This document discusses thermal energy management of a blast furnace plant. It provides information on the components of a blast furnace, including the burden handling section, furnace, hot blast stoves, and slag granulation plant. It also describes the inputs, outputs, and processes involved in the blast furnace, including reduction of oxides and formation of slag. The main aim is to calculate the mass of coke required using a heat balance approach by identifying heat inputs and outputs and setting up equations with coke mass as the unknown parameter.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Design and Fabrication of Crucible Furnaces by using Black Smithy SetupDr. Amarjeet Singh
The main aim was, to design Pit Furnace from the
setup of black smithy. As the Smithy setup was not in use so it
is converted into Pit Furnace setup. The purpose of using Pit
Furnace is to melt nonferrous material. The Nonferrous
materials such as Aluminum, Aluminum alloy, Copper, Brass,
etc. The Aluminum has less melting point (680ᵒ C, 1218ᵒF) and
cheaper than other. The thermal efficiency of furnace is
13.72% which is obtained by melting 2 kg of Aluminum for 75
minutes. Normally thermal of pit furnace is between 4-19%.
The blower is used to supply the air into the furnace chamber
to burn the coal. For melting the Aluminum, Crucible should
sustain higher temperature so Graphite Crucible is used. This
Crucible has thinner wall and have more refractory
properties.
Particulate Sintering of Iron Ore and Empirical Analysis of Sintering Time Ba...IOSR Journals
Particulate sintering of iron ore has been carried out using the necessary ingredients. Empirical
analysis of the sintering time based on the coke breeze input concentration and ignition temperature were also
successfully obtained through first principle application of a derived model which functioned as a evaluative
tool. The derived model;
S = (√T)0.95 + 0.0012α
indicates that amongst ignition temperature and coke breeze input, sintering time is more significantly affected
by the coke breeze input concentration. This is based on the higher correlation it makes with sintering time
compared to applied ignition temperature, all other process parameters being constant. The validity of the
model was rooted in the core expression S – Kα ≈ (√T )N where both sides of the expression are correspondingly
approximately almost equal. Sintering time per unit rise in the operated ignition temperature as obtained from
experiment, derived model and regression model were evaluated as 0.0169, 0.0128 and 0.0159 mins. / 0C
respectively. Similarly, sintering time per unit coke breeze input concentration as obtained from experiment,
derived model and regression model were evaluated as 4.0, 3.0183 and 3.7537 mins./ % respectively indicating a
significant proximate agreement and validity of the model. The standard error (STEYX) incurred in predicting
sintering time for each value of the ignition temperature and coke breeze input concentration considered, as
obtained from the experiment, derived model and regression model are 1.6646, 0.7678 and 2.98 x10-5 % as well
as 2.2128, 1.0264 and 1.2379% respectively. The maximum deviation of mode-predicted results from the
corresponding experimental values was less than 11%.
Evaluation of heat losses from a 300 kg capacity cupola furnace IJCMESJOURNAL
The efficiency of any foundry largely depends on the efficiency of the melting process, This in turn depend on the maximum utilization of heat generated in the furnace by reducing heat losses. This paper discuss the various forms of heat losses in a cupola furnace,, reasons for the losses and ways to reduce it. Minimized heat loss will reduce losses in melting, reduce slag formation and increase the combustion efficiency of coke and overall productivity and improve the quality and Mechanical properties of cast iron using Cupola.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Design and Fabrication of Crucible Furnaces by using Black Smithy SetupDr. Amarjeet Singh
The main aim was, to design Pit Furnace from the
setup of black smithy. As the Smithy setup was not in use so it
is converted into Pit Furnace setup. The purpose of using Pit
Furnace is to melt nonferrous material. The Nonferrous
materials such as Aluminum, Aluminum alloy, Copper, Brass,
etc. The Aluminum has less melting point (680ᵒ C, 1218ᵒF) and
cheaper than other. The thermal efficiency of furnace is
13.72% which is obtained by melting 2 kg of Aluminum for 75
minutes. Normally thermal of pit furnace is between 4-19%.
