2. Industrial Hygiene
Basic industrial hygiene principles are
primarily concerned with recognition,
evaluation, and control of chemical,
biological, physical, and ergonomic
related hazards which may cause
sickness or impair workers health.
3. Mad as a Hatter
Alice Hamilton found that mercury poisoning in the felt hat industry
caused uncontrollable jerking of arms and legs, and mental illness.
7. â Controversial practice,
intended to reduce risk of
ergonomic injuries.
â One insurance company says
it can reduce ankle, knee,
back, and rotator cuff injuries.
â Morning and after lunch
stretches.
â 30 second holds.
Stretching
8. â 500,000 carpal tunnel surgeries per
year (via NYT).
â $29,000 average cost, including rehab.
â Loss of some wrist strength is a
complication that affects 10 to 33% of
patients.
Carpal Tunnel
9. Thread Carpal Tunnel Release (TCTR)
⢠2,000 cases to date July 2021
⢠TCTR uses ultrasound imaging to insert a tiny
thread into the hand/wrist that cuts the ligament and
relieves pressure on the nerve.
⢠Only requires local anesthesia
⢠Is typically performed in under 20 minutes
⢠Performed in an office-based surgical suite with a
single global fee with no equipment/surgical device
costs and no surgicenter fees
13. Hands, wrists, and forearms are straight,
in-line and roughly parallel to the floor.
Head is generally in-line with the torso.
Shoulders are relaxed and upper arms
hang normally at the side of the body.
Elbows stay in close to the body and
are bent between 90 and 120 degrees.
Feet are fully supported by floor or footrest.
Back is fully supported with lumbar support when sitting vertical or leaning back.
Thighs and hips are supported by a well-padded seat and generally parallel to
the floor.
Knees are about the same height as the hips with the feet slightly forward.
14. Nov 2020
⢠Food Company
⢠Last Item to get to zero
recordables in 2019
⢠Management support of ideas
15. Exo Skeletons
⢠5-15 lift assist per arm
⢠Shoulder work and lower back.
⢠Springs and CO2 cartridge.
16. Hog Heaven Floor mats | NoTrax Bubble Grande | American floor
mats
Standing and Vibration
18. ⢠Inhalation
⼠most common
⢠Ingestion
⢠Skin Absorption
⢠Injection
Routes of Entry
19. ⢠Local: when a chemical harms only the
part of your body it comes into contact
with.
⢠Systemic: when a chemical is absorbed
and travels through your system,
damaging other organs.
âĽFor example: inhaling solvent vapors
which are absorbed through the
lungs, then travel in the bloodstream
and cause a harmful effect in your
brain.
Harmful Effects
20. TCE
⢠A 2008 peer-reviewed study in the
Annals of Neurology, for example, found
that TCE is âa risk factor for
parkinsonism.â
⢠And a 2011 study echoed those results,
finding âa six-fold increase in the risk of
developing Parkinsonâs in individuals
exposed in the workplace to
trichloroethylene (TCE).â
21. Acute exposures and acute effects generally involve short-term, high
concentrations, and immediate or prompt health effects (illness,
irritation, or death).
Acute Exposure
22. Chronic exposure refers to exposure continued or repeated for a
prolonged period, usually years. For example, asbestosis.
Chronic Exposure
23. ⢠Animal Studies
⢠Epidemiological studies
⢠Industrial Experience
⢠STEL â 15 minutes
⢠Ceiling â never exceeded
⢠Threshold Limit Value
⢠Skin - A skin notation found in Table Z-1 in the air
contaminants standard indicates that skin contact
with a chemical should be avoided because the
chemical can be absorbed through the skin and
substantially add to total dose.
