This is the PowerPoint presentation from my Occupational and Environmental Health group project. We chose PCE (perchloroethylene) as our topic because of the threat that PCE poses in both occupational and environmental settings.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
iAir is a wearable necklace air quality detector. It is able to detect temperature and many contaminating gases of low concentrations including CO, alcohol, volatiles of cosmetics, acetone etc. Then visualize the information by changing LED color and on mobile phone through Bluetooth. iAir is a combination of fashion & design, physical computing, circuit design, and mobile & server development.
iAir is the project after half-semester research of indoor air pollution. With the idea of quantifying self and monitoring health, it is targeted to provide the easiest way to detect air quality surround you.
Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012...Helalley Helalley
Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should not be present
Air pollution Control Methods and Equipments by AmitabhAmitabh Gupta
This ppt shows Control methods of Air Pollution at Source level, reduction of air pollution at the individual level and innovation to control air pollution worldwide.
This is the PowerPoint presentation from my Occupational and Environmental Health group project. We chose PCE (perchloroethylene) as our topic because of the threat that PCE poses in both occupational and environmental settings.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
iAir is a wearable necklace air quality detector. It is able to detect temperature and many contaminating gases of low concentrations including CO, alcohol, volatiles of cosmetics, acetone etc. Then visualize the information by changing LED color and on mobile phone through Bluetooth. iAir is a combination of fashion & design, physical computing, circuit design, and mobile & server development.
iAir is the project after half-semester research of indoor air pollution. With the idea of quantifying self and monitoring health, it is targeted to provide the easiest way to detect air quality surround you.
Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012...Helalley Helalley
Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should not be present
Air pollution Control Methods and Equipments by AmitabhAmitabh Gupta
This ppt shows Control methods of Air Pollution at Source level, reduction of air pollution at the individual level and innovation to control air pollution worldwide.
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
Most of the pollutants, related to petroleum production, processing and use, have an intrinsic toxic potential which permits them to be included in the Hazardous Pollutants category. Their photochemical reaction products are more dangerous than the original pollutants and may affect biological systems at extremely low concentrations. The review of the previous NAAQS and inclusion of new parameters was undertaken by the CPCB in association with the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. The Proposal for revision in NAAQS was deliberated upon extensively and has been notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on 16.11.2009 by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The ministry has recently revised its National Ambient Air Quality Standards and has introduced more comprehensive monitoring strategies. It is also developing protocols for various parameters of ambient air as well as indoor air. It is also working on initiating comprehensive national ambient noise quality monitoring in urban areas.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Evaluation of the indoor air quality of beato angelico building of the univer...University of Santo Tomas
This research work on the Evaluation of the Indoor Air Quality of Beato Angelico Building of the University of Santo Tomas, Manila was made possible through a grant provided by the university.
This presentation offers a historical perspective regarding the many applications of trichloroethylene (TCE), including its use in metal cleaning, and the regulatory developments that have impacted its use, such as Rule 66 in Southern California. This topic is of particular interest today, since the issue of TCE in groundwater continues to be a driving force in many environmental litigation matters.
Vapor Migration Is Identified as a Recognized Environmental Condition: Now Wh...EDR
EDR Insight Webinar
June 24, 2014
Vapor migration is part of the new Phase I environmental site assessment protocol from ASTM, E 1527-13. In December, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency blessed the new standard as compliant with the federal All Appropriate Inquiries rule, emphasizing the importance of assessing vapor migration risk as a standard part of Phase I ESAs. US EPA went even further in the December preamble and stated that vapor migration has always been a part of conducting AAI. In light of US EPA’s statements and the emphasis that assessing vapor migration is current standard practice for AAI-compliant Phase I ESAs, how is vapor being addressed in the field? If a Phase I ESA report identifies vapor migration as a Recognized Environmental Condition, or REC, what next? In today’s market of intensely short turnaround times for property transactions, is a vapor migration issue a deal killer? What are the current tools and options to investigate a vapor migration REC under transactional time constraints? When should a buyer walk away from a site potentially impacted by vapor migration? When to mitigate? How are environmental due diligence firms establishing consistent processes for recommending “next steps” for clients when vapor migration issues arise?