The blower is used to supply the air into the furnace chamber
to burn the coal. For melting the Aluminum, Crucible should
sustain higher temperature so Graphite Crucible is used. This
Crucible has thinner wall and have more refractory
properties.
Particulate Sintering of Iron Ore and Empirical Analysis of Sintering Time Ba...IOSR Journals
Particulate sintering of iron ore has been carried out using the necessary ingredients. Empirical
analysis of the sintering time based on the coke breeze input concentration and ignition temperature were also
successfully obtained through first principle application of a derived model which functioned as a evaluative
tool. The derived model;
S = (√T)0.95 + 0.0012α
indicates that amongst ignition temperature and coke breeze input, sintering time is more significantly affected
by the coke breeze input concentration. This is based on the higher correlation it makes with sintering time
compared to applied ignition temperature, all other process parameters being constant. The validity of the
model was rooted in the core expression S – Kα ≈ (√T )N where both sides of the expression are correspondingly
approximately almost equal. Sintering time per unit rise in the operated ignition temperature as obtained from
experiment, derived model and regression model were evaluated as 0.0169, 0.0128 and 0.0159 mins. / 0C
respectively. Similarly, sintering time per unit coke breeze input concentration as obtained from experiment,
derived model and regression model were evaluated as 4.0, 3.0183 and 3.7537 mins./ % respectively indicating a
significant proximate agreement and validity of the model. The standard error (STEYX) incurred in predicting
sintering time for each value of the ignition temperature and coke breeze input concentration considered, as
obtained from the experiment, derived model and regression model are 1.6646, 0.7678 and 2.98 x10-5 % as well
as 2.2128, 1.0264 and 1.2379% respectively. The maximum deviation of mode-predicted results from the
corresponding experimental values was less than 11%.
Evaluation of heat losses from a 300 kg capacity cupola furnace IJCMESJOURNAL
The efficiency of any foundry largely depends on the efficiency of the melting process, This in turn depend on the maximum utilization of heat generated in the furnace by reducing heat losses. This paper discuss the various forms of heat losses in a cupola furnace,, reasons for the losses and ways to reduce it. Minimized heat loss will reduce losses in melting, reduce slag formation and increase the combustion efficiency of coke and overall productivity and improve the quality and Mechanical properties of cast iron using Cupola.
In this course the melting technologies and processes as well as the equipment for melting processes will be explained.
During the introduction the author will show the range of classical applications for melting of metals but also new applications of melting of non-metallic materials.
For melting of metals the two types of induction furnaces, the induction crucible furnace and channel furnace will be described in detail. Beside the furnace also the different components of an induction melting installation, such as power supply, control system etc. are described. Typical applications for melting of metals in induction crucible furnace and channel furnace are shown. One important difference between crucible and channel furnace, the energy efficiency will be compared for both types along case studies for different applications.
Finally some new applications of induction melting, such as melting of oxides and glass, will be shown.
Speaker for this webinar: Bernard Nacke
A cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, Ni resist iron and some bronzes
Cupola furnace is employed for melting scrap metal or pig iron for production of various cast irons.
Recent Developments in Blast Furnace TechnologyIJERA Editor
A huge production of steel throughout the world requires sufficiently large production of hot metal. Inspite of alternative methods of iron making 94.1 wt % iron is still being produced by blast furnace route only. Blast furnace technology has been developed step by step from primitive blast furnace to modern blast furnace from 14th century till date. During last five decades several important technological changes have taken place to make blast furnace technology eco-friendly, energy efficient and cost effective, increasing its productivity significantly .A characteristic feature of the development of blast furnace technology during last two decades is the increase in its overall productivity to an average of approx. 2.5 t/m3/day and reduce the coke consumption significantly. The objective of the paper is to discuss major technological developments in the blast furnace technology namely higher oxygen enrichment from about 21 to 30%, lower hot blast temperature from about 1200 to 800°C, pulverized coal injections within the tuyeres and raceway of the blast furnace upto 250 kg/THM, better burden distribution and the recent technology for the top charging devices and the technology improvement to create high top pressure like Gimble top device. Further possible improvements in blast furnace technology are lower temperature blast enriched with high oxygen, probability of eliminating hot blast stoves and significant use of top gas.
