Electric trains use electric power to operate. There are two main types - those that use electric power to drive electric motors, and those that use it to generate a magnetic field for traction. Electric traction is more efficient than steam or diesel locomotives. Railways typically use either direct current or alternating current systems, transmitted through overhead lines or a third rail. Locomotives receive power, regulate voltage, convert current type if needed, and use motors to convert electrical power to mechanical motion. Braking methods include electrical, regenerative, and mechanical braking of trains.
Er.Amit Chaurasiya studies at Azad Technical Campus Lucknow.All slide make very clear and easily understood suitable for Electrical Engineering students. I hope you will easily understand.
Er.Amit Chaurasiya studies at Azad Technical Campus Lucknow.All slide make very clear and easily understood suitable for Electrical Engineering students. I hope you will easily understand.
Railway Electrification -
Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors; however, the cost of railway electrification means that usually only heavily-used lines can be electrified.
the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermalpower, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines.
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
Thank you.
Basics of electric traction system .
Covering technologies used and their use in Indian railway.
Types of traction systems.
Working basics of various types.
Historical analysis to some extent.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Applications of power electronics in HVDCKabilesh K
Role of Power electronics in HVDC and Transmission system. What are the components of Power electronics used in HVDC. Types of HVDC Links. Advantages of HVDC over HVAC.
Railway Electrification -
Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors; however, the cost of railway electrification means that usually only heavily-used lines can be electrified.
the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermalpower, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines.
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
Thank you.
Basics of electric traction system .
Covering technologies used and their use in Indian railway.
Types of traction systems.
Working basics of various types.
Historical analysis to some extent.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Applications of power electronics in HVDCKabilesh K
Role of Power electronics in HVDC and Transmission system. What are the components of Power electronics used in HVDC. Types of HVDC Links. Advantages of HVDC over HVAC.
Pantograph I - Analysis on Pantographs & Traction ControlKelvin Lam
My 'info'-presentation on basics on electric traction systems for railways and electrical trains (rolling stock).
The presentation cover the following basic concepts:
- types of electrification systems.
- types of collection method
- traction control
Optimal Location of Statcom for Power Flow ControlIJMER
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
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A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. INTRODUCTION
Driving forward of vehicle is called Traction and the
system, which employs this type of mechanism is called
Traction system.
Electric trains are those trains which use electric
traction or in general “electric power”.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
3. Main types
There are mainly two types of electric trains, Which are
described as below-
(a.)trains which use electric power to drive
electric motors for the traction.as all indian
electric trains.
(b.)trains which use electric power to generate a
magnetic field for traction.as the most
advanced bullet trains.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
5. WHY ELECTRIC TRACTION?
Traction System Efficiency
Steam locomotive 5-7%
Gas turbine electric
locomotive
10%
Diesel electric locomotive 26-30%
Electric locomotive with
thermal power plant
34-36%
Electrical locomotive with
Hydroelectric power plant
40-42%
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
6. The use of electric locomotives
primarily came in order to reduce
problems of smoke pollution. Though
electric locomotives are more efficient
than steam and diesel locomotives,
electrification of railway lines is
expensive. For this reason, electric
locomotives are used mainly for busy
passenger lines .
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
7. Systems of track electrification
THERE ARE BASICALLY TWO TYPES OF
ELECTRIFICATION-
A.) Dc system.
B.) Single phase ac system.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
8. Existing Tractions System
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
Existing tractions system uses D.C. motors.
a) The 25 KV over head voltage is step down to 2000 V
with the help of step down transformer.
b) Rectifier rectifies this A.C. voltage to D.C. voltage.
c) This rectified D.C. voltage is used to operate the D.C.
motors in existing system engine.
Causes favoring the DC motors
a) D.C. series motors are less costly, however for some H.P
more efficient and requires less maintenance than A.C.
series motor.
b) Rail conductor system of track electrifications which is
less costly with D.C. system than with A.C. System
9. There are two kinds of power transmission that are used
for electric locomotives. These include alternate current
and direct current. Alternate current, as the name
suggests, flows in more than one direction where as DC
is restricted to one direction only .
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
10. Alternating current has an advantage over
DC current such that it can be used over large
distances even through a wire that has a smaller
radius. Direct current locomotives typically require
wires with greater diameter and in some cases a
third rail. At present, alternating current
locomotives haul trains over large distances or
main line areas where as DC locomotives are
restricted to shorter distances. The voltage
difference is also great as AC is varied between
15KV to 50KV while DC is confined to below 3KV
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
11.
There are different methods in which the current
is transferred. One way is through a third rail and the
other is through overhead wires. The third rail is most
popular with DC electric systems. Examples of trains
that use the third rail are usually metro rail systems but
they can be found in main-line routes in southern
England to provide speeds of up 100 miles per hour at
750V DC.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
12. UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
THIRD RAIL
There are certain disadvantages of the third rail. The first
one is that there is a safety hazard. If pedestrians were to
trample on the rail, they are likely to have a shock hazard.
Secondly, weather conditions such as snow can cause the
system to not function
13. UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
Third Rail systems also have rail gaps in order to cope
with excess voltage supply. For each gap, there is what
is called a “substation”. These substations ensure
continuity and provide voltage in the direction of
propagation and are off support if one substation were
to fail.
Substations also give an indication for the train to
continue on its route or to halt for any reason. In cases
where there may be faults along the electric lines, there
are switches to stop the flow of current which means
that the train must stop before entering that section
19. AC electric systems are more likely to be used
overhead wires otherwise known as a catenary.
