This document summarizes remediation of chlorinated solvents at two sites using different methods. At the Heckscher Drive site, a TCE and PCE plume was remediated using pump and treat over five years, reducing concentrations below standards. At the Jefferson Street site, in-situ nutrient enhanced bioremediation using injected bacteria reduced a TCE plume below standards within six months after a one-time injection. The document compares the remediation approaches and results at each site.
With speakers from various disciplines and professions, the SPE Distinguished Lecturer program focuses on the hottest trends, tools, and technology in E&P around the globe. View the complete 2018-2019 Distinguished Lecturer schedule at www.spe.org/dl/schedule.php.
Dr J N Brown - PhD thesis (2002) Partitioning of Chemical Contaminants in Urb...Jeff Brown, PhD, CNMA
This thesis examines the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved phases in urban stormwater. Stormwater samples were collected from an urban and rural catchment during rainfall events and analyzed for PAHs and heavy metals. The PAHs in urban stormwater were primarily from combustion sources on streets. A new method was developed to separate the colloidal and truly dissolved phases using solid phase extraction disks. This study provides insights into the transport, fate and environmental effects of PAHs in urban stormwater discharged into harbors.
1. ESI provided a conceptual model of the London Basin aquifer for the Environment Agency, advancing understanding of its hydrogeology and addressing issues like abstraction sustainability.
2. ESI served as an expert witness for a petrol retailer, advising on risks from a diesel spill and demonstrating remediation addressed contamination risks.
3. ESI assessed the impact of over 30 groundwater abstractions on key streams for Severn Trent Water, quantifying low flow issues to identify remedial options.
4. ESI minimised environmental and reputational liabilities for a company from a 40,000 liter diesel leak by rapidly investigating and containing the spill.
The document proposes an irrigation system for a 3-acre wetland restoration project. It evaluates potential water sources including treated water from a sanitation district, an existing well, and a nearby pond. Water quality tests show the well and treated water meet standards but the pond does not due to higher salt content. The document also analyzes the water needs of potential crops like sunflowers and corn. It recommends further testing the treated water before drilling a new well and proposes a drip irrigation system powered by a gasoline generator due to high costs and challenges of solar. Additional information is needed to select the best pump system.
This document provides an overview of sour water stripping, including sources and characteristics of sour water from various industrial processes like sour gas processing, oil refining, gasification, and Claus tail gas treating. It discusses sour water from each of these processes and common approaches to sour water management, including stripping, feed preparation, and offgas disposal. Key aspects covered include produced water vs condensed water in sour gas processing, challenges with different contaminants in refinery sour water, integrated sour water stripping with tail gas units, and ammonia removal processes from coal gasification sour water.
MgCl2 and KCl Recovery from Brine Wastewater Treatment Kyra Berger
The student team designed an improved brine wastewater treatment process to recover magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and potassium chloride (KCl) from desalination plant waste. Their process aims to be more cost effective than General Electric's (GE) leading brine concentrator system, which recovers water but is energy intensive. The new process contains three phases: multi-stage flash evaporation removes NaCl, phase two uses crystallizers and centrifuges to recover carnallite and KCl, and phase three crystallizes pure MgCl2. It estimates $2.6 billion annual revenue from MgCl2 alone, increasing GE's return on investment by 22.53% and net present value by $20.7 million
Successful ISCR-Enhanced Bioremediation - Summer 2010James Peale
This document summarizes the successful remediation of a TCE DNAPL source zone using in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) enhanced bioremediation. The TCE DNAPL was located 40-110 feet below ground surface at a facility. A pilot study was conducted using EHC and KB-1 to promote microbial and abiotic degradation pathways. The full-scale implementation rapidly reduced TCE concentrations to below the maximum contaminant level in under six months. Monitoring showed concentrations continued to decrease below regulatory levels, demonstrating the viability of this approach for remediating deep chlorinated solvent source zones.
Key aspects of reservoir evaluation for deep water reservoirsM.T.H Group
The document summarizes key aspects of reservoir evaluation for deep water projects. It discusses challenges including geomechanics, reservoir characterization of thin beds and compartmentalization, and flow assurance requiring accurate fluid characterization. Reservoir characterization is identified as the biggest risk due to complex lithology, thin beds, and low contrast pay. Accurate fluid analysis and asphaltene characterization can help determine reservoir connectivity. Operator priorities include minimizing operational risk through rig efficiency and completion/production reliability. Reservoir evaluation is critical for deep water projects due to significant costs.
