This document discusses various chemical hazards. It begins by defining chemical hazards as chemicals that have the potential to cause harm to life or health. The actual risk depends on factors like exposure amount, use, and typical exposure from a product. Sources of chemical hazards include agricultural chemicals, cleaning chemicals, equipment components, maintenance chemicals, and packaging materials. Common types of chemical hazards are irritants, sensitizers, toxics, asphyxiates, anesthetics/narcotics, and systemic poisons. Organic synthesis presents hazards from active agents used, intermediate compounds formed, and final products introduced. Specific examples like mepacrine, acriflavine, nicotinic acid, chloroform, ethylene dichloride,

1. CHEMICAL BASED HAZARDS
Prepared By:
SAKSHI GAIKWAD
PRIYANKA HALSE
PRAFUL JAIN
Guided By:
Prof. Mukesh Subhash Patil
Shri. D. D. Vispute College of Pharmacy and Research Center, New
Panvel

2. Hazard refers to the inherent properties of a chemical substance that
make it capable of causing harm to a person or the environment
A chemical hazard is a chemical that has the potential to cause harm to
life or health
The actual chance of harm from exposure to a chemical ingredient
depends on a variety of factors –
• including how much of the chemical ingredient is in a product
• how the product is used
• and what kind of exposure to the chemical typically occurs from using a
product that contains the chemical.
Hazard

3. SOURCES OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Sources Why a hazard?
Agricultural chemicals If improperly applied, some can be
acutely toxic or may cause long-term
health effects
Cleaning chemicals can cause chemical burns if present in
the food at high level
Equipment components Acidic food can cause leaching of heavy
metal from pipes and joints (e.g. :
copper and lead )
Maintenance chemicals Some chemicals that are not approved
for food use may be toxic
Packaging materials High nitrate levels in food can cause
excessive detinning of uncoated cans
resulting in excessive levels of tin in the
food

4. Chemical hazards
Types of Chemical Hazards
■ Irritant chemicals
■ Sensitizers
■ Toxic Chemicals
■ Asphyxiates
■ Anesthetic and Narcotic
■ Systematic poisons

5. THE HAZARDS OF ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Organic chemical synthesis presents industrial hazards of three main types:
1.The active agents used to attack and modify the structure of organic
compounds are, by nature, exceptionally able to attack and modify the organic
compounds of the human body, thus producing highly poisonous effects.
2.The intermediate compounds in most organic synthesis are often characterized
by the readiness with which they enter into chemical combination with other
organic matter; they are active. This often confers toxic properties of great variety
on them.
3.The final products, though they are medicines designed to be introduced into
the human body, may nevertheless produce severe poisoning under conditions
of industrial exposure

6. Common hazards of organic synthesis with examples, causes, and management

7. Mepacrine and acriflavine
• Among the final products of organic synthesis, mepacrine itself deserves
mention as an especially troublesome primary irritant and sensitizer.
• During tablet making process a lot of dust is produced which is
uncontrollable.
• In a study made at the Abbott Laboratories ,exposure to the dust at levels
between 035 and 4–2 μg/l was sufficient to cause conjunctivitis in more
than half of the workmen, and dermatitis, rhinitis, and stomatitis in about a
third.
• Acriflavine another dye of the acridine series, possesses similar, though
weaker, irritant properties.
• Workers bottling tablets of this dye often suffer from a conjunctivitis of
considerable severity if they transfer the material to their eyes by
injudicious rubbing with dust-stained hands

8. Nicotinic acid
• Nicotinic acid and its salts have a peculiar effect on the skin of
certain workers who handle these chemicals in bulk
• This consists of a diffuse erythema on the exposed parts of the
skin, usually not accompanied by itching, and resembling
sunburn in appearance.
• It is usually transient, disappearing in from 12 to 24 h, though
sometimes it assumes a popular character on the 2nd day and
lasts several days

9. Chloroform and ethylene dichloride
• Chloroform and ethylenedichloride(1,2-dichloroethane) are occasionally
used to extract alkaloids and other fat- soluble principles.
• Both solvents are liver poisons, and men working with them under
ordinary conditions may develop certain vague symptoms which are
referable to the gastrointestinal tract and which suggest very slight liver
damage.

