operating equipment 4,000 1 arc from faulty contact or broken conductor 3,600 1 short circuit arc from mechanical damage 3,400 1 water caused short circuit arc 1,600 <1
- 4. When two wireshave different potential voltages current will flow if they are connected. • In most household wiring the black wires are at 110 volts relative to ground • The white wires are at zero volts because they are connected to ground Contact with an energized (live) black wire while touching the white grounded wire = ELECTRICAL SHOCK! PPT-008-02 4
- 5. • Are themost common shock related nonfatal injury • Occur when you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained • Typically occurs on the hands • Very serious injury that needs immediate attention PPT-008-02 5
- 6. • Electrical shockcan also cause indirect or secondary injuries. • Employees working in an elevated location who experience a shock can fall resulting in serious injury or even death. PPT-008-02 6
- 7. A hazard existswhen a conductor is too small to safely carry the current. Example: using a portable tool with an extension cord that has a wire too small for the tool • Tool draws more current than cord can handle = overheating, possible fire without tripping the circuit breaker • Circuit breaker could be the right size for the circuit but not for the smaller wire extension cord PPT-008-02 7
- 8. • Too manydevices plugged into circuit = wires heat to very high temperature = possible fire. • Wire insulation melts = arcing may occur = fire in area where overload exists (even inside a wall). PPT-008-02 8
- 9. • Shut offelectricity flow in the event of an overload or ground-fault in the circuit. • Include fuses, circuit breakers, and ground- fault circuit interrupters (GFCI). • Fuses and circuit breakers are “over current” devices (too much current = fuses melt and circuit breakers “trip” open). PPT-008-02 9
- 10. • Protects youfrom dangerous electrical shock. • Detects a difference in current between the black and white circuit wires (could happen when electrical equipment is not working properly causing a current “leakage” known as ground fault). • Ground fault detected = GFCI can shut off electricity flow in as little as 1/40 of a second protecting you from a dangerous shock. PPT-008-02 10
- 11. GROUNDING PATH The pathto ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures must be permanent and continuous. The violation shown here is an extension cord with the third/grounding prong missing. PPT-008-02 11
- 12. • Hand-held electricaltools pose a potential danger because they make continuous contact with the hand. • To protect you from shock, burns, and electrocution, tools must: o Have a 3 wire cord with ground and be plugged into a grounded receptacle or o Be double insulated or o Be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer PPT-008-02 12
- 13. Must guard “live”parts of electric equipment operating at > 50 volts against accidental contact by: • Approved cabinets/enclosures or • Location or permanent partitions (thereby only accessible to qualified persons) • Elevation of 8 feet or more above the floor or working surface • Mark entrances to guarded locations with conspicuous warning signs PPT-008-02 13
- 14. • Where electrical equipmentis in locations that it can suffer physical damage it must be guarded. • The violation shown here is physical damage to conduit. PPT-008-02 14
- 15. • Junction boxes,pull boxes, and fittings must have approved covers. • Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed (no missing “knockouts”). • Photo shows violations of these two requirements. PPT-008-02 15
- 16. • Are morevulnerable than fixed wiring. • Made be of industrial commercial quality. • May not be used as permanent wiring. • Improper use of flexible cords can cause shocks, burns, or fire. • Approved by a recognized testing agency. PPT-008-02 16
- 17. • Uncoil anextension cord fully before use. • Be sure the amperage of the cord is appropriate for the job you are doing. • Do not use equipment that delivers mild electrical shocks, gives off unusual heat or smells odd. • If in doubt, have it checked and repaired or replaced. PPT-008-02 17
- 18. Extension cords shallnot be fastened with staples, hung from nails, or suspended by wire. PPT-008-02 18
- 19. PPT-008-02 19 Pendant orFixture Portable lamps, Stationary equipment Wiring tools or appliances to facilitate interchange Examples
- 20. PPT-008-02 20 Substitute forRun through walls, ceilings Concealed behind fixed wiring floors, doors, or windows or attached to building surfaces Examples
- 21. Homemade “Gang Box” Notallowed in work setting per OSHA: 29 CFR 1910.305 29 CFR 1926.405 PPT-008-02 21
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- 29. 1. Most electricalfires are caused by faulty electrical outlets and old, outdated appliances. Removing the grounding plug from a cord so it can be used in a two-prong electrical outlet can also cause a fire. PPT-008-02 29
