The document discusses plans for the proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP) in Maharashtra, India. It would consist of 6 European Pressurized Reactors totaling 9,900 megawatts. The project requires an Environmental Impact Assessment due to its large scale. It will positively impact energy generation but may negatively affect the local communities and environment through displacement of residents, changes to agriculture and fishing, and thermal pollution of coastal waters from reactor cooling. Strict safety and environmental standards will need to be applied to prevent harm.

1. EIA REPORT ON
Nuclear Power
Plant - JNPP

2. EIA
(Environmental Impact Assessment)
– Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a
process of evaluating the likely environmental
impacts of a proposed project or development,
taking into account inter-related socio-economic,
cultural and human-health impacts, both
beneficial and adverse

3. Stages Of an EIA

4. Nuclear Power Plant
 A facility that converts atomic energy
into usable power.
 Heat produced by a reactor is
generally used to drive a turbine
which in turn drives an electric
generator.
 Concept of Nuclear Fission Reaction

5. Nuclear Power Plant working diagram

6. Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project
(JNPP)
The power project is proposed by Nuclear
Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) in Dec
2010.
It will be built under Indo-France Civil
Nuclear.
Proposed to built at Madban village
of Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra (west
coast of India).
6 EPR type Nuclear reactor of 1650Mw
capacity each.

7. Need for the EIA
This is a mega project.
It’s effect can be wide ranged on
environment and population near it.
Effect can be permanent and unavoidable.
If any misconduct happen long time effects
can be seen in near by region and effects
can extend to large area.

8. Baseline Details
 Proposed Project Location: Madban,
Rajapur Tehsil, Dist.-Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, India. (16°35'43.0"N
73°20'28.0"E) - 600 km south of Mumbai.
 Project area: 968 hectares (3.74 sq mi;
9.68 km2) of land.

9. Project Overview:
Power Generation:
1. First stage: 1650MWx 2 = 3,300MW
2. Completion: 1650MWx 6 = 9900MW
Reactor:
1. 6 European Pressurized Reactors (EPRs) of 1650 Mweach
2. Total 4 EPRs in world under construction: 2 in China, 1 in Finland (Olkiluoto), 1 in
France(Flamanville); none operational, none proven
Expected date to be commissioned: 2018 (delayed)
Investment: ₹1000 Billion
Fuel supply and type: - 25 years by France(Areva), less than the operating life of the plant, 35
years
- Fuel will be 5% enriched uranium oxide or uranium-plutonium Oxide

10. Project Overview cont.
Exclusion zone: 1.6 km radius from the centre of reactor
Expected electricity generation (9,900 MW): 69.4 billion units per annum @ 80% PLF and best
assumptions and the cost of electricity will be below ₹4 per Kilowatt hour.
Nuclear waste: 1. The waste will be buried in cement-concrete based blocks
2. Waste will be under surveillance for 30 years
Cooling Water: The plant will suck in 5,200 Cr lit. of water every day from the sea &
throw it back into sea at a higher (+50C) temperature
Affected land owners : 2355
Joint Venture: 1. Areva (France) and Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) for EPRs
2. Department of Atomic Energy will sign a separate agreement for supply of nuclear fuel.

11. Technology and Process Description
 The type of the NPPs is being adopted for
JNPP belongs to third generation PWR
category EPR units.
 The design of EPR NPP units is equipped with
a four-loop, pressurized water, Reactor
Coolant System (RCS) (composed of a reactor
vessel that contains the fuel assemblies, a
Pressurizer (PZR) including control systems to
maintain system pressure, one Reactor
Coolant Pump (RCP) per loop, one Steam
Generator (SG) per loop, associated piping,
and related control and protection systems.

12. These safety enhancement features are as following:
Double Containment with the interspaces kept at
negative pressure to reduce releases significantly,
Larger number of control rods giving higher sub
criticality margins,
Second quick acting shutdown system, quick boron
injection system enhancing safety,
Hydrogen recombiners,
Modern state-of-the-art instrumentation and controls,
and
Improved design of equipment.
Special Features Incorporated in
the JNPP

13. The benefits of project are-
i) The project will augment electricity generation in the
country, in a benign and environment-friendly way, which is
the need of the hour.
ii) Development of areas around project site.
iii) Direct and indirect employment opportunities.
iv) Contribution of National Power Corporation of India
Limited (NPCIL) in social and community development of
surrounding areas, especially nearby villages, in the field of
education, health and infrastructure facilities.