10. • The sulfonating agents, chlorosulfonic acid (HOSO2CI) is
extensively used in the manufacture of p-acetylamino benzene
sulfonyl chloride.
• The fumes of the acid itself are highly irritating, and in many
sulfonation reactions, HCI gas and SO2 are given off.
• It is often not economically feasible to trap these irritant by-
products in a small synthesis, and they are often vented into the
outside air.
• This is a bad practice, which will cause a large amount of
bronchitis and conjunctivitis under adverse wind and weather
conditions.
• Scrubbing towers of simple and cheap design, or very high
stacks, are usually required to eliminate the nuisance
Sulfonating Agents

11. Sulfonechloramides
• At least two sulfonechloramides which are used as antiseptics or
disinfectants have rather unusual properties as local irritants and
sensitizers.
• When these chemicals contaminate the working environment in the
form of dust, they may produce dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and
bronchitis in their capacity as primary irritants.
Ethtyl methanesulfonate:
• Ethyl methanesulfonate is a sulfonating agent.
• It is mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compound
• It produces random mutation in genetic material by nucleotide substitution.

12. A large number of organic compounds namely,
• alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol)
• ketones (e.g. acetone)
• aromatic compounds (e.g. benzene, toluene)
• nitrates
• halogenated hydrocarbons
• and many others are widely used as solvents in both laboratories and
chemical industries.
 organic solvents are one of the most trivialized hazards. They are used
for a million purposes in chemical reactions.
 The Impact of solvent will be based on the Concentration of the
solvent and duration of exposure and the toxicity of the solvent
ORGANIC SOLVENTS

13. 1.Spills and solvent leakage cause significant air, soil, and water
pollution.
2.Inhalational exposure of volatile organic solvents and an easy
absorption through the skin are the two most important ways of
exposure to the workplace. For example, solvents such as
dimethylsulfoxide and glycol ethers, which have water and lipid
solubility, are well absorbed through the skin.
3.Many organic solvents have low flammability points and burn when
they light up. The flammability and explosiveness of a solvent are
decisive determinants of the risk associated with its use, for example,
nitrocellulose.
Characteristics of organic solvents that determine the type of danger:

14. Acetonitrile
•Acetonitrile is a harmful substance that has unfriendly wellbeing
impacts and can prompt Death.
•The potential for Acetonitrile danger relies on upon the sum,
course, time and recurrence of exposure;
•By inward breath of Acetonitrile vapors or by the retention of the
fluid or vapors through the skin and eyes the introduction occurs in
human body.
•Indications are typically stomach torment, writhing’s, worked
breathing, shortcoming, obviousness and redness in the skin and
eyes

15. Toluene
•The CNS is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and
animals for acute and chronic exposures.
•The individuals exposed to toluene for longer durations suffer CNS disorders
and narcosis showing following symptoms Headache, Nausea, and drowsiness.
Exposure at higher concentrations result Cardiac arrhythmia.

16. Xylene
•Xylene is a toxic aromatic hydrocarbon widely used pharmaceutical industries
and research agencies as solvent.
•Xylene threshold limit value in the working environment is 100ppm.Xylene vapour
is absorbed rapidly through the lungs, and xylene liquid and vapour are absorbed
slowly through the skin.

17. Control methods for chemical hazards
Designated Area
This is an area assigned for the usage of either a particularly hazardous
substance or purpose. For example, if carcinogens are being used in the
lab, a "designated area" should be assigned, and warning label should be
posted.

18. B. Engineering Controls –In the absence of effective replacement, personnel
must be safeguarded against any exposure.
Steam and gas exposures should also be monitored and minimized if risks are
involved in their use.
A generally effective measure is to encircle the hazardous process or chemical.
For example, sealed pipes should be used to transfer toxic or highly flammable
solvents and other liquids (especially volatile) rather than pouring them outdoors.
1. Dilution Ventilation
When it is difficult or impossible to avoid hazardous chemicals, fumes, dusts, fogs,
or particles entering the laboratory air at the source, general dilution ventilation can
be installed so that the maximum concentration of pollutants in the air does not
exceed the TLV of the substance. At the best, it should consist of a clean air supply
and a forced exhaust outlet in the right place. It can also be used in conjunction
with other preventative measures.