It's about coal characteristics and its inspections. Swelling index test is the basic test which is performed on fresh raw coal. Higher the swelling lower the coal qualities. because it possesses high volatile materials.
A presentation on furnaces, fuels, and fluxes in chemical metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy is also known as extractive metallurgy or process metallurgy and it's concerned with all processes involved in the extraction of valuable metals from their ores. It has three main branches namely: hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. The use of furnaces is important in the area of pyrometallurgy to provide the necessary heat required to ensure the extraction of metals from their ores. Fuels are used to provide the adequate energy needed.
In this course the melting technologies and processes as well as the equipment for melting processes will be explained.
During the introduction the author will show the range of classical applications for melting of metals but also new applications of melting of non-metallic materials.
For melting of metals the two types of induction furnaces, the induction crucible furnace and channel furnace will be described in detail. Beside the furnace also the different components of an induction melting installation, such as power supply, control system etc. are described. Typical applications for melting of metals in induction crucible furnace and channel furnace are shown. One important difference between crucible and channel furnace, the energy efficiency will be compared for both types along case studies for different applications.
Finally some new applications of induction melting, such as melting of oxides and glass, will be shown.
Speaker for this webinar: Bernard Nacke
A cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, Ni resist iron and some bronzes
Cupola furnace is employed for melting scrap metal or pig iron for production of various cast irons.
Recent Developments in Blast Furnace TechnologyIJERA Editor
A huge production of steel throughout the world requires sufficiently large production of hot metal. Inspite of alternative methods of iron making 94.1 wt % iron is still being produced by blast furnace route only. Blast furnace technology has been developed step by step from primitive blast furnace to modern blast furnace from 14th century till date. During last five decades several important technological changes have taken place to make blast furnace technology eco-friendly, energy efficient and cost effective, increasing its productivity significantly .A characteristic feature of the development of blast furnace technology during last two decades is the increase in its overall productivity to an average of approx. 2.5 t/m3/day and reduce the coke consumption significantly. The objective of the paper is to discuss major technological developments in the blast furnace technology namely higher oxygen enrichment from about 21 to 30%, lower hot blast temperature from about 1200 to 800°C, pulverized coal injections within the tuyeres and raceway of the blast furnace upto 250 kg/THM, better burden distribution and the recent technology for the top charging devices and the technology improvement to create high top pressure like Gimble top device. Further possible improvements in blast furnace technology are lower temperature blast enriched with high oxygen, probability of eliminating hot blast stoves and significant use of top gas.
It's about coal characteristics and its inspections. Swelling index test is the basic test which is performed on fresh raw coal. Higher the swelling lower the coal qualities. because it possesses high volatile materials.
A presentation on furnaces, fuels, and fluxes in chemical metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy is also known as extractive metallurgy or process metallurgy and it's concerned with all processes involved in the extraction of valuable metals from their ores. It has three main branches namely: hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. The use of furnaces is important in the area of pyrometallurgy to provide the necessary heat required to ensure the extraction of metals from their ores. Fuels are used to provide the adequate energy needed.
Steel in industries is manufactured in two ways, traditionally by using raw materials like iron ore, coal and limestone in blast furnace or by recycling the material using electric arc furnaces.
Analysis of Temperature loss of Hot Metal during Hot Rolling Process at Steel...IJMER
Hot metal is travelling a long distance (around 126 m) between roughing mill and a Steckel
finishing mill during hot rolling process in a steel plant which resulted in heat loss. Since, the
metallurgical qualities of finished product are closely related to the accurate control of temperature of
the material during the hot rolling process, the heat in the furnaces maintains the slab temperature at
high level at the cost of more fossil fuels. Temperature of the work piece influences spread appreciably.
Lower the temperature of raw material input, greater is the spread. Similarly, higher the temperature,
lesser is the spread. Lesser speed of rolling results in greater spread and vice-versa. Hence,
temperature is playing a vital role in hot rolling process.
