This document discusses distribution boards and protection devices for electrical installations. It provides information on 3-phase power systems, distribution boards, protection and location of distribution boards, overcurrent protection including fuses and circuit breakers, and characteristics of fuses and miniature circuit breakers. Distribution boards contain circuit breakers and fuses to distribute power to circuits while protecting against overloads and faults. Proper location and enclosure is important for safety. Fuses and circuit breakers each have specific current and time ratings to provide discrimination of protection.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Earth resistance is a key parameter in determining the efficiency of earthing systems. In this application note we look at the measurement of earth resistance.
After a description of some universal fundamentals (e.g. standards, error margins and the influence of the weather), various measurement methods are discussed. A common feature of all the methods is that they determine the earth impedance by measuring the voltage across the earthing system for a known test current. Apart from that, there is a wide degree of variation in the internal circuitry of the measuring instruments used and the layout and arrangement of the external measuring circuit. A major distinction can be made between methods that draw current directly from the supply, and those methods that don’t.
Each method has its own particular disadvantages such as limited applicability, electric shock hazard, larger measurement errors, or requiring more time and effort to complete. The various advantages and disadvantages of the individual measurement techniques are described in the final chapters of this application note.
Dear All,
Here i glad to introduced with a basics of Design Electrical which is helpfull to understand the concept of electrical.
I hope you like these concept & prefered the same.
Thanks& Regards,
Pankaj V. Chavan
( 95615 73214 )
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Earth resistance is a key parameter in determining the efficiency of earthing systems. In this application note we look at the measurement of earth resistance.
After a description of some universal fundamentals (e.g. standards, error margins and the influence of the weather), various measurement methods are discussed. A common feature of all the methods is that they determine the earth impedance by measuring the voltage across the earthing system for a known test current. Apart from that, there is a wide degree of variation in the internal circuitry of the measuring instruments used and the layout and arrangement of the external measuring circuit. A major distinction can be made between methods that draw current directly from the supply, and those methods that don’t.
Each method has its own particular disadvantages such as limited applicability, electric shock hazard, larger measurement errors, or requiring more time and effort to complete. The various advantages and disadvantages of the individual measurement techniques are described in the final chapters of this application note.
Dear All,
Here i glad to introduced with a basics of Design Electrical which is helpfull to understand the concept of electrical.
I hope you like these concept & prefered the same.
Thanks& Regards,
Pankaj V. Chavan
( 95615 73214 )
Electrical Installation, Types of L.T switch gear components, Types of Wires and Cables
Electrical Safety precautions in handling electrical appliances, electric shock, first aid for electric shock, safety rules.
https://topelectricaldevices.com/what-is-circuit-breaker-top-5-best-mcb/
The circuit breaker plays an important role in providing over-current protection and a disconnect means in electrical networks. Recent advancements in circuit breaker technology has increased breaker performance and protection.
The circuit breaker plays an important role in providing over-current protection and a disconnect means in electrical networks. Recent advancements in circuit breaker technology has increased breaker performance and protection.
#Building wiring system#presentation#Wire is a single electrical conductor, w...Bint Shameem
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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2. 3-phase Supply
Division or balancing of Loads
– Balanced phases
– Transformer Sizing implications
– Cable sizing implications
– Neutral Current implication
Advantages of a 3-Phase System:
– Dual Voltage
– Machine physicality's
– Rotational Magnetic Fluxes in Machines
– Transmission implications
3. Distribution Boards
A Distribution Board is described in the ETCI Rules
for Electrical Installations (ET101: 2000) as an
assembly of protective devices, including two or
more fuses or circuit breakers, arranged for the
distribution of electrical energy to final circuits or to
other distribution boards.
A distribution board will consist of a suitable
enclosure containing suitable facilities for mounting
fuses and/or circuit breakers and other protective
devices (such as residual current circuit
breakers/devices which may, or may not, provide
integral overcurrent protection) and other switching
and control devices. A distribution board will also
contain ‘busbars’ for interconnecting the circuit
breakers or fuses along with neutral and earth bars
for connecting the incoming and outgoing neutral
conductors and protective conductors. This
enclosure may be either of metal clad or all
insulated type of construction.