14. Site Selection
The Site Selection Committee recommended setting up a nuclear power plant
at Jaitapur, based on the suitability of meeting criteria like which include –
• availability of land vs. population density,
• available source of cooling water ,
• seismicity,
• safe-grade elevation at site (flood analysis etc),
• environment aspects and
• proper access for transportation of heavy/over-dimensional equipment to plant
site.
• The Jaitapur site is not considered earthquake-prone. As per seismic zoning map
of Government of India, Jaitapur site falls within zone III.
• As per the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) codal requirement, there
should not be any active fault within 5 km radius from the proposed site of an
NPP. Further, based on the studies carried out by various government institutes,
there is no active fault found up to 30 km radius from JNPP site. Even though all
the structures, buildings and equipments of JNPP would be designed to qualify
the “ground motion acceleration”

15. Near by areas current status and future impact:
This large area project over 968 hectares of land and
will wipe out five villages—Madban, Niveli, Karel,
Mithgavane and Varliwada—which together have a
population of 4,000. Madban and Varliwada have
been identified for the site of the project proper, while
Karel, Niveli and Mithgavane would become the
township for the project staff.
NPCIL has labelled 65 percent of the land as
“barren”. The local population finds this outrageous
because the land is highly fertile and produces rice,
other cereals, the world’s most famous mango (the
Alphonso), cashew, coconut, kokum, betel nut,
pineapple and other fruits in abundance.

16.  Ratnagiri has 15,233 hectares under mango
cultivation, with an estimated annual
business turnover of Rs. 2,200 crores. The
mango crop is extremely sensitive to the
minutest changes in temperature and soil
chemistry.
 The Jaitapur-Madban area has a sizeable fishing
economy. The fishing population will also be
affected, since the plant will daily release a huge
52,000 million litres of hot water into the Arabian
Sea. Besides the rise in seawater temperature,
tighter security in the coastal region would also
severely restrict fishing.
 Not many consumers in the developed countries
would relish eating fish or mangoes grown in the
neighbourhood of nuclear reactors.

17. Mitigation Aspects & Environmental Standards of NPP
at Jaitapur
 Safety Objectives: Discharge of any radioactive substances from the
NPP must be below the established limits and as low level as is reasonably
attainable. These are governed by AERB requirements.
 Concept of Defence in depth:
Level 1: Conditions of siting the NPP and prevention of
anticipated operational occurrences
 Assessing and selecting a site suitable for placing the NPP
 Establishing a sanitary protection zone (exclusion zone) and a
observation zone around the NPP in which the protective measures are
planned
 Selecting the personnel for the NPP and maintaining their
required qualification level to ensure that they are properly
acting under normal and abnormal operating conditions
including pre- emergency situations, accidents and creation of
safety culture.

18.  Operating the NPP in accordance with the requirements of the relevant
normative documents, process stipulations and operating manuals
 Maintaining, the proper condition, the systems (components) essential
for safety by timely detecting flaws, taking preventive measures,
replacing the equipment that have worked out its operating resource
and establishing an efficient system for documenting the results of work
and checks
Level 2: Preventing design-basis accidents by the systems of normal
operation
 Revealing deviations from normal operation and removing them
 Control under conditions of AOO
Level 3: Preventing beyond the design basis accidents by safety system
 Preventing initiating events from developing into design basis
accidents and employing the safety systems
 Mitigating the consequences of the accidents whose prevention was
not met with success by localizing the releasing radioactive
substances

19.  Level 4: Control of beyond the design basis accidents
 Preventing beyond the design basis accidents from their developing
and mitigating their consequences
 Protecting the hermetic enclosure from destruction under beyond the
design basis accidents and maintaining its service operability
 Returning the NPP into a controllable condition, in which the chain
fission reaction is stopped, the nuclear fuel is continuously cooled and
the radioactive substances are kept in the preset boundaries
Level 5: Emergency planning
 It consists of preparing and implementing when necessary, plans of
emergency measures at the NPP site and beyond its boundaries,
 Emergency planning is a part of the concept of defense in depth.
Emergency measures to be adopted at JNPP site is a mandatory
requirement as per Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.
 This emergency plan and the implementation methodology have to be
demonstrated before making the reactor critical with the close
coordination between NPCIL, Environmental Survey Laboratory and
the State Authorities. The conduct of mock exercise is a mandatory
requirement prior to making the reactor critical.
 The emergency preparedness plan is prepared by JNPP and it will be
approved by the State Authorities.

20. Identification of the Environmental
Parameters:
Flora and Fauna:
The major habitats of wildlife present in the study area are grassland,
forest, mangroves, coastal scrubland, rocky seashore and sandy beach.
Air environment:
From the proposed project, the radio- active emissions through air route
will be ensured such that the radiation dose to the members of public
through air route will not be more than 0.08 milli Sievert per year from
each unit of JNPP. However, after AERB’ multi level review only, this dose
apportionment for air route will be adopted. It is also mentioned that
permissible AERB dose limit form all the routes and all the units at the
site is 1 mSv / year during normal operation of all the NPP units at the
site. Therefore, the impact on air environment due to radioactive
discharges through air route will be insignificant.