Exposure Limits
24. ⢠Quality of Air
⢠78.1% Nitrogen
⢠20.9% Oxygen
⢠0.9% Argon
⢠0.03% Carbon Dioxide
Clean Air Paradox
25. 1 % = 10,000 ppm
PEL =
Permissible Exposure Limits
(via OSHA)
5 mg/M3 is very small
2 f/cc = 2,000,000f/M3
Units Seem Small
26. ⢠Irritation
⢠Asphyxiation
⢠Organ Specific Effects
⢠Mutagen
⢠Teratogen
⢠Acute/Chronic
⢠Reversible vs Nonreversible
Health Effects
. Marcy Borders (August 12, 1973 â August 24, 2015)
27. ⢠Genetics
⢠Age
⢠Health status
⢠Route of entry
⢠Frequency and
duration of exposure
Factors
28. Hierarchy of Controls:
⢠Engineering
⢠Work practices
⢠Administrative
⢠Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
Control of Health Hazards
29. Engineering controls include:
⢠Substitution with less harmful
material
⢠Enclosure of operator
⢠Isolation
⢠Ventilation - Local
⢠NOT job rotation
Engineering Controls
31. Work practice controls include:
⢠Hygiene practices
⢠Housekeeping and maintenance
⢠Procedures and process changes
Work Practice Controls
32. Administrative controls include:
⢠Controlling employees' exposure
by scheduling production and
workers' tasks.
⢠Or both, in ways that minimize
exposure levels.
Administrative Controls
34. First aid training
Good Samaritan Collateral duty* Designated responder
Not covered by
BBP Standard
BBP standard applies
* if First-Aid response is
an expected part of the
job
BBP standard
applies
Create a list of all job classifications in which all or some employees in those job classifications have occupational exposure
.
First Aid
35. Treat as if known
to be infectious
All human
blood
Certain human
body fluids
All human body fluids if
they canât be distinguished
Universal Precautions
38. Knowledge Check 17
1. How will the employer determine who has occupational exposure to a
bloodborne pathogen?
a. Create list of all job classifications in which all or some employees in those job
classifications have occupational exposure or are First Responders
b. Create a list of all job classifications in which all or some employees in those job
classifications have occupational exposure
39. Knowledge Check 17
1. How will the employer determine who has occupational exposure to a
bloodborne pathogen?
a. Create a list of all job classifications in which all or some employees in those job
classifications have occupational exposure
40. Employer Responsibility:
⢠Provide medical evaluation ASAP:
⢠Testing for HBV, HCV, HIV
⢠HIV/HBV PEP when indicated
⢠Identify source individual, if possible:
⢠Obtain consent for blood test
⢠Provide information to healthcare provider:
⢠Routes of entry
⢠Employeeâs job duties
⢠Copy of the regulation
Post-Exposure Evaluation
41. Healthcare Providerâs Responsibility:
⢠Provide in writing to employer:
⢠Employee has been informed of
the results.
⢠Employee has been informed of
any medical conditions resulting
from exposure.
⢠All specific findings or diagnoses are
confidential to employee.
Medical Evaluation and Follow-up
42. Knowledge Check 18
1. Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with
blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the
performance of an employee's duties is defined as______ exposure.
a. Occupational
b. Work-related
43. Knowledge Check 18
1. Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with
blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the
performance of an employee's duties is defined as______ exposure.
a. Occupational
44. Screening equipment:
⢠Sound level meters
⢠Detector tubes and pumps
⢠Radiation survey meters
Evaluation of Health Hazards
45. ⢠Qualified person
⢠Appropriate instrument
⢠Duration of sampling
⢠Pre and post calibration
Sampling
46. ⢠The number of US adults aged 20 years or older
with hearing loss (pure tone average >25 decibels)
is projected to increase from 44.11 million in 2020
to 73.50 million in 2060, with a rise in prevalence
from 15% to 22.6%.
⢠OSHA requires employers administer an
effective hearing conservation program
whenever employee noise exposures
equal or exceed an 8-hour
time-weighted average of
85 decibels.
Problem #1: Noise
48. OSHA
29 CFR 1910.95
Industry
OSHA
29 CFR 1926.52
Construction
MSHA
30 CFR Part 62
Mining
FRA
49 CFR 227/229
Railroads
Permissible
Exposure Limits
90 dB 90 dB 90 dB 90 dB
Action Level 85 dB 85 dB 80 dB 85 dB
Noise Monitoring Required Not Required Required Required
Audiometric Testing Annual Not Required Annual Every 3 Years
Training
Required
New Hires/Annual
Not Required
Required
New Hires/Annual
Required
New Hires/Annual
Hearing Protectors Required @ PEL Required @ PEL
Required @ PEL
Dual Protection @
105 dB TWA
Required @ PEL
Recordkeeping
Required
OSHA 300 Log
Not Required Required
Required
OSHA 300 Log
Regulations in the United States
50. Hearing and Frequencies:
⢠Nerve cells in the cochlea are tuned to
specific frequencies.