Temperature loss of semi finished work pieces between the mill stand is inevitable until it
protected from the open atmosphere. If a low-emissivity material (radiation shield) is placed between
two surfaces, the radiation heat transfer can be considerably reduced. The shield increases the thermal
resistance to radiation heat flow. Because radiation is a major source of heat loss at the temperatures
involved (around 1060° C.) Thermal shields may be fixed over the path of the hot strip to reduce heat
loss and in particular such heat shields can be employed to reduce the head-to-tail temperature
variation along the length of a transfer bar. The result of this study is the development of an effective
procedure for computer calculation of processes of hot rolling to optimize its parameters
Similar to Thermal energy management of blast furnace plant (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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THERMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF BLAST FURNACE PLANT
D.Satyagovindamma1
, D.Azad2
1
M.Tech Student in Thermal Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Aditya Institute of technology and management,
Andhra pradesh, India
2
Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Aditya Institute of technology and management, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
The Blast Furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally iron, but also others
such as lead or copper. The product is a liquid pig iron which is suitable for subsequent refining to steel. The raw materials used
in the blast furnace are coke, iron ore, sinter, additives and air. Then final products of the blast furnace is molten pig iron, slag
and top gas. The main product of the blast furnace is molten pig iron and by products are slag and top gas. During the process of
formation of molten metal, CaO is chemically reacted with SiO2 and from the slag, this slag is send to slag granulation plant.
During the above process some gasses are liberated and these gasses are N2, CO, CO2, H2 and H2O these are all top gasses, it
contains high temperature nearly 200⁰C. The main aim of this project is to calculate the mass of coke required in the blast
furnace using heat balance. To perform the energy balance in the blast furnace one must identify the heat inputs and outputs
based on the processes and reactions taken place in the furnace. Then the parameters in the equations are known quantities
except the mass coke.
Keywords: Blast furnace, mass of coke, heat inputs, heat outputs, molten pig iron.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The blast furnace is a tall, vertical furnace which employs
carbon, mainly in the form of coke to reduce iron from its
oxide ores. The product is a liquid pig iron, which is suitable
for subsequent refining to steel. Heat balance calculations of
the blast furnace can be characterized by two factors.
Temperature is an important characteristic of the thermal
performance of furnace. Temperature inside the furnace
mainly depends on
[1] The quantity of fuel burning.
[2] The nature of heat absorption of a given furnace.
Another factor on which furnace operation depends is
coefficient of heat utilization. At higher values of coefficient
of heat utilization, the furnace operates better. The
coefficient of heat utilization can be increased by the
following two methods.
[1] Heating up the fuel and air before entering into
furnace.
[2] Lowering the temperature of waste gasses.
Presently in VISAKHAPATANAM STEEL PLANT the
quantity fed to the furnace is decided from past experience
and the quality of coal. This project deals with the
calculation of coke quantity charged to the furnace by heat
balance method.
2. DEPARTMENTS OF BLAST FURNACE
To calculate the quantity of coke to be fed to the furnace one
must have the knowledge about various sections in the blast
furnace department of steel plant and the working principals
of those sections.
2.1 Burden Handling Section
It is mainly concerned with material handling, like coke and
iron bearing materials which are the main raw material for
the blast furnace. In the burden handling section there are 17
bunkers to handle these coke and raw materials. Each
bunker having the same capacity 950m 3
.
2.2 Furnace
It is used to produce iron from its oxide ores. Useful volume
of furnace is 3200m3
and it is capable of producing 1.7
mega tones of hot metal per year.
2.3 Hot Blast Stoves
Hot blast stoves are four stoves for each furnace. Hot blast
stove apparatus for preheating air blown into a blast furnace,
an important step in raising the efficiency of iron
processing. The stove is a tall cylindrical steel shell with a
height of 52m and a diameter of 9m.
2.4 Slag Granulation Plant
It is used for producing slag granule by molten slag
produced by the furnace is fed to cast house slag granulation
plants. Two granulation plants are provided for each furnace
adjoining the cast houses on two opposite sides. Today, blast
furnace slag is a saleable product rather than a difficult and
costly waste material.
For the required calculations one should also know the raw
materials, products of the blast furnace and the consumption
of those materials. The raw materials are:
[1] Iron ore contains the iron.