21. Water environment:
From the proposed project, the radio- active liquid discharges will be ensured
such that the radiation released through water route will not be more than
0.02 milli Sievert per year from each unit of JNPP. The liquid discharges
through water route will be constantly monitored and reviewed such that the
actual releases are much less than the specified limits. Therefore, the impact
on water is insignificant.
Land environment:
The solid radioactive waste depending upon the activity levels are buried
in secured earth trenches, in steel containers which are immobilized in
secured concrete vault. The solid waste disposal site is fenced, secured and
designed to store waste for sufficiently long time of the order of 100 years. To
ensure that the activity from the solid waste does not leach out to ground
water, the activity levels in the ground water are periodically monitored by
ESL and records maintained as per the requirements of AERB. Therefore,
solid radioactive waste disposal with effective disposal mechanism will not
have any adverse impact on the land and water components of the
environment.

22. Noise environment :
As regards the impacts of vibrations generated due to proposed power plant,
there will be negligible impact on nearby human settlements and the effects
would be relatively local in nature. As new equipment and machinery to be
installed will be based on modern technologies, these will produce minimum
noise and vibrations.
Biodiversity environment:
There is no discharge of conventional pollutants in the aquatic
environment; so marine fauna and flora would not be affected.
The thermal discharges of condenser cooling water would not exceed the
stipulated standards and thus would not create stress on aquatic flora and
fauna.
There is no sensitive ecosystem like National Park, Sanctuary or Biosphere
Reserve within or near to the study area. Thus, biodiversity would not be
affected, on the contrary, would be enriched, due to plantation drive of
JNPP.

23. Environment Monitoring Programme:
 During plant operation, the releases will be continuously monitored and
recorded, which ensures that all regulatory stipulations for maintaining
liquid and gaseous releases will be complied with, in totality.
 In addition, an Environmental Survey Laboratory (ESL) will be set-up well
before commencement of the operation of the plant to collect baseline data
over an area of 30 km around the site. This laboratory will continue to
monitor radioactivity in samples of water, vegetation and food products in
the entire area within a radius of 30 km around the site, throughout the
life of the NPPs to check for any variations and to check that the
environment is safe. The Environmental Survey Laboratory will be set-up
and managed by Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
(BARC). Its findings will be reported to Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
(AERB) and other authorities.

24. Protests
 Many protests have been carried out by local people against the proposed
nuclear power plant. On 29 December 2009, 12 January 2010, and 22
January 2010.
 When the government authorities visited Madban for distribution of cheques
in lieu of compulsory land acquisition, the villagers refused to accept the
cheques.
 Government officials were shown black flags, denied any co-operation in
carrying out their activities. 72 people were arrested on 22 January 2010
when people protested against the compulsory land acquisition.
 On December 4, 2010, protests became violent when over 1500 people were
detained from among thousands of protesters, who included
environmentalists and local villagers.
 Members and leaders of the Konkan Bachao Samiti (KBS) and the Janahit
Seva Samiti were also detained.
 On April 18, 2011, one man was shot and killed by police and eight were
injured after protests turned violent.

25. News articles
 France in talks with India on nuclear law implications,
Oct 29, 2013
 French firm's fresh proposal to NPCIL for Jaitapur
plant, 26 July, 2017
 Committed to Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project, India tells
France, January 10, 2013
 Pune man files PIL against nuke project, January 21,
2012
 Unproven tech keeps Jaitapur project grounded, Mar 14,
2018
 Jaitapur nuclear project: Land acquisition process
completed, says Maharashtra energy minister, Nov 23,
2018

26. Discusion
 Most decision makers and investors talk about sustainability and
corporate social responsibility, yet the entire nuclear cycle blatantly
contradicts this. Radioactive contamination routinely occurs
throughout the fuel chain, from uranium mining to processing,
reactor operation to the management of nuclear waste.
 Severe accident of a typical pressurized water nuclear reactor, due
to technical or human failure, could affect many millions of people,
causing tens of thousands of victims and forcing the evacuation of
areas as large as Belgium.
 The nuclear industry has spent the past decade trying to convince
the public and decision makers that, despite its downsides, nuclear
power is needed to tackle the climate crisis. The industry promised
to have learned from past disasters, and that it would offer a clean,
safe, cheap and reliable source of energy. None of these claims is
true.

27.  The 2010 International Energy Agency (IEA) energy scenario
clearly shows that, even if the world were to build 1,300 new
reactors and quadruple nuclear power generation by 2050,
greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced by less than 4%.
Given the long planning and construction schedules required,
this would come far too late to meet the imperative to
significantly decline greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and
thus prevent climate chaos.
 In addition, implementing the IEA scenario would require $10
trillion US dollars for reactor construction, massively increase
the amount of nuclear waste that we and future generations
will have to deal with, and create enormous proliferation
hazards. A single reactor typically produces several hundred
kilograms of plutonium every year – an amount sufficient for
dozens of nuclear of nuclear weapons.