This document summarizes a seminar presentation on electric traction. It defines electric traction as using electric motors powered by electric power for traction systems like railways and trams. It then provides a brief history of electric traction, including its introduction in India in 1925 using 1.5kV DC power. The document discusses the typical voltages used for electric traction in India and the different types of traction systems, including DC, AC, and multi-systems. It also covers topics like types of track electrification, pantograph collectors, traction motors, leading high-speed traction systems, and the advantages and disadvantages of electric traction systems.
Er.Amit Chaurasiya studies at Azad Technical Campus Lucknow.All slide make very clear and easily understood suitable for Electrical Engineering students. I hope you will easily understand.
Er.Amit Chaurasiya studies at Azad Technical Campus Lucknow.All slide make very clear and easily understood suitable for Electrical Engineering students. I hope you will easily understand.
Railway Electrification -
Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors; however, the cost of railway electrification means that usually only heavily-used lines can be electrified.
the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermalpower, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines.
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
Thank you.
Railway Electrification -
Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors; however, the cost of railway electrification means that usually only heavily-used lines can be electrified.
the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermalpower, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines.
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
Thank you.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. What is electrical traction?
⦿Electric traction is meant for locomotion in which the driving
(tractive)
force is obtained from electric motors (called as traction motors).
⦿It involves utilization of electric power for traction systems
i.e., for railways, trams, trolleys etc.
2
⦿For traction purposes mostly 3-Phase IM and DC series motors are
used.
3. ⦿The year 1881 saw the birth of the first electric Railway run by a
German Engineer Werner Van Siemens using both the rails to carry
the current.
⦿Finding this a little too dangerous, Siemens soon adopted the
overhead electric wires.
⦿Electric traction was introduced on Indian Railways in year 1925 on
1.5 KV DC and the first electric train ran between Bombay's
Victoria Terminus and Kurla, a distance of 9.5 miles.
⦿The first train run using 25kV AC was on December 15, 1959.
3
ABrief History T
o Electric
Traction
4. ⦿Typical Voltages used for electric Traction are 1.5kV DC
and 25kV AC for mainline trains.
⦿Calcutta had an overhead 3kV DC system until the '60s.
⦿The Calcutta Metro uses 750V DC traction with a
third-rail mechanism for delivering the electricity to
the EMU.
⦿The Calcutta trams use 550V DC with an overhead line
(catenary) system with underground return conductors.
⦿The Delhi Metro uses 25kV AC overhead traction with a catenary
system.
4
Voltages Used ForElectricTraction In India
6. ⦿DC traction units use direct current drawn from either a conductor rail or an
overhead line.
⦿The most popular line voltages for overhead wire supply systems – 1500V
DC and 3000V DC.
⦿600V DC–750V DC volt range used for third rail
systems.
Disadvantages:
⦿Expensive substations are required at frequent
intervals.
⦿The overhead wire or third rail must be relatively large
and heavy.
⦿Voltage go’s on decreasing with increase in
voltage.
DC Traction
7. AC Traction
⦿AC Traction units draw alternating current from an
overhead line.
⦿Typical Voltages Used are:-
15 kV AC, 16⅔ Hz (16.7 Hz)
25 kV AC, 50 Hz
25 kV AC, 60 Hz
⦿Fewer substations are required.
⦿lighter overhead current
supply wire can be used.
⦿Reduced weight of
support structure.
⦿Reduced capital cost of
electrification.
8. Multi Systems
⦿Multi-system trains are used to provide continuous
journeys along routes that are electrified using more than
one system.
⦿One way to accomplish this is by changing locomotives at
the switching stations.
⦿These stations have overhead wires that can be switched from
one voltage
to another.
⦿Another way is to use multi-system locomotives that can
operate under several different voltages and current types.
In Europe, it is common to use four-system locomotives (1.5
kV DC,
3 kV DC, 15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC, 25 kV, 50 Hz AC)
8
9. ⦿Provided for speeds up to
120kmph
⦿Span of catenary wire 45-90 m
and sag of 1-2m.
⦿Relatively Cheaper
⦿Less Maintenance
⦿Suitable where traffic is denser
more and operating speeds are
low.
Single Catenary Construction Compound Catenary Construction
⦿Provided for speeds ranges 190-
224 kmph
⦿Additional wire called intermediate
wire is used to increase current
carrying capacity i.e., to have
increased traffic density.
Type of track electrification
11. ⦿Bow Collector- It uses a light metal strip or bow about 1
m long for current collection.
Not suitable for railway work
requiring speed of 120kmph and
higher. Requires reversing
arrangement of the bow
⦿Pantograph Collector- Main function is to
maintain the link between overhead
contact wire and power circuit of the
locomotive at varying speeds in different
climate and wind conditions
This can be lowered or raised from cabin
by air cylinders.
Pantrograph
System of Track Electrification
12. 1. [1]Traction transformer
2. [2]Traction converter [3]Traction
control
3. Train Control and Monitoring System
4. Traction motor
5. [6]Diesel engine generator
[7]Auxiliary converter
[8]Battery charger
[9]Energy storage
Overview of Traction Engine
13. ⦿D.C Series Motors- Develops high torque at low speeds and low torque
at high speed, exact requirement of the traction units.
Torque is independent of the line voltage and thus unaffected by the
variations in the line voltage.
⦿Single phase A.C Series Motors- Starting torque is lower than dc series
motor due to poor power factor at starting
Maximum operating voltage is limited to 400 Volts.
⦿Three Phase Induction Motors- Provides constant speed operation,
developing low starting torque drawing high starting current and
complicated control networks makes it unsuitable for electric
traction work.
Automatic regeneration is the main advantage in electric traction
with this motor.
DC Traction
14. ⦿Now a days magnetic traction is being used in bullet trains
operated in Japan with max. speeds of 240-300km/h.
⦿They uses a 25,000 V AC overhead power supply , Bullet Trains have
average arrival time as within six seconds of the scheduled time
including all natural and human accidents and errors.
⦿The Automotrice à grande vitesse, AGV is one of the fastest train
services in world provided in France.
⦿The Chinese CHR3 started in 2004 is running at max. speed of 431km/h.
1
Leading Traction System
15. ⦿High power-to-weight ratio than forms of traction such as diesel or steam
that generate power requiring on board prime mover.
Faster acceleration
Higher practical limit of power
Higher limit of speed
Higher hauling capability
⦿No exhaust fumes or carbon emissions.
⦿Lower running cost of locomotives and multiple units.
⦿Less noise pollution (quieter operation).
⦿Lower power loss at higher altitudes.
⦿Lack of dependence on crude oil as fuel.
Advantages of Electric Traction Systems
16. Disadvantages
of Electric Traction Systems
⦿Significant capital cost of electrification.
⦿Increased maintenance cost of the lines.
⦿Overhead wires further limit the
clearance in tunnels.
⦿Upgrading brings significant cost.
⦿Railway Traction needs immune power,
with no cuts.