4. Distribution Boards
The diagram above illustrates a typical 12-
position UK distribution panel. It is likely that the
manufacturer produces 18 and 24-position
versions of this panel using the same chasis
which explains why there appears to be so much
unused space.
5. Distribution Boards
Protection/ Location of Distribution Boards
• [ET 101: 2000: 538.1, I.S. EN60439]
– Shall be protected against dust, moisture, corrosive or
polluting substances, excessive temperatures, impact,
vibration and other mechanical stresses.
– Shall be readily accessible and not located over
cooking or heating appliances, in bathrooms,
washrooms or WC’s, in storage or airing cupboards,
under staircases or where it might be covered by
garments.
– Shall not be located in an escape route such as a
stairway or corridor unless supplementary fire
precaution measures are provided. This does not
apply to single occupancy buildings.
– Shall not be located above or below, or within 400mm
horizontally from a gas meter or a gas appliance in the
same space.
– Shall be protected against damage arising from a fault
in other services achieved by the use of barriers or by
separation.
The Ingress Protection (IP) rating scheme is an
internationally recognised system of denoting the degree
of protection afforded by various products against
– Access to hazardous parts and
– Harmful ingress of water.
6. Distribution Boards
Connections
• [ET 101: 2000: 538.1, I.S. EN60439]
– The phase conductors of each two or three phase circuit shall
be connected to the same way in a multi-way distribution
board.
• 1st Phase ‘Brown’ [must be brown]
• 2nd Phase ‘Black’
• 3rd Phase ‘Grey’
– Neutral and protective conductors shall be arranged in the
same sequence as the corresponding phase conductors.
Identification & Marking:
• [ET 101: 2000: 514-4 & 515-1-2]
– Protective devices shall be arranged and identified so that the
circuits protected may be easily recognised (this being
facilitated by labels or other suitable means of identification –
no possibility of confusion).
– Record sheets including diagrams and tables shall be
available indicating:
• types of wiring
• size of conductors
• rating of protective devices
• points supplied
• information identifying protection, isolation and switching devices
and their locations.
– Graphical symbols used shall comply with IEC Publication
60617 (Annex 51B ETCI)
– A distribution board not provided with a back plate shall not
be mounted directly on a combustible surface. A separating
material with a flammability rating of FH1 shall be used.
These include:
• plaster board complying with the appropriate standard
• hardwood such as teak, oak, elm and mahogany.
• If the mounting surface is of metal it shall be bonded to the
protective conductor or to the bonding conductor of the
installation.
8. Overcurrents – ET101:2000
Overload:
• An overload current is where too much
current is drawn down an electrically healthy
circuit e.g. too many appliances are plugged
in; there is no fault in the circuit. A properly
designed circuit will interrupt an overload
before any damage is done to the circuit.
Short Circuits
• This is where a fault of negligible impedance
(resistance) occurs between live conductors.
The value of current, which will flow, will
depend on where the fault occurs. Longer
runs of cable, particularly smaller cables
have a significant attenuating effect on fault
current.
9. Overcurrents
The fault level, sometimes known as the
prospective short circuit (Ik) is a
significant factor when selecting
protective devices – particularly circuit
breakers.
The short circuit current at a particular
point in an installation is dependent
upon:
The circuit voltage
The total impedance of the circuit
including the supply transformer
10. Overcurrents
Breaking Capacity :
– The purpose of determining the short circuit
current at a point in an installation is to
determine the Breaking Capacity in kA of the
protective device situated at that point
Energy let through in the event of a short
circuit is described in terms of:
– Pre-arcing Energy:
• Energy required to melt the fuse element
– Arcing Energy
• Energy required (post pre-arcing energy) to
extinguish the resulting arc
11. Overcurrents
The total let through energy is proportional to
the energy dissipation during the pre-arcing and
arcing intervals and is referred to as the I2
t
characteristic of the fuse/protective device.
12. Fuses
Types of Fuses:
– VDE 0635 DZ type fuse:
• This is a cartridge type fuse available in four body sizes D1, D11,
D111 and DIV
• Current ratings from 2 Amps up to 100 Amps.