This timely webinar will bring together an attorney and two leading technical experts to address head-on the various avenues that firms are taking to assist end users of Phase I ESA reports on how to address vapor migration risk during the deal making process.
Speakers:
-David Gillay, Partner and Chair of Brownfields & Environmental Transactional Diligence Practice Areas, Barnes & Thornburg LLP
-John B. Sallman, P.G., Senior Principal, Assistant Director of Environmental Services, Terracon Consultants, Inc.
-Blayne Hartman, Ph.D., Hartman Environmental Geoscience, Vapor Intrusion, Soil Gas & Analytical Support
Welcome to the 2014 BFI Statistical Yearbook. Compiled by the Research and Statistics Unit, this Yearbook presents the most comprehensive picture of film in the UK and the performance of British films abroad during 2013. This publication is one of the ways the BFI delivers on its commitment to evidence-based policy for film. We hope you enjoy this Yearbook and find it useful.
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
Most of the pollutants, related to petroleum production, processing and use, have an intrinsic toxic potential which permits them to be included in the Hazardous Pollutants category. Their photochemical reaction products are more dangerous than the original pollutants and may affect biological systems at extremely low concentrations. The review of the previous NAAQS and inclusion of new parameters was undertaken by the CPCB in association with the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. The Proposal for revision in NAAQS was deliberated upon extensively and has been notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on 16.11.2009 by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The ministry has recently revised its National Ambient Air Quality Standards and has introduced more comprehensive monitoring strategies. It is also developing protocols for various parameters of ambient air as well as indoor air. It is also working on initiating comprehensive national ambient noise quality monitoring in urban areas.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Evaluation of the indoor air quality of beato angelico building of the univer...University of Santo Tomas
This research work on the Evaluation of the Indoor Air Quality of Beato Angelico Building of the University of Santo Tomas, Manila was made possible through a grant provided by the university.
This presentation offers a historical perspective regarding the many applications of trichloroethylene (TCE), including its use in metal cleaning, and the regulatory developments that have impacted its use, such as Rule 66 in Southern California. This topic is of particular interest today, since the issue of TCE in groundwater continues to be a driving force in many environmental litigation matters.
Vapor Migration Is Identified as a Recognized Environmental Condition: Now Wh...EDR
EDR Insight Webinar
June 24, 2014
Vapor migration is part of the new Phase I environmental site assessment protocol from ASTM, E 1527-13. In December, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency blessed the new standard as compliant with the federal All Appropriate Inquiries rule, emphasizing the importance of assessing vapor migration risk as a standard part of Phase I ESAs. US EPA went even further in the December preamble and stated that vapor migration has always been a part of conducting AAI. In light of US EPA’s statements and the emphasis that assessing vapor migration is current standard practice for AAI-compliant Phase I ESAs, how is vapor being addressed in the field? If a Phase I ESA report identifies vapor migration as a Recognized Environmental Condition, or REC, what next? In today’s market of intensely short turnaround times for property transactions, is a vapor migration issue a deal killer? What are the current tools and options to investigate a vapor migration REC under transactional time constraints? When should a buyer walk away from a site potentially impacted by vapor migration? When to mitigate? How are environmental due diligence firms establishing consistent processes for recommending “next steps” for clients when vapor migration issues arise?
This timely webinar will bring together an attorney and two leading technical experts to address head-on the various avenues that firms are taking to assist end users of Phase I ESA reports on how to address vapor migration risk during the deal making process.
Speakers:
-David Gillay, Partner and Chair of Brownfields & Environmental Transactional Diligence Practice Areas, Barnes & Thornburg LLP
-John B. Sallman, P.G., Senior Principal, Assistant Director of Environmental Services, Terracon Consultants, Inc.