- 30. 2. Light fixtures,lamps and light bulbs are another common reason for electrical fires. o Installing a bulb with a wattage that is too high for the lamps and light fixtures is a leading cause of electrical fires. o Always check the maximum recommended bulb wattage on any lighting fixture or lamp and never go over the recommended amount. PPT-008-02 30
- 31. 3. Misuse ofextension cords is another electrical fire cause. o Appliances should be plugged directly into outlet and not plugged into an extension cord for any length of time. o Only use extension cords as a temporary measure. o If you do not have the appropriate type of outlets for your appliances, hire an electrician to install new ones. PPT-008-02 31
- 32. 4. Space heatersare a major cause of electrical fires. o Because these types of heaters are portable, many times people put them too close to combustible surfaces such as clothing, chairs, and rugs. o Coil space heaters are especially dangerous. I o f you do use space heaters, use the radiator-type that diffuse heat over the entire surface of the appliance. PPT-008-02 32
- 33. 5. Outdated wiringoften causes electrical fires. o Breakers should be triggered when circuits get overloaded by too much electricity, o Outdated breaker boxes often have worn connectors that do not work, causing the system to overload and start an electrical fire. PPT-008-02 33
- 34. • Check theinformation on your cord. o Extension cords are labeled with valuable information as to the use, size and wattage rating of the cord. o Cords offered in many lengths and are labeled with size or “gauge.” • Determine the gauge needed. All appliances indicate how much wattage is consumed when operated. PPT-008-02 34
- 35. • Decide whetheryou will be using the appliance indoors or outdoors. o Extension cords that can be used outdoors will be clearly marked “Suitable for Use with Outdoor Appliances.” • Never use an indoor extension cord outdoors; it could result in an electric shock or fire hazard. PPT-008-02 35
- 36. • Determine howlong you need the cord to be. A cord, based on its gauge, can power an appliance of a certain wattage only at specific distances. o As cord gets longer, the current carrying capacity of the cord gets lower. o Example: 16 gauge extension cord less than 50 feet in length can power a 1625 watt (W) appliance; 16 gauge cord that is longer than 50 feet can only power an appliance up to 1250W. PPT-008-02 36
- 37. Place the cordcorrectly. o Do not place underneath carpets or heavy furniture. o Should not be tacked in place to a wall or taped down. o Should not be used while coiled or bent. o Match the length of the cord to the length of your needs. PPT-008-02 37
- 38. Train employees workingwith electrical equipment in safe working practices including: • De-energizing electrical equipment before inspecting or making repairs • Using electric tools in good repair • Using good judgment when working near energized lines • Using appropriate protective equipment (PPE) PPT-008-02 38
- 39. • Extension cordsmust be "of proper size and temperature rating to withstand the electrical load and approved by a recognized testing agency.” • Locally purchased extension cords may not meet this standard. • Always check applicable regulations/standards before buying or using extension cords at work. PPT-008-02 39
- 40. Hazards • Inadequate wiring •Exposed electrical parts • Wires with bad insulation • Ungrounded electrical tools/systems • Overloaded circuits • Damaged power tools/equipment • Overhead power lines • All hazards are made worse in wet conditions! PPT-008-02 40
- 41. PROTECTIVE MEASURES ▪ Propergrounding ▪ Using GFCI’s ▪ Using fuses and circuit breakers ▪ Proper use of flexible cords PPT-008-02 41
- 42. Health & SafetyTraining Specialists Vishram Singh | Chief Engineer | Mosaic Hotels T +91-120-4025000 | F +91-120-4025111 | M +91-7290073025 C-1 | Sector 18 | Noida - 201301 | India | E-Mail chiefengineer@mosaichotels.co.in, www.mosaichotels.co.in PPT-008-02 42
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Editor's Notes
- #2 This program addresses electrical safety issues which may be found in OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart S. The intent of this program is to familiarize people with potential electrical hazards at the work site and at home. We suggest you consult an electrician to answer specific questions which may arise.
- #3 Electrical injuries: AN AVERAGE OF ONE WORKER IS ELECTROCUTED ON THE JOB EVERY DAY! There are four main types of electrical injuries: ► Electrocution (death due to electrical shock) ► Electrical Shock ► Burns ► Falls
- #7 Falls. When a person is working at an elevated height and receives a shock, there is the likelihood they may fall from their support. Electrical shock can also cause indirect or secondary injuries. Employees working in an elevated location who experience a shock can fall resulting in serious injury or even death.