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[2] The coke is almost pure carbon. This is for
reducing the iron oxide to iron metal.
[3] The limestone takes away impurities in the form of
slag.
For the calculation of coke quantity to require in blast
furnace we should also know about the furnace operations:
Coking coal is heated in the coke ovens to produce coke,
while iron ore fines, limestone, dolomite and coke are
heated in the sinter plant to produce sinter, which is the
major input for the blast furnaces. Afterwards, the coke,
sinter and sized iron ore are charged in the blast furnace,
with the coke acting as a main fuel and reducing agent for
the smelting of the iron. The process converts the iron ore
into liquid form, and it is then transported to the LD
converters to make steel.
3. ENERGY BALANCE IN BLAST FURNACE
3.1 Heat Inputs
3.1.1 Chemical Heat of Fuel Combustion
Un burnt carbon is gasified into both CO and CO2 gas. Then
the heat generated due to carbon gasification is the sum of
heats generated during the gasification of carbon to CO and
the gasification of carbon to CO2.
Heat generated due to gasification of carbon to CO =
(%C*M-CHF)*X/(X+Y)*CV1
Where CV1=Calorific value of CO gas
Heat generated due to gasification of carbon to CO2 =
(%C*M-CHF)*Y/(X+Y)*CV2
Where CV2=Calorific value of CO2 gas
Now the total heat generated due to gasification of carbon
= (%C*M-CHF)/(X+Y)*[X*CV1+Y*CV2]
3.1.2 Physical Heat of Preheated Air
Physical heat of preheated air is the heat due to hot blast.
Hot blast consists of air as well as steam.
hb = mb*Cpb*tb=ma*Cpa*ta + mst*Cpst*tst
3.1.3 Heat from Oxidation of H2 to H2O
During the process the hydrogen gas oxidizes and forms
H2O. Therefore the heat generated due to the oxidation of
hydrogen is given by
ho = q*mb
3.1.4 Heat Formation of Slag
During the process of formation of hot metal, CaO is
chemically reacted with SiO2 and gives the slag. During this
slag formation process some amount of released and is given
by:
hsl = msl*q1 = msl*%SiO2*q1
3.2 Heat Outputs
3.2.1 Heat Utilized for the Reduction of Oxides
There are four types of oxides in the burden materials.
Those are Fe2O3, FeO, SiO2 and MnO.
3Fe2O3 + CO → 2Fe3O4 + CO2 − 1777K.cal
FeO + CO → Fe + CO2 − 1151K.cal
SiO2 + 2CO → Si + 2CO2 – 7160K.cal
MnO + CO → Mn + CO2 – 1757K.cal
If the reduction of oxides requires QA, QB, QC, QD amounts of
heat then the total heat required for the reduction of oxides
is given by:
hX = m1*QA + m2*QB + m3*QC + m4*QD
3.2.2 Heat in Top Gas
around 200⁰C. top gas basically contains five elements i.e.
N2, CO, CO2, H2 and H2O. Now the heat carried away by
flue gasses is calculated according to the first law of
thermodynamics as
Heat carried away by Nitrogen = mN2*CpN2*t
Heat carried away by Carbon monoxide = mCO*CpCO*t
Heat carried away by Carbon dioxide = mco2*Cpco2*t
Heat carried away by Water vapours = mH2O*CpH2O*t
Heat carried away by Hydrogen = mH2*CpH2*t
Total heat carried away by top gas, ht = mN2*CpN2*t
+ mCO*CpCO*t + mCO2*CoCO2*t + mH2O*CpH2O*t +
mH2*CpH2*t
3.2.3 Sensible Heat in Hot Metal
Molten metal from the blast furnace in the form of liquid is
flows into the ladles. This molten metal, which at high
temperature, carries some quantity of heat. This heat is
called as sensible heat of hot metal.