-Blayne Hartman, Ph.D., Hartman Environmental Geoscience, Vapor Intrusion, Soil Gas & Analytical Support
Welcome to the 2014 BFI Statistical Yearbook. Compiled by the Research and Statistics Unit, this Yearbook presents the most comprehensive picture of film in the UK and the performance of British films abroad during 2013. This publication is one of the ways the BFI delivers on its commitment to evidence-based policy for film. We hope you enjoy this Yearbook and find it useful.
hazardous waste mangement in pulp and paper industryarvind kumar
While there is little doubt that humankind’s increasing of natural law has brought us
increased life expectancy and higher quality of life for more people than ever known
before. This has brought the risk of global calamity and impairment of human health.
Hazardous waste management has become an international problem. The
environmental and Human Health consequences of the residuals and wastes: not
understood and recognized. Developments in science, epidemiology, toxicology and
analytical chemistry enabled to recognize. Dioxins and Furan are the major toxic or
hazardous material produced from pulp and paper mill effluent.
In this PPT you will learn about Principles of Green Chemistry ,Disaster caused due to Green Chemistry and many important this that you ever have noticed
And very Helpful for SCHOOL PROJECTS
PERC is a term that has been floating around for a couple of years and has become a buzzword of sorts. But what is it? Is it bad for the environment? Is it safe for the environment? PERC is used in many industries, including the dry cleaning industry. The blog will answer all these questions and more!
Cleaning Products & Air Fresheners - Toxic Air Contaminants v2zq
Cleaning Products & Air Fresheners - Toxic Air Contaminants - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
What is TOC & why it's measurement in production process usable water is important in the pharmaceutical industrial environment in respect to product quality
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. PCE: PERC, Perchloroethylene
“A volatile organic
compound (VOC)”
In 1985, worldwide production was
about 1 million metric tons
(Rossberg 2006)
Widely used for dry
cleaning and as a metal
degreaser, in typewriter
correction fluid, and shoe
polish.
Small amounts are also
retained by recently dry
cleaned clothing
4. Where Else Can it be
Found?
•It is used as a
“building block” for
creating other
chemicals.
•Some consumer
products may
contain perc as well.
5. But, What is It?
•A synthetic chemical that at
room temperature is a
nonflammable liquid.
•An organic solvent that easily
dissolves organic material like oil
and grease.
•It easily evaporates (volatile)
and has a sharp and sweet
odor, detectable in the air at a
level of 1 ppm.
7. How does a worker get
exposed?
• Most likely exposure from the air we breathe
• Levels are usually several thousand times lower than what is found in dry
cleaning facilities, industrial operations, and waste sites.
• Exposure can also occur from contaminated groundwater, soil, food, and certain
consumer products
• Water repellants, spot removers, adhesives, and wood cleaners.
• Perc may stay in the air for several months and eventually settle into the soil and
water because of precipitation
• For an average individual not living near businesses or waste sites that use or
contain PCE, exposure is well below the maximum exposure limits provided by the
EPA for workers.
• Individuals that work with PCE are at a greater risk for adverse health effects.
• According to NIOSH more than 650,000 U.S. workers may be exposed.
8. Occupational Exposure:
Dry Cleaning
• We already know PCE can contaminate the air through evaporation from liquid solvent,
contaminated water, or contaminated soil
• Dry cleaners are a significant site of occupational exposure via inhalation:
• Risks from excessive inhalation as well
as spilling PCE solvent on exposed skin
• Loading dirty clothes into the machine
(displacement of pre-contaminated air)
• Removing clothes before the drying
cycle is finished
• Transferring solvent-laden clothes
into the dryer
• Cleaning and maintaining machines
• Possible: Pressing freshly dry-cleaned
clothes
9. Safe Exposure Limits
Organization 8-hour time weighted
average
Other limits
OSHA (mandatory) PEL: 100 PPM Ceiling: 200 ppm for 5 min
in a 3 hour period
ACGIH (voluntary) TLV: 25 ppm STEL: 100 ppm
NIOSH Minimize workplace
exposure concentrations
85% of the more than 35,000 dry
cleaners in the United States use
PCE as a solvent in the dry cleaning
process.