- #12 Examples: OSHA Electrical Requirements GROUNDING PATH The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures must be permanent and continuous. The violation shown here is an extension cord with the third/grounding prong missing. At home, check your ground wire outside the house. The wire should run in as straight a line as possible to the buried grounding stake. Some have been found to loop up to the grounding stake. News Flash-lighting does NOT make turns when going to ground! Get professional help to correct the situation.
- #13 Examples of OSHA electrical requirements. Hand-held electrical tools pose a potential danger because they make continuous contact with the hand. To protect you from shock, burns, and electrocution, tools must: Have a 3 wire cord with ground and be plugged into a grounded receptacle or Be double insulated or Be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer
- #14 The requirement to guard “live” parts of electric equipment operating at > 50 volts against accidental contact can be satisfied by: Approved cabinets/enclosures or Location or permanent partitions (thereby being only accessible to qualified persons) Elevation of 8 feet or more above the floor or working surface to be out of direct or possible accidental contact. Mark entrances to these guarded locations with conspicuous warning signs.
- #15 Live Parts are to be guarded! Where electrical equipment is in locations that it can suffer physical damage it must be guarded. The violation shown here is physical damage to conduit. It can be imagined that the wires running through this have been placed under strain. Also, the possibility exists that insulation has been compressed to the point of heating, burning through, contacting the metal sleeving. This could be a fire or shock hazard.
- #16 Cabinets, Boxes, Fittings (29 CFR 1910.305(b)) Junction boxes, pull boxes, and fittings must have approved covers. Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed (no missing “knockouts”). Photo shows violations of these two requirements.
- #17 Flexible cords and cables are more vulnerable than fixed wiring. (29 CFR 1910.305(g)) Made be of industrial commercial quality. May not be used as permanent wiring. Improper use of flexible cords can cause shocks, burns, or fire. Approved by a recognized testing agency
- #18 Extension Cords Fully uncoil an extension cord before use. Be sure the amperage of the cord is appropriate for the job you are doing. Do not use equipment that delivers mild electrical shocks, gives off unusual heat or odd odors. If in doubt, have it checked and repaired or replaced.
- #19 Flexible cords (extension cords) Extension cords shall not be: Fastened with staples, (Staples may compress the insulation around the wire. This can lead to heating and deterioration of the insulating wire) Hung from nails, or (This does not provide a secure attachment and the wire may be subject to movement or strain if not properly secured.) Suspended by wire. (This places 2 potential conductors within possible contact one with the other-unsafe.) Strain Relief. Flexible cords shall be connected to devices and fittings so that strain relief is provided which will prevent pull from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws. (29 CFR 1926.405(g)(2)(iv).
- #20 Permissible Use: Flexible Cords (29 CFR 1926.405(g)) Pendant or fixture wiring Portable lamps, tools or appliances Stationary equipment to facilitate interchange Each of the above looks at the: Short distances between sources and use, Low power requirements Need to provide power temporarily until permanent tie-in is established.
- #21 Prohibited Use of Flexible Cords These are not a substitute for fixed wiring. (Flex cord may not be up to carry same voltage as fixed arrangement.) They are not run through walls, ceilings, floor, doors or windows. (Too easy to tamper with or come into contact with.) They are not concealed behind or attached to building surfaces. (Subject to humidity and dampness changes.)
- #22 Electrical Extension Cords A Homemade “Gang Box” is Not allowed in a work setting per OSHA: 29 CFR 1910.305 29 CFR 1926.405 Since every type of person, qualified or not, can make one of these, their quality can differ from person to person. When we’re talking about electrical safety, do we really want to use any equipment described as being “homemade?”
- #23 Not only do we have the insulation removed from the orange extension cord but we also have a box with knockouts. The grounding screw is also in contact with the box.
- #24 We do not chain materials to electrical lines; if the material falls it puts a strain on the line or separates the line from its connections. Ladders against the box contribute combustible materials should there be an electrical fire. Also, this limits access which may be required to shut the system down or isolate breakers (OSHA states there should be at least 3 feet of clearance around an electrical box). Also, if there is a fault in the electrical box, could the current flow to the outside of the box contacting conductive materials and be a possible shock or electrocution hazard?
- #25 Another situation where combustible storage obstructs the box. Portable power tool with damaged cord. Also appears to be resting on a conductive surface.