19. 2. Local Exhaust Ventilation
• If it is not possible to isolate experimental activities involving hazardous
materials, then a properly designed local ventilation solution should be
found, which generally helps remove contaminants at the source.
• A ventilation system consists of a hood, duct or pipe drain, a collecting
system and contaminants are separated from clean and efficient air to
create the fan suction force required.
• However, hazardous gases, fumes, and dusts from the ventilated air
collection must be handled or treated before disposal. Inspection, proper
maintenance, regular cleaning, and changing filters are essential for the
protection against hazardous pollutants

20. 3.Fume Hoods
The fume hood is designed to contain and disperse gases, vapors, and
aerosols
to the external environment. It does not provide absolute containment or
protection from the materials in the hoods, however, a properly designed hood
in a properly designed room can provide adequate protection of the following
practices are observed:
•Inspect and ensure that the hood is working.
•Do not store chemicals and equipment in the hood
•Remove unnecessary chemicals and equipment.
•All equipment and experiments should be at least 6 inches back from the front
sash.
•Position the sash no higher than the approved working height that is
designated by a fluorescent yellow sticker.
•When evaporating or distilling perchloric acid, special perchloric acid fume
hoods MUST be used

21. C. Work Practice Controls
1.Chemical Transportation: Assure that an unbreakable secondary container
is being used, and that transport carts are designed .
2.No Eating, Drinking and Smoking:
There should be no eating, drinking, smoking, chewing of gum or tobacco,
application of cosmetics, storage of utensils, food, or food containers in the
laboratories.
3.Pipetting( No oral pippetting):
Mechanical pipetting aids should always be used for all pipetting
procedures. Oral pipetting is prohibited.

22. 4.Personal Hygiene
All personnel should wash their hands immediately after the completion of any
procedure in which chemicals have been used and when they leave the laboratory.
If hazardous chemical exposures occur to skin, immediately shower or wash
affected
areas.
5.Housekeeping:
Keep aisles, exits, stairs and hallways free of obstructions.
•Avoid slip hazards by keeping the floor clean of ice, stoppers, glass beads or rods,
other small items and spilled liquids.
•Keep drawers and cabinet doors closed.
•Never store chemicals on the floor.
•Workspaces and storage areas should be kept clear of broken glassware, leftover
chemicals and scraps of paper.

23. D.Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
Lab staff should prepare a SOP for hazardous operations as well as the use,
storage and disposal of
hazardous materials. SOPs serve as a training tool for new workers
E.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PPE comprises of clothing or equipment that is used to isolate a worker from direct
exposure to workplace hazards. Examples of PPE include the following:
•Protective clothing
•Gloves
•Eye Protection
•Respirators
•Face Shields
PPE is used in conjunction with engineering and administrative controls for worker
protection. It should provide adequate protection if it is
properly worn and
appropriately used. Prior to usage, consult EH&S (752- 1493) to ensure proper PPE
selection.

24. 1. Guidelines for PPE Usage
a)PPE protects differently for each hazard
It does not provide protection against all hazards. Choose
appropriate PPE depending on the hazard and task you are
performing. Remember:
USING THE WRONG PPE MAY BE AS BAD AS USING NO PPE!
b)PPE does not eliminate the hazard
Know the limitations of PPE. Follow SAFETY PRECAUTIONS while
working.
c)Use and maintain PPE properly to ensure its performance
Having safety goggles does no good if it's resting on your head.
d)Be aware that there may be hazards with using PPE
Talk to your supervisor or EH&S before using PPE.

25. e)PPE does not protect workers the same way!
PPE should be properly sized and fitted to ensure its adequacy.
f)Wear more than the minimum PPE! CHEMICAL HAZARDS
g)Leave your uniform at work and have it laundered there if a service is
provided. If you take your uniform home, then wash it separately to avoid
contaminating other clothes.
h)Take off your jewelry (i.e. rings and watches).
This reduces chemical seepage and contact with electrical sources.