10. Health Risks with Exposure
Perchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
PCE
“Perc”
Cl2C=CCl2
12. Harm From Exposure: Cancer
EPA 2013: “likely to be carcinogenic to humans”
Human Epi Studies
•Occupational exposure
•Increased risk of
Bladder cancer,
Lymphoma and Multiple
Myeloma
•Dose Response
Animal Studies
•Clear carcinogen
•Leukemia and liver
cancer were caused in
multiple studies
•Kidney, brain and
testicular cancer also
seen
13. Harm From Exposure: Neuro
EPA 2013: “Neurotoxicity was supported by considerable
evidence...and at lower concentrations”
Human Epi Studies
•Occupational or
Residential exposure
•Deficits in Visual Acuity
and Memory, Cognitive
Function, and Reaction
Times
•Levels as low as 0.7ppm
Animal Studies
•Same effects seen
•Changes in the
cerebellum, frontal
cortex & hippocampus
•Brain DNA, RNA,
protein and lipid
composition altered
14. Harm From Exposure:
What about me?
• Occupational exposure
is in the range of
60ppm
• Apartments sharing a
building with dry-
cleaners ~0.7ppm
• Dry-cleaned clothes in
a vehicle ranged from
<0.1 to >3ppm
• Outdoor air near an
industrial
contamination site
<0.001ppm
• PCE is highly
concentrated in
breast milk
15. How Can PCE Be
Cleaned/Reduced?
Perchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
PCE
“Perc”
Cl2C=CCl2
17. Underground Plumes in
Colorado
• There are at least 86
underground plumes
(from PERC) in
Colorado!
• 350 Dry Cleaners are
currently using PERC
in Colorado alone. It is
still legal to use.
18. Remediation Technologies
The first step is to find Potentially
Responsible Parties (PRPs) and
discover each PRP’s allocated portion
(responsibility)
Plumes are massive, cover miles and
involve numerous contributing
sources.
Remediation is extremely expensive
and involves years of litigation.
19. What Policies Are In Place?
Perchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
PCE
“Perc”
Cl2C=CCl2
20.
21.
22.
23. Conclusion
National and State regulations have
helped in reducing harmful levels of
PERC in the air.
Because of epidemiological studies
we now know the harmful effects of
PERC and can better protect workers
and the public through remediation
activities and air and water quality
regulations.
Requirement of “no new PERC dry
cleaning facilities” offers a promising
end to the PERC dry cleaning story.
24. References
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (1997). "Toxicological Profile For Tetrachloroethylene". Atlanta, GA, p. 174. Retrieved
2012-09-16. citing C&EN, 1994, Facts and Figures for the Chemical Industry, Chemical and Engineering News, July 4, 1994.
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1997). Public health statement: tetrachloroethylene. CAS#: 127-17-4. Available at:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp18-c1-b.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2014.
• Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Removal of “Perc’ Pollution Begins at Former Cleaners
http://www.epa.gov/region5/cleanup/sandies/pdf/sandies_fs_09212011.pdf
• Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Toxicological Review of Tetrachloroethylene (CAS No. 127-18-4).
• Ferroni C, et.al. (1992). Neurobehavioral and neuroendocrine effects of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene, Neurotoxicology,
13:243-247.
• Gold, Laura S. et.al. (2011). The Relationship between Multiple Myeloma and Occupational Exposure to Six Chlorinated Solvents;
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 68(6): 391-399.
• Henshaw, S. (2013). Enviroforensics.com When Contaminated Groundwater Plumes Run Together, How is the Cost of Cleanup Divided?
Available at: http://www.enviroforensics.com/commingled-plumes-who-is-responsible-for-the-cleanup/
• National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Human Health Effects of
Tetrachloroethylene: Key Findings and Scientific Issues. Available at: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307359/#tab2.
• NIOSH. (1994b). NIOSH manual of analytical methods. Third edition. Second supplement. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH method no. 1003.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2005). Reducing worker exposure to perchloroethylene (perc) in dry cleaning. Available at:
https://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/perc.html. Accessed April 3, 2014.
• Rossberg, M., et al. (2006). “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
• Seidler, A., et. al. (2007). Solvent exposure and malignant lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Germany; Journal of
Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 2:2.
• Stevens, Y., and Eisenmann, C. (1997). Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. Retrieved from
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp18.pdf.
• Tetracholorethylene (2006) Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 68. Available at:
http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/cicad68.pdf.