The design of the overhead wires are created such that
it is held in tension horizontally and also subjected to
lateral pulling such that it can accommodate for
curves.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
21. In order to makeup for interference along the catenary,
there are booster transformers connected at frequent
intervals throughout the route. The main purpose of
this is to reduce any inequality of voltages that are
induced by other electric lines that run parallel to the
catenary. A return wire is connected to the track such
that the current returns to the transformer. Without
this, there can also be a safety hazard.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
22. POWER CIRCULATION
The NEXT circuits show a circuit of an electric railway
system used by the Indian Railways. The current
IC flows through the catenary and then enters the
locomotive through the pantograph. The departing
current IR returns to the main power supply through
the tracks. The second circuit diagram is an example
of booster transformers used in Indian
Railways. Notice that the there are insulated rail
joints to be sure that the current flows at the correct
sections .
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
25. , the locomotive receives its power through the
pantograph from the catenary. The voltage received is
decreased by a step-down transformer.
The amount of current is controlled by a device known
as the “tap changer”. The “tap changer” is basically a
camshaft set of operated switches and connects more
sections of the transformer. The next device is the AC-
DC rectifier.
The kind of rectifier used in this circuit is the bridge
rectifier. It is basically an arrangement of diodes that
enable the current to flow in one direction only. The
capacitor is used to decrease the fluctuation of voltage.
The drop of voltage from the rectifier is eliminated by
the voltage drop in the capacitor
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
26. RECTIFIER USED IN TRAINS
Instead of using a bridge rectifier, it is possible to use a
thyrister. A thyrister is a kind of diode such that it
allows current to flow when it receives a command
through a third terminal .
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
28. When the thyristor is used to rectify from AC to DC,
the sinusoidal wave display on the voltage and time
graph is confined to above the positive axis. In order to
create a steady supply of voltage and smoothen the
delivery, a smoothening circuit is connected. The
smoothening circuit may include inductors and
capacitors .
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
30. It is also possible to have AC electric locomotives
with AC motors. As seen in the circuit below, there
is both an AC-DC rectifier and a DC-AC inverter.
The connection between the rectifier and the
inverter is known as a DC link.
The DC-AC inverter is necessary in order to
provide input to the 3 phase traction motors. The
speed of the motor also depends on the frequency
submitted towards it.
There may be more inverters connected to the DC
link in other to serve other parts of the locomotive
such as the compressor and cooling fans
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
33. Braking:
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
Generally braking is classified into two types in the
traction.
Electrical braking.
Plugging
Rheostatic or dynamic braking.
Regenerative braking.
Mechanical braking.
Compressed air brakes
Vacuum brakes
Hydraulic brakes
34. PLUGGING
Plugging is a method of braking used in induction
motors. Plugging involves interchanging the supply to
two of the stator phase windings. This method is used
in applications which require immediate stop
applications. When the phase supply is reversed,
torque is produced in the opposite direction. This
leads to braking of the electric motor.
Motors which are operated this way have a plugging
switch. This switch operates when the stop command
is given to the motor circuit. The operation of this
switch applies reverses the supply to two of the
windings. When the motor comes to a complete halt,
this reversed supply is disconnected.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
35. DYNAMIC BRAKING
Another method of reversing the direction of torque and
braking the motor is dynamic braking. In this method of
braking the motor which is at a running condition is
disconnected from the source and connected across
a resistance. When the motor is disconnected from the
source, the rotor keeps rotating due to inertia and it works
as a self –excited generator. When the motor works as a
generator the flow of the electric current and torque
reverses. During braking to maintain the steady torque
sectional resistances are cut out one by one.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
37. Regenerative braking
Regenerative braking takes place whenever the speed of the
motor exceeds the synchronous speed. This baking method is
called regenerative baking because here the motor works as
generator and supply itself is given power from the load, i.e.
motors. The main criteria for regenerative braking is that the
rotor has to rotate at a speed higher than synchronous speed,
only then the motor will act as a generator and the direction
of electric current flow through the circuit and direction of the
torque reverses and braking takes place. The only disadvantage
of this type of braking is that the motor has to run at super
synchronous speed which may damage the motor mechanically
and electrically, but regenerative braking can be done at sub
synchronous speed if the variable frequency source is available.
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
38. Loco Transformer
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
This is a main transformer of
locomotive.
The 25 KV single phase AC
power supply of OHE is fed
to the winding of regulating
transformer through main
bushing. The winding is
equally divided into 32 taps.
These taps are connected to
tap changer.
39. LOCO TRANSFORMER
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
There are two traction transformer connected in parallel of
same rating for the purpose of reliability the rating of
transformer are as follows
Capacity : 25 KV.
Frequency : 50 Hz
taps on HT : 32 taps
cooling :forced oil & air
40. ARNO-CONVERTER
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
1. Arno converter is a device
which convert single phase AC
in to three phase AC.
2. The three phase supply needed
for the three phase induction
motors which used in blowers,
exhausters an oil pumps. To
supply three phase power to
three phase induction motors
arno converter is used.
3. Arno converter is rotating
device.
41. DC LINK
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)
This is essentially a bank of capacitor and inductor
or active filter circuitry to further smooth.
Also to trap harmonics generated by drive converter
and traction motors.
42. REFERENCES
1.) INDIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING handbook.
2.)WIKIPEDIA.ORG
3.)ELECTRICAL4U.COM
4.) http://irfca.org
5.) http://www.railway-technical.com
UTKARSH(srmscet,unnao)