• The D1 size is no longer acceptable in this country but may still be
found in very old installations.
• Breaking capacity up to 60kA.
– VDE 0636 NEOZED or DO type fuse:
• This is also a cartridge type fuse available in three body sizes
D01, D02 and D03
• Current ratings from 2 up to 100Amps.
• Breaking capacity up to 50kA.
– VDE 0636 NH type fuse:
• Breaking capacity of 120kA.
• They are not designed for replacement by unqualified personnel
• They are available in ratings up to 1250Amps.
– BS 1361 fuse:
• This is a cartridge fuse available in ratings from 5 to 60 Amps.
• They are most commonly used in domestic and similar
installations and in supply authority cut-outs.
• They have a breaking capacity of r16.5kA which is adequate for
most domestic installation.
13. High Rupturing Capacity
(HRC) Fuses
Overload zone in the
element – precise amount
of metal with a low boiling
point (usually tin). Here the
metallurgical phenomenon
known as the M-effect is
utilised
Ceramic
Body
Reduced cross
sections
Quartz
filler
Fixing
Lug
Silver
Element
End
cap
The BS88 HRC fuse consists of a specially shaped silver element
totally enclosed in a heat proof body which is filled with very fine
grains of quartz. The quartz holds the element in place - even
while melting - ensures rapid arc extinction. The element is
connected to two tinned brass end caps incorporating fixing lugs
as shown above
14. Advantages of HRC Fuses
Operation is very rapid
Capable of breaking very high fault currents
safely
Declared current rating is very accurate
Element does not weaken with age
Capable of discriminating between a persistent
fault and a transient fault such as the starting of
a large inductive motor
Different ratings are made to different physical
sizes hence they are difficult to interchange
15. Fuse Characteristics
For a fuse to satisfactorily protect a cable, its characteristic
must match, as closely as possible, the heating characteristic
of the cable.
This means that fuses have an inverse time characteristic, i.e.
the larger the over current, the faster the blowing time of the
fuse.
Fuse characteristics are drawn on log/log scale as this
enables a wide range of currents along with a wide range of
time intervals to be charted
16. Fuse Characteristics:
Discrimination
Discrimination:
– In a correctly
designed
installation, in the
event of a fault,
the fuse nearest to
the fault should
interrupt the circuit
before any other
device has a
chance of
interrupting it. This
is known as
discrimination.
17. Fuse Characteristics:
Discrimination
As Fuse characteristics will have tolerances
associated with their manufacture, it is not
possible to rely on Inverse time/current
characteristics to design for discrimination.
It is necessary to use I2
t characteristics
18. Circuit Breakers
Circuit breakers are divided into three main
types:
• Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB’s)
• Moulded Case Circuit Breakers(MCCB’s)
• Air Circuit Breakers (ACB’s)
From Supply
Transformer to
Final Circuits,
i.e. decreasing
breaking
capacity
21. Miniature Circuit Breakers
(MCB’s)
Categories of MCB’s:
– MCB’s manufactured to IS/EN 60898 (IEC 689)
are of three types; B,C, D.
– MCB’s manufactured to IS/EN 60898 (VDE
0641) are of two types; L and G
MCB Overcurrent detection:
– Thermal Tripping
– Magnetic Tripping
22. MCB Characteristics
Thermal tripping:
– In this type of tripping mechanism the current is passed through a
bimetal strip connected in series with a magnetic coil.
Magnetic tripping:
– When a short circuit occurs, the heavy current in the magnetic coil
produces a strong magnetic field which instantly opens the breaker
Arc Extinction:
– facilitated by guiding the arc (via self-induced magnetic fields) on
splitter plates
– facilitated by guiding the arc (via self-induced magnetic fields) on
splitter plates (as illustrated in figure 7). The V-shaped metal splitter
plates increase the length of the arc, splits it up, cools it and d-
ionises it
24. Advantages of MCB’s over
Fuses
Advantages of MCB’s :
Tripped MCB readily identified even in darkness
Cannot be switched back on while fault exists – trip
free mechanism
Enables supply to be restored immediately and
easily even by untrained personnel
Accepted as a circuit isolator
Locking devices can be attached for maintenance
purposes
Do not normally require replacement
‘Single phasing’ of motors is not an issue
Do not age in service
Tamperproof
25. Residual Current Devices
(RCD’s)
There are two main reasons why RCD’s are
used:
i. To comply with the ETCI rules for electrical
installations.