⢠Base of the cochlea is sensitive to high
frequency sounds. (red dots)
⢠Tip of the cochlea is sensitive to low
frequency sounds. (green dots)
How We Hear
51. 17-year old girl
⢠Low noise exposure
⢠Normal cochlea
⢠Receptors intact
76-year old man
⢠Low noise exposure
⢠Fewer receptors but still
intact
59-year old man
⢠High noise exposure
⢠Damaged cochlea
⢠Receptors destroyed
The Human Cochlea
How We Hear
52. âEffective hearing conservation program?â
⢠Monitoring
⢠Engineering, work practice, and
administrative controls
⢠Hearing protectors with an adequate
noise reduction rating
⢠Employee training and education in
hazards and protection measures
⢠Baselines and annual audiometry
53. ⢠Conduct a baseline analysis on
all equipment. (New too!)
⢠Employees can request personal
noise monitoring at any time at
VPP sites.
⢠60 employees were tested in IL.
⢠It cost $29.00 per person plus
some labor cost. (VPP)
⢠Insurance carrier will charge
$35.00 per person. (VPP site)
Audiograms
54. Reusable ear plugs:
⢠regular and careful
washing
⢠fitted by a trained
person
⢠must be good fit
⢠dust may irritate
Ear Protection
Ear defenders:
⢠well designed
⢠well made
⢠must be good
fit
55. ⢠Requires compliance with 1910.1025
⢠Overexposure can occur in less than 5 minutes
when torch cutting or painting.
Problem #2: Lead
56. ⢠Chronic overexposure - severe damage to the blood-forming, nervous, urinary, and
reproductive systems.
⢠High levels will require medical removal.
⢠Bridge Painting/Removal continues to be one of the consistent lead issues in construction.
Lead Effects
57. ⢠Cutting, hammering, drilling,
blasting can create high silica
levels.
⢠Use wet methods and wear
respirators.
⢠One of the oldest
occupational diseases.
Problem #3: Silica
58. ⢠150-200 deaths a year. (2009)
⢠1150-1200 deaths a year.
(1968)
⢠YetâŚ.one company had 3
silicosis and 10x+ severe
respiratory diseases.
Gauley Bridge in 1920s had workers
die in months.
Silica
60. ⢠Copper is an inhalation
hazard affecting the
respiratory system.
⢠Mild steel (red iron) and
carbon steel contain
manganese.
⢠Manganese may cause
Parkinson's disease.
What do you see?
Problem #4: Copper Fumes (Welding)
61. Aug 2018
⢠Welding Fume
⢠UV light from Welding
⢠IARC
⢠Human Positive Carcinogen
62. ⢠All the things not regulated.
⢠Good, bad, or indifferent?
⢠Air blowing! = BAD
Problem #5: Total Dust
63. ⢠Metal fume fever.
⢠Direct Draw or forced
ventilation should be used.
⢠Personal Protective
Equipment should be used.
⢠Bystanders should be
protected as well.
Problem #6: Iron Oxide (Welding)
64. ⢠Generators are most
common problem of CO.
⢠Heaters out of tune are
another cause.
⢠CO TWA is 50 ppm.
⢠Others set levels 25 ppm.
Problem #7: Carbon Monoxide (CO)
65. ⢠Wifi and phone alerts
⢠NEST
February 2018
66. ⢠Stainless steel contains
nickel and chromium.
⢠Plating, grinding, welding
are problems.
⢠Some cements.
Problem #6: Hex Chrome
67. ⢠Overexposure to cutting
cadmium bolts, coated poles.
⢠Torch cutting should never
be used.
⢠Use hydraulic bolt cutters.
⢠Comply with 1926.1127.
Cadmium bolts are often found in
sprinkler pipe use.
Problem #9: Cadmium