26. 2.Protective Clothing
•Lab clothing (i.e. coats and aprons) should be worn in the laboratories in
order to keep contaminants from getting onto street clothes.
•Open-toed shoes, sandals or shoes made of woven material should not be
worn in the laboratory.
•Shorts, cutoffs and miniskirts are inappropriate.
•Long hair and loose clothing should be constrained.
•Jewelry (i.e. rings, bracelets, and watches) sho uld not be worn in order to
prevent chemical seepage under the jewelry, contact with electrical sources,
catching on equipment and damage to jewelry itself.

27. 3.Gloves
Appropriate gloves should always be used when working in the lab.
Disposable gloves should be discarded after each use and immediately after
overt contact with chemical.
4.Eye Protection
Devices to provide appropriate eye protection should be used in the laboratory
work area. The type
of device used will depend upon the hazard presented by the operation and/or
chemical in use. Splash goggles (vented or non-vented) are most appropriate
when working with liquid chemicals.
5.Respiratory Protection
At times, masks or respirators may be required for some procedures where
there may be a potential for inhalation exposure. However, respirator users
should consult EH&S to assure accordance with the UCDRespiratory
Protection Program.

28. E.Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)
The CHP is designed to protect you from the health hazards
associated with hazardous chemicals in your lab.
The CHP outlines standard operating procedures for all work
involving hazardous substances in your lab.
The CHP must be available to employees in the lab at all times.
1.Chemical Storage
•Separate incompatible chemicals. Check the shelf life of your
chemical inventory periodically.
•Store chemicals properly in the cabinets or on the shelves provided.
•Do not store chemicals in fume hoods.
•Install smoke and heat detectors and fire extinguishers.
•Do not overcrowd or overload s helves.
•Keep storage facilities locked.
•Keep aisles clutter-free and unobstructed.

29. 2.Labeling
Since there is a wide variety of chemicals used in the laboratories,
appropriate labeling is extremely important. In order to be able to determine
its use, disposal and hazards
The UC Davis Hazardous Communication Program requires chemicals to
be properly labeled.
3.Flammable Storage Cabinets
•Flammable cabinets are designed to protect flammable liquids against
flash fire; the cabinet should ALWAYS remain closed when not in use.
•Ensure cabinet can contain any spilled flammable liquids to prevent fire
spread.
•Cabinet should only accommodate up to 60 gallons of flammable liquids.
•All cabinets should be UL (Underwriter's Laboratory) Approved and labeled
"Flammable - Keep Fire Away".

30. 4.Lab Refrigerators
•Use only an EH&S approved “lab safe” refrigerator designed for storing chemicals.
•NEVER store chemicals and food in the same refrigerator.
•If not “lab safe” refrigerator, it MUST be labeled "Caution -
Unsafe For Storage O f Flammable Solvents".
5.Special Considerations
•Store carcinogens separately.
•Store water
-sensitive chemicals and concentrated acids separately.
•Use heat
-resistant cabinets for flammable liquids.

31. Chemical Waste 1.Hazardous Waste Storage
•All waste must be segregated into categories and stored to prevent incompatible mixtures within
or among individual containers.
•Waste must be kept in leak
-proof containers with adequate secondary containment in case of breakage or spillage.
•Waste storage area must be inspected at least weekly.