- #26 Right side: Missing insulation on cords. Left side: Permanency attempted by screwing a “bridge” between extension cord and adapter. Again, “Homemade” might get you hurt! Professionally manufactured cords must abide by specific standards. They also go through extensive quality control. Quality Control for “homemade” stuff is usually, “Yep, looks good to me.” This does not assure safety.
- #27 Left: extension cord under carpet permits foot traffic to compress cord and insulation to the point of thinning and distressing the insulation. Potential fire and shock hazard. Right: multiple lines into a power strip permits cords to heat up. Fire hazard.
- #28 Left: Grounding prong in receptacle. Seek professional help to remove and replace receptacle. Right: Damaged insulation and wiring. Destroy and replace.
- #29 Left: cord is tangled; tripping hazard. Right: multiple gang boxes showing the possibility of appliances and tools to far exceed the voltage restrictions on the line.
- #30 Top 5: Number 1 Electrical Fire Cause Most electrical fires are caused by faulty electrical outlets and old, outdated appliances. Removing the grounding plug from a cord so it can be used in a two-prong electrical outlet can also cause a fire.
- #31 Top 5: Number 2 Light fixtures, lamps and light bulbs are another common reason for electrical fires. Installing a bulb with a wattage that is too high for the lamps and light fixtures is a leading cause of electrical fires. Always check the maximum recommended bulb wattage on any lighting fixture or lamp and never go over the recommended amount
- #32 Top 5: Number 3 Misuse of extension cords is another electrical fire cause. Appliances should be plugged directly into outlet and not plugged into an extension cord for any length of time. Only use extension cords as a temporary measure. If you do not have the appropriate type of outlets for your appliances, hire an electrician to install new ones.
- #33 Top 5: Number 4 Space heaters are a major cause of electrical fires. Because these types of heaters are portable, many times people put them too close to combustible surfaces such as clothing, chairs, and rugs. Coil space heaters are especially dangerous. If you do use space heaters, use the radiator-type that diffuse heat over the entire surface of the appliance.
- #34 Top 5: Number 5 Outdated wiring often causes electrical fires. Breakers should be triggered when circuits get overloaded by too much electricity, but outdated breaker boxes often have worn connectors that do not work, causing the system to overload and start an electrical fire. Breaker box is uncovered.
- #35 Safety: Check the information on your cord. Extension cords are labeled with valuable information as to the use, size and wattage rating of the cord. Cords offered in many lengths and are labeled with size or “gauge.” Determine the gauge needed. All appliances indicate how much wattage is consumed when operated.
- #36 Electrical safety also includes: Decide whether you will be using the appliance indoors or outdoors. Extension cords that can be used outdoors will be clearly marked “Suitable for Use with Outdoor Appliances.” Never use an indoor extension cord outdoors; it could result in an electric shock or fire hazard.
- #37 In addition, keep the following safety information in mind: Determine how long you need the cord to be. A cord, based on its gauge, can power an appliance of a certain wattage only at specific distances. As the cord gets longer, the current carrying capacity of the cord gets lower. Example: 16 gauge extension cord less than 50 feet in length can power a 1625 watt (W) appliance; 16 gauge cord that is longer than 50 feet can only power an appliance up to 1250W.
- #38 Place the cord correctly. Do not place underneath carpets or heavy furniture. Should not be tacked in place to a wall or taped down. Should not be used while coiled or bent. Match the length of the cord to the length of your needs.
- #39 Train employees working with electrical equipment in safe working practices including: De-energizing electrical equipment before inspecting or making repairs. Using electric tools in good repair. Using good judgment when working near energized lines. Using appropriate protective equipment (PPE).
- #40 Summary Extension cords must be "of proper size and temperature rating to withstand the electrical load and approved by a recognized testing agency.” (UL: Underwriters Laboratories). Locally purchased extension cords may not meet this standard. Always check applicable regulations/standards before buying or using extension cords at work.
- #41 Summary Hazards - Inadequate wiring - Exposed electrical parts - Wires with bad insulation - Ungrounded electrical tools/systems - Overloaded circuits - Damaged power tools/equipment - Overhead power lines All hazards are made worse in wet conditions!
- #42 Summary PROTECTIVE MEASURES ▪ Proper grounding ▪ Using GFCI’s ▪ Using fuses and circuit breakers ▪ Proper use of flexible cords ▪ Training