Sensible heat in hot metal
hm = mm*{230+(tm-1100)*0.15}
3.2.4 Sensible Heat in Slag
During the process of iron making slag is formed on the top
of the molten metal. This slag carries some heat. That is
given by:
hs = ms*{450+(ts-1400)*0.30}
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3.2.5 Heat Absorbed to Decompose the Steam
The steam which is mixed with hot air to humidify the air is
decompose during the process of iron making. This an
endothermic process and it requires some amount of heat.
hst= mst*q
3.2.6 Heat Lost to Cooling Water
Bottom part of blast furnace is water cooled to maintain the
temperature of molten metal at the require value.
hw= mcw*Cp*(tout-tin)
3.2.7 Heat Absorbed to Evaporate the Moisture in
Coke
Coke and iron bearing a material contains some water as
moisture before supply them to the blast furnace. This
moisture is evaporated in the blast furnace and it consumes
some amount of heat and is given by:
he = mw*qw
3.2.8 Unaccounted Losses:
Heat is radiated from the doors of the furnace. Similarly
some amount of heat is accumulated in the lining of the
furnace. The total heat consumed and is given by:
hu=(0.04 to 0.05)*(hx + ht + hm + hs + hst + hw + he)
Total heat inputs are
hin = hf + hb + ho +hsl
Total heat outputs are
hout = (hx +ht +hm +hs +hst +hw +he)+(0.04 to 0.05)*(hx +ht
+hm +hs +hst +hw +he)
= (1.04 to 1.05)*(hx +ht +hm +hs +hst +hw +he)
4. PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio>h>
Void main()
{
floatCp,Cpa,Cpst,CpN2,CpCO,CpCO2,CpH2,CpH20; //declaration
of variables related to specific heats
floatTa,Tm,Tsl,Tst,T,Tco,Tci; //declaration of variables related to
temperature
floatq,ql,qsl,qa,qb,qc,qd,qw,q5,ho,hsl,hx,ht,hm,hs,hst,hw,hu
,hb,hnet,he; //declaration of variables related to heat
floatm,ma,msl,mh,ml,m2,m3,m4,mf,mN2,mCO,mCO2,mH
2,mH2O,mm,mcw,mst,mo; //declaration of variables related
to mass
float Cv1,Cv2,c,x,Chf ,a,b,r1,r2,c1,c2,pSio2; // /*declaration
of variables*/
clrscr();
printf(“enter the percentage of carbon in coken”);
scanf(“%f”,&C);
printf(“enter the quantity of CO produced due to
gasificationn”);
scanf(“%f”,&x);
printf(“enter the calorific value of CO and CO2n”);
scanf(“%f%f”,&Cv1,&Cv2);
printf(“enter the mass of fuel dustn”);
scanf(“%f”,&mf);
printf(“enter the percentage of C in flue dust and hot
metaln”);
scanf(“%f%f”,c1,&c2”);
/*Chf-mass of carbon in hot metal and flue dust*/
Chf=(1000*c2+mf*c1)/100;
Printf(“enter the mass and the temperature of airn”);
scanf(“%f%f,&ma,&Ta);
/*Cpa-specific heat of air*/
Cpa=(0.25f+0.173f*pow(10,-4)*Ta);
printf(“enter the mass of slagn”);
scanf(“%f”,&ms1);
q1=0.42; /*q1-heat of caOsio2/kg of Sio2*/
printf(“enter mass of Hydrogen utilizedn”);
scanf(“%f”,&mh);
printf(“enter the mass of Fe2o3,Feo,Sio2 and Mnon”);
scanf(“%f%f%f%f”,&m1,&m2,&m3,&m4);
qa=1.777f;/*qa-heatconsumed during reduction ofFe2o3 to
Fen*/
qb=1.151;/*qb-heat consumed during reduction of Feo to
Fe*/
qc=7.160f;/*qc-heat consumed during reduction of sio2 to
si*/
qd=1.175f;/*qd-heat consumed during reduction of Mno to
Mn*/
printf(“enter mass of Nitrogen, Carbonmonoxide,
Carbondioxide, Hydrogen and Watervapourn”);
scanf(“%f%f%f%f%f”,&mN2,&mCO,&mCO2,&mH2,&m
H2o);