32. • Includes gases such as methane (CH4), pentane (C5H12), propane (C3H8),
butane (C4H10), and hydrogen (H2) when released in an installation naturally
as a by-product or leaked, gets ignited when comes in contact with oxygen.
• This represents the danger of combustion within a facility if the concentration
reaches a certain optimum level. Fuel gas detectors are needed when there
is a risk of life or property due to the accumulation of combustible gases.
Combustible gas

33. Each type of fuel gas has three important ranges, and each of these ranges
differs for specific gases but uses the same definitions.
• Fuel gas concentration is too low for combustion below the lower explosion
limit (LEL) or lower flammable limit. This is the range in which more fuel gas
detectors work.
• The upper explosive limit (UEL) or upper flammability limit is the point where
the gas concentration is too rich for combustion, or the oxygen level is too
low to support combustion.
• Between LEL and UEL, concentration (measured as a percentage of air
volume) supports combustion of combustible gas when exposed to a source
of ignition. The flammability of many gases is in a very limited and
concentrated range
RANGES:

34. Training and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs):
All lab personnel must receive training through this course and live, hands-on,
in-house training provided by the supervisor, manager, or Principal Investigator
(PI) before being allowed to work with compressed gases and/or the cylinders!
This must:
• Include hands-on training showing different types of regulators, changing
regulators, performing leak tests, etc.
• Be documented with the date and time of the provided training.
• Kept on file and presented upon request. All areas using compressed gases
should have an up-to-date, written SOP and placed in an area for easy
access for all working in and around the area.
MANAGEMENT OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES

35. Do not accept shipment of cylinders unless:
1. There is a hydrostatic test date stamped on the cylinder and it is
within the last 5 years.
2. There is a label identifying the cylinder’s contents.
3. There is a valve protection cap.

36. Compressed Cylinder Storage
• Compressed gas cylinders, containers, and tanks shall be secured to prevent them from
falling or being knocked over by corralling or securing them to a cart, framework, or fixed
object by use of a restraint.
• When securing cylinders use appropriate chain, plastic coated wire cable, cylinder straps,
etc., at a point approximately 2/3 of the cylinder’s height to a secure structure such as a wall.
• If used, cloth straps are designed to secure only one cylinder.
• Cylinders less than 18 inches tall may be secured by stands or wall brackets.
• Cylinder carts shall only be used to secure a cylinder during transport not while the cylinder.
• Nesting of cylinders is not permitted.
• Cylinder Nesting is a method of securing cylinders in a tight mass using a contiguous three-
point contact system where all cylinders in the group have at least three points of contact with
other cylinders, walls, or bracing.
• Cylinders shall be stored upright unless designed to be stored horizontal or have a capacity
less than 1.3 gallons.
• Cylinders shall be segregated by hazard class and empty cylinders shall be isolated from
filled cylinders and where the cylinder is not subject to damage. When the cylinders are
placed in storage they shall be separated.

37. Storage of flammable gas cylinders shall be stored a minimum distance of 20
feet (6.1 m) from the storage of flammable and combustible liquids or solids.
Stored cylinders shall have valve protection cap in place and stored away from
heat sources and flame. Do not store cylinders in areas that may exceed 125
degrees Fahrenheit.
Storage Areas
Indoor storage areas of flammable or toxic gases shall be equipped with an
exhaust ventilation system capable of providing a minimum air movement of 1
cfm/ft2 of floor area. Natural ventilation is acceptable if it prevents the
accumulation of gases or vapors
Outdoor storage of toxic gases shall be stored a minimum of 75 feet (22 m) from
the property line. Outdoor storage areas shall be kept clear of vegetation and
combustible material for a minimum distance of 15 feet (4.6 m). Cylinders shall
not be placed on the ground (earth) or on surfaces where water can
accumulate.

38. Hydrogen and Acetylene (Extremely Flammable Gases)
. High pressure releases of hydrogen almost always ignite and burns without a visible flame.
Proper system grounding and bonding and use of intrinsically safe electrical devices is
required.
Equipment that comes into contact with hydrogen shall be inspected routinely for brittleness
and/or fractures.
Because hydrogen will permeate to the exterior surface, non metal tubing shall not be used.

39. Toxic gases produce an immediate and persistent hazard to human
resources and include gases such as carbon monoxide, chlorine,
nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide,
ammonia, hydrogen fluoride and many others.
They are usually hazardous even at low concentrations and are often
characterized in terms of threshold limit value (TLV)
Toxic gases

40. CHLORINE GAS
• Chlorine gas is a pulmonary irritant with intermediate water solubility that
causes acute damage in the upper and lower respiratory tract.
• Was first used as a chemical weapon at Ypres, France, in 1915. Of the
70,552 American soldiers poisoned with various gases in World War I,
1843 were exposed to chlorine gas.
• Chlorine is a greenish-yellow, noncombustible gas at room temperature
and atmospheric pressure
• Exposure to chlorine gas may be prolonged because its moderate water
solubility may not cause upper airway symptoms for several minutes.
• In addition, the density of the gas is greater than that of air, causing it to
remain near ground level and increasing exposure time.