i. To provide additional and a higher level of
protection than that given by direct earthing,
against electric shock and also against fire risk
caused by earth leakage currents. Where fuses
and miniature circuit breakers (MCB’s) are the only
means of earth fault protection, it is possible for
earth fault currents to flow undetected and cause
fire risk (or touch voltage problems).
i. The use of an RCD will prevent the flow of a
sustained leakage current above the sensitivity of
the RCD thus greatly reducing shock and fire risk.
Red's should disconnect all live conductors in the
protected circuits in the event of earth leakage
current flowing.
26. Residual Current Devices
(RCD’s)
Terms associated with RCD’s:
• RCCB:
– Residual Current Circuit Breaker used in
distribution boards to protect individual or
groups of circuits
• RCBO:
– Residual Circuit Breaker with overcurrent
protection. This is a
– combined MCB/RCD and provides overload,
short circuit and earth fault protection in one
unit
–
• SRCD:
– Socket outlet with combined RCD
–
• PRCD:
– This is a portable RCD unit with an inbuilt plug
top and socket
outlet
–
28. Residual Current Devices
(RCD’s)
Discrimination between RCD’s:
– The time-current characteristic of the device on
the supply side shall lie completely above the
operating time-current characteristic on the load
side
– The rated residual operating current of the
device located on the supply side shall be higher
than that of the device on the load side
– Selective operation may also be achieved by
means of time-delay devices
29. Residual Current Devices
(RCD’s)
Nuisance Tripping:
– Sudden surge of overcurrent
– Voltage spikes/transients
– Inbuilt electronic circuit to protect against such
tripping.
30. Planning Main Switch Boards
The following information is recommended
when determining the size and layout of
equipment to be used in a main switchboard:
– Schedule of all loads (Max demand per phase)
– Phase balancing of single phase loads
– Application of diversity
– Single line block diagram is required
– Current rating of each item of equipment is
included on the block diagram
– Scaled drawing of the proposed switchboard
should be prepared
31. Planning Main Switch Boards
Diversity is applied in an installation when
determining the values of load current that are likely
to be used.
Diversity is based on assumption that all of the
connected load current will not be used
simultaneously.
– E.g. thermostatically controlled devises/equipment
and time switch controlled loads are unlikely to
demand full loads at all times.
When determining the current ratings of switchgear
diversity can be applied, which will enable a savings
to be made in the sizes of cables and in the current
ratings of the switchgear. This saves on both cost
and spaces
Diversity is based on the relationship, therefore,
between the total load current that is available and
the assumed load current demand of an installation.
Table A31-A Annex 31 A in the ETC/Riles and
Table J1 of the IEE Guidance Notes on the
Selection and Erection of Main Switchgear (more
comprehensive guidance)
Editor's Notes
Air Circuit Breakers
ACB’s are mainly used on the incoming service cable feeding medium / large electrical installations. Because of their high current ratings (1250Amps to 6300Amps) and high short circuit breaking capacities (40A up to about 130kA) they are housed in metal enclosures which provides added strength and better cooling properties.
Moulded Case CBs
MCCBs are housed in a high impact plastic moulded casing having a very high electric insulating strength and designed to withstand the high stresses of fault currents. They have a smaller physical size than Air Circuit Breakers and are used to protect entire installations or parts of installations against both short circuit and normal overload currents.
They are available in current ratings from 125Amps up to 3000Amps with short circuit breaking capacities from 16kA up to about 100kA in different frame sizes. However their initial cost is high compared to switchgear incorporating HBC fuses
MCBs
MCB’s are available with current ratings from 5A up to 100A (125A are also available from some manufacturers) and with breaking capacities from 6kA up to 25kA at 230/380V depending on size. They are available in single, double, triple and four pole form.