printf(“enter the mass and temperature of molten metaln”);
scanf(“%f%f”,&mm,&Tm);
printf(“enter the temperature of slag and steamn”);
scanf(“%f%f”,&Tsl,&Tst);
printf(“enter the mass of steam which is mixed in the hot
blastn”);
scanf(“%f”,&mst);
/*Cpst-specific heat of steam*/
Cpst=(0.436f+0.62f*pow(10,-4)*Tst);
printf(“enter the percentage of H2O in coke and iron
oren”);
scanf(“%f%f”,&a,&b);
/*qw-heat required for evaporation of H2O in iron ore*/
qw=0.586f;
printf(“enter the mass of iron ore and mass of the cooling
watern”);
scanf(“%f%f”,&mo,&mcw);
Cp=0.998;//Cp-specific heat of water=0.998f
printf(“enter the temperature of cooling water at outlet and
inletn”);
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scanf(“%f%f”,&Tco,&Tci);
printf(“enter the temperature of top gasn”);
scanf(“%f”,&T);
/*CpN2-specific heat of Nitrogen*/
CpN2=(0.241f+0.18f*pow(10,-4)*T);
/*CpCO-specific heat of Carbonmonoxide*/
CpCO=(0.242f+0.18f*pow(10,-4)*T);
/*CpCO2-specific heat of Carbondioxide*/
CpCO2=(0.205f+0.18f*pow(10,-4)*T);
/*CpH2-specific heat of Hydrogen*/
CpH2=(3.35f+0.22f*pow(10,-4)*T);
/*CpH2O-specific heat of Water vapour*/
CpH2O=(0.463f+0.62f*pow(10,-4)*T);
q5=3.21f;//q5-heat of formation of water vapour
q=28.676f;//q-heat required for oxidation of 1Kg of H2
hb=(ma*Cpa*Ta+mst*Cpst*Tst)/1000;
ho=q*mh;
printf(“enter the percentage of SiO2n”);
scanf(“%f”,&pSiO2);
hsl=msl*pSiO2*q1/100;
hx=ml*qa+m2*qb+m3*qc+m4*qd;
ht=(mN2*CpN2 + mCO*CpCO + mCO2*CpCO2 +
mH2*CpH2 + mH2O*CpH2O )*T/1000;
hm=(mm*(230+(Tm-1100)*0.15))/1000;
hs=(msl*(450+(Tsl=1400)*0.3))/1000;
hst=(mst*q5);
hw=(mcw*Cp*(Tco-Tci))/1000;
hnet=1.04*(hx+ht+hm+hs+hst+hw)-(hb+ho+hsl);
r1=(x*Cv1/(x+1)+(Cv2/(x+1)));
r2=1.04*qw;
m=(100*hnet+(b*mo*r2)+(100*Chf*r1))/((C*r1)-(a*r2));
clrscr();
printf(“the resultant mass of the coke is: %fn”,m);
getch();
}
5. CONCLUSION
The main aim of this project is to calculate the mass of the
coke in a blast furnace by using heat balance sheet. Heat
balance sheet is mainly used to balance the heat inputs
which are equal to heat outputs. Generally excess feed of
coke results more energy losses and feed deficiency leads to
smelting problems. By using the above calculations we can
know the exact amount of coke which has to fed into blast
furnace for iron making with no losses. A C-program has
been developed to calculate the mass of the coke by using
33 known and one unknown parameter.
So this project concludes the exact amount of coke which
has to be fed in to blast furnace and C-program helps in
calculating the mass of the coke.
REFERENCES
[1] Gerard Danloyv, Jan van der stel, Peter
Schmole.,”Heat and mass balance in the ULCOS
Blast Furnace”, proceedings of the 4th
Ulcos seminar,
1-2 October 2008.
[2] Manmohan Soni, Sankalp Verma,”Thermal Analysis
of Blast Furnace Cooling Stave Using CFD”,
International Journal of Inventive Engineering and
Sciences (IJIES) ISSN: 2319-9598, Volume-2, Issue-
5, April2014.
[3] Gourav Kumar Thakur, Kawal Lal Kurrey, Abhishek
Bhushan, Sandeep Kashyap.,”Analysis of Fuel
Injection System in Blast Furnace with the Help of
CFD Software Approach”, International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3,
Issue 3, March 2013,1 ISSN 2250-3153.