41. • Chlorine is moderately soluble in water and reacts in combination to
form hypochlorous (HOCl) and hydrochloric (HCl) acids. Elemental
chlorine and its derivatives, hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids, may
cause biological injury. The chemical reactions of chlorine combining
with water and the subsequent derivative reactions with HOCl and HCl
are as follows:
• Cl2 + H2O HCl (hydrochloric acid) + HOCL (hypochlorous acid)
Cl + H O 2 HCl + [O-] (nascent oxygen) 22
HOCl HCl + [O-]
• Elemental chlorine and its derivatives, hydrochloric and hypochlorous
acids, can cause biological injury.
• Because of its intermediate water solubility and deeper penetration,
elemental chlorine frequently causes acute damage throughout the
respiratory tract
• Cellular injury is believed to result from the oxidation of functional
groups in cell components, from reactions with tissue water to form
hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid, and from the generation of free
oxygen radicals

42. • Hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid is highly soluble in water
• The immediate and predominant targets of the acid are the epithelia
of the ocular conjunctivae and upper respiratory mucus membranes.
• Irritation of the airway mucosa leads to local edema secondary to
active arterial and capillary hyperemia
• Irritation of the airway mucosa leads to local edema secondary to
active arterial and capillary hyperemia
• Plasma exudation results in filling the alveoli with edema fluid,
resulting in pulmonary congestion.

43. • Prehospital care providers should take necessary precautions to prevent
contamination
• The use of a self-contained breathing apparatus with full face mask
should protect against the effects of chlorine gas
• Remove the individual from the toxic environment
Bring container, if applicable, so medical personnel can
• identify toxic agent.
• Commence primary decontamination of the eye and skin, if necessary.
• Chlorine gas is denser than air and accumulates close to the ground.
Therefore, during chlorine-related accidents, people should be instructed
to seek higher altitudes to avoid excessive exposure

44. CYANIDE POISONING
• Cyanide poisoning also may occur in industry, particularly in the metal
trades, mining, electroplating, jewelry manufacturing, and x-ray film
recovery.
• In manufacturing, cyanide is used to make paper, textiles, and plastics
• Cyanide salts are used in metallurgy for electroplating, and removing
gold from its ore (gold and silver mining)
• Cyanide gas is used to exterminate pests and vermin in ships and
buildings
• Its principal toxicity results from inactivation of cytochrome oxidase (at
cytochrome a3), thus uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative
phosphorylation and inhibiting cellular respiration, even in the presence
of adequate oxygen stores

45. HYDROXOCOBALAMIN
• Hydroxocobalamin combines with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin (vitamin
B-12), which is renally cleared.
• Hydroxocobalamin administration resulted in faster improvement in mean
arterial pressure but similar mortality and serum acidosis as compared to
sodium nitrite in animals.
• Co-administration of sodium thiosulfate (through a separate line or
sequentially) has been suggested to have a synergic effect on
detoxification.
• Adverse effects include
• reddish brown skin
• mucous membrane
• urine discoloration
• rare anaphylaxis
• anaphylactoid reactions.
• Transit hypertension

46. CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
• Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of carbon monoxide gas.
• Carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of combustion of organic matter under conditions
of restricted oxygen supply, which prevents complete oxidation to carbon dioxide.
• The earliest symptoms, especially from low level exposures, are often non-specific and
readily confused with other illnesses, typically flu-like viral syndromes, depression,
chronic fatigue syndrome, and migraine or other headaches (often makes the diagnosis
of carbon monoxide poisoning difficult).
• The main manifestations of poisoning develop in the organ systems most dependent
on oxygen use
• CO poisoning may also produce myocardial ischemia, atrial fibrillation, pneumonia,
pulmonary edema, hyperglycemia, muscle necrosis, acute renal failure, skin lesions,
visual and auditory problems, and respiratory arrest.
• One of the major concerns following CO poisoning is the severe neurological
manifestations that may occur days or even weeks after an acute poisoning.

47. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN
• Carbon monoxide has a significant affinity to the iron (or copper) sites in hemoglobin, the
principal oxygen-carrying compound in blood.
• CO binds to hemoglobin, producing carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) – which decreases the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
• Because hemoglobin is a tetramer with four oxygen binding sites, binding of CO at one of
these sites also increases the oxygen affinity of the remaining 3 sites, which interferes with
normal release of oxygen.
• This causes hemoglobin to retain oxygen that would otherwise be delivered to the tissue.
• This situation is described as CO shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the left.
• Because all the oxygen is in the blood, none is being given to the tissues, and this causes
tissue hypoxic injury
• A sufficient exposure to carbon monoxide can reduce the amount of oxygen taken up by the
brain to the point that the victim becomes unconscious, and can suffer brain damage or
even death from hypoxia
• The brain regulates breathing based upon carbon dioxide levels in the blood, rather than
oxygen levels, so a victim can succumb to hypoxia without ever noticing anything up to the
point of collapse.

48. Oxidizer gases are those that, in the presence of an ignition
source and a fuel, support and may vigorously accelerate
combustion (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide).
OXIDIZER GASES

49. Handling Oxidizer Gases and Cylinders
When working with oxidizer gases, remember to:
• Keep oxidizer gases 20 feet from flammable gases and/or cylinders.
• Never handle/touch any part of the cylinder or fittings of oxidizer gas with
bare hands that are contaminated with grease or oil.
 Keep rags and gloves contaminated with grease or oil away from
oxidizing gases.
 Use only lubricants and connection or joint sealants recommended by
the gas cylinder manufacturer or supplier.
• Never use oxygen in place of compressed air or nitrogen to purge gas
lines.
• Require a minimum of two people in the lab when oxidizer gases are
being used.

50. REGULATIONS OF CHEMICAL HAZRADS
 Under the WHS regulations, a hazardous chemical is any substance, mixture or
article that satisfies the criteria of one or more globally harmonized system of
classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS) hazard classes, including a
classification in Schedule 6 of the WHS regulations.
 Most substances and mixtures that are dangerous goods under the ADG Code
are hazardous chemicals, except those that have only radioactive hazards
(Class 7 dangerous goods), infectious substances (division 6.2), and most Class
9 (miscellaneous) dangerous goods.
 A comparison of dangerous goods classifications under the ADG code with
those under the GHS is provided in Appendix B.

51.  To manage risk under the WHS Regulation as duty
holder must :
 Identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to the risk.
 Eliminate the risk so far as is reasonably practicable.
 If it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk - minimize the risk so
far as is reasonably practicable by implementing control measures in
accordance with the hierarchy of risk control.
 Maintain the implemented control measure so that it remains effective.
 Review, and if necessary revise all risk control measures so as to maintain, so
far as is reasonably practicable, a work environment that is without risks to
health and safety.

52. ADVERSE EFFECT
1. HEALTH HAZARDS
These are properties of a chemical that have the potential to cause adverse
health effects. Exposure usually occurs through inhalation, skin contact, or
ingestion. Adverse health effects can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-
term). Typical acute health effects include headaches, nausea or vomiting, and
skin corrosion, while chronic health effects include asthma, dermatitis, nerve
damage, or cancer.
2. PHYSICOCHEMICAL HAZARADS
These are physical or chemical properties of the substance, mixture or article
that pose risks to workers other than health risks, as they do not occur as a
consequence of the biological interaction of the chemical with people. They
arise through inappropriate handling or use and can often result in injury to
people and/or damage to property as a result of the intrinsic physical hazard.
Examples of physicochemical hazards include flammable, corrosive, explosive,
chemically reactive, and oxidizing chemical.

53. 3. SOURCE OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Air born toxics
• Irritants
• Ipecac, podophyllum, etc.
• Asphyxiants
• Carbon dioxide, monoxide, methane, ethane, and hydrogen cyanide
• Hydrogen sulphide, helium, nitrogen, etc.
• Narcotics/anesthetics
• Acetone, ether, chloroform, methyl ethyl ketone
 Carcinogens
• Coal tar, creosote oil, anthracene oil, paraffin oils, and chromium.
• Nickel, cobalt, etc.
• Hazards may arise when impure or contaminated chemicals are used.

54. 4. SOURCES OF HAZARDS IN PHARMA
 Handling and storage of huge quantity hazardous chemicals.
 Transferring, loading and unloading of solvents and chemicals to reaction vessels.
 Human errors while handling hazardous chemicals.
 Emission of hazardous air pollutants from reaction vessels due to overloading or under designed
reaction vessels.
 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) releases from uncontained (or not connected to scrubbers).
 Reaction vessels and most common VOCs include methanol, dichloromethane, toluene, ethylene
glycol, N, ndimethylformamide, and acetonitrile.
 Leaks of effluents from wastewater treatment plants or from effluent collection sumps from
process area.
5. HAZARDS OF ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Organic chemical synthesis presents industrial hazards of three main types:
 First, the active agents used to attack and modify the structure of organic compounds are, by their
very nature, exceptionally able to attack and modify the organic compounds of the human body,
thus producing highly poisonous effects.
 Second, the intermediate compounds in most organic syntheses are often characterized by the
readiness with which they enter into chemical combination with other organic matter; they are
active. This often confers toxic properties of great variety on them.
 Third, the final products, though they are medicines designed to be introduced into the human
body, may nevertheless produce severe poisoning under conditions of industrial exposure.

55. MANAGEMENT OF OVER-EXPOSURE TO
CHEMICALS
 REMOVAL FROM EXPOSURE
 Prompt removal of the person from the exposure site is the first step.
 Air respirators and lifelines are a mandatory first aid.
 RESUSCITATION
 Resuscitation means restoration of life of one who is apparently dead (collapsed or
shocked). Further supportive care should be provided as with any other medical
emergency

56.  DECONTAMINATION
 A victim whose skin or clothing has been contaminated requires immediate
removal of garments and shoes. Then, vigorous showering with soap and
water, including attention to the fingernails and scalp is advised.
 SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
 Acute overexposure may result in a variety of signs and symptoms that
require general supportive medical management regardless of the specific
agent. Examples include the control of convulsive seizures bronchospasm.

57. TLV CONCEPT
 American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists has established Threshold Limit
Values (TLV).
 TLV-time-weighted average time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-h
working day and a 40-h working week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly
exposed day after day, without adverse effect.
 TLV-short-term exposure limit.
 It is defined as a 15-min, time-weighted average which should not be exceeded at any
time during a working day, even if the 8-h time-weighted average is within the TLV.
 The workers should not be exposed to the substances more than these limits.
 TLVs are only guidelines and are not intended as absolute boundaries between safe and
dangerous concentrations.
 Every occupational health professional should have a copy of the current TLVs.

58. REFRENCES:
1. https://www.uab.edu/ehs/images/docs/gen/OHS200_Using_Compressed_Gases_2016-07-07.pdf
2. PRINCY AGARWAL, ANJU GOYAL, RAJAT VAISHNAV, CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW, received: 17 october 2017, vol 11, issue 2, 2018, 2455-3891
3. O. G. Bhusnure1, R. B. Dongare1, S. B. Gholve1, P. S. Giram2, chemical hazards and safety
management in pharmaceutical industry, revised on: 18-10-2017, vol 12, issue 3, 2018, 357-369
4 http://www.rroij.com/open-access/health-hazards-of-organic- solvents.php?aid=57418 for organic so lvent
5. https://studylib.net/doc/13197366/chemical-hazards---recogn ition--evaluation-and-control
•6. PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING UNIT OPERATIONS PART 2
BY- C.V.SUBRAMANYAM.EDITION