With speakers from various disciplines and professions, the SPE Distinguished Lecturer program focuses on the hottest trends, tools, and technology in E&P around the globe. View the complete 2018-2019 Distinguished Lecturer schedule at www.spe.org/dl/schedule.php.
Dr J N Brown - PhD thesis (2002) Partitioning of Chemical Contaminants in Urb...Jeff Brown, PhD, CNMA
This thesis examines the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved phases in urban stormwater. Stormwater samples were collected from an urban and rural catchment during rainfall events and analyzed for PAHs and heavy metals. The PAHs in urban stormwater were primarily from combustion sources on streets. A new method was developed to separate the colloidal and truly dissolved phases using solid phase extraction disks. This study provides insights into the transport, fate and environmental effects of PAHs in urban stormwater discharged into harbors.
1. ESI provided a conceptual model of the London Basin aquifer for the Environment Agency, advancing understanding of its hydrogeology and addressing issues like abstraction sustainability.
2. ESI served as an expert witness for a petrol retailer, advising on risks from a diesel spill and demonstrating remediation addressed contamination risks.
3. ESI assessed the impact of over 30 groundwater abstractions on key streams for Severn Trent Water, quantifying low flow issues to identify remedial options.
4. ESI minimised environmental and reputational liabilities for a company from a 40,000 liter diesel leak by rapidly investigating and containing the spill.
The document proposes an irrigation system for a 3-acre wetland restoration project. It evaluates potential water sources including treated water from a sanitation district, an existing well, and a nearby pond. Water quality tests show the well and treated water meet standards but the pond does not due to higher salt content. The document also analyzes the water needs of potential crops like sunflowers and corn. It recommends further testing the treated water before drilling a new well and proposes a drip irrigation system powered by a gasoline generator due to high costs and challenges of solar. Additional information is needed to select the best pump system.
This document provides an overview of sour water stripping, including sources and characteristics of sour water from various industrial processes like sour gas processing, oil refining, gasification, and Claus tail gas treating. It discusses sour water from each of these processes and common approaches to sour water management, including stripping, feed preparation, and offgas disposal. Key aspects covered include produced water vs condensed water in sour gas processing, challenges with different contaminants in refinery sour water, integrated sour water stripping with tail gas units, and ammonia removal processes from coal gasification sour water.
MgCl2 and KCl Recovery from Brine Wastewater Treatment Kyra Berger
The student team designed an improved brine wastewater treatment process to recover magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and potassium chloride (KCl) from desalination plant waste. Their process aims to be more cost effective than General Electric's (GE) leading brine concentrator system, which recovers water but is energy intensive. The new process contains three phases: multi-stage flash evaporation removes NaCl, phase two uses crystallizers and centrifuges to recover carnallite and KCl, and phase three crystallizes pure MgCl2. It estimates $2.6 billion annual revenue from MgCl2 alone, increasing GE's return on investment by 22.53% and net present value by $20.7 million
Successful ISCR-Enhanced Bioremediation - Summer 2010James Peale
This document summarizes the successful remediation of a TCE DNAPL source zone using in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) enhanced bioremediation. The TCE DNAPL was located 40-110 feet below ground surface at a facility. A pilot study was conducted using EHC and KB-1 to promote microbial and abiotic degradation pathways. The full-scale implementation rapidly reduced TCE concentrations to below the maximum contaminant level in under six months. Monitoring showed concentrations continued to decrease below regulatory levels, demonstrating the viability of this approach for remediating deep chlorinated solvent source zones.
Key aspects of reservoir evaluation for deep water reservoirsM.T.H Group
The document summarizes key aspects of reservoir evaluation for deep water projects. It discusses challenges including geomechanics, reservoir characterization of thin beds and compartmentalization, and flow assurance requiring accurate fluid characterization. Reservoir characterization is identified as the biggest risk due to complex lithology, thin beds, and low contrast pay. Accurate fluid analysis and asphaltene characterization can help determine reservoir connectivity. Operator priorities include minimizing operational risk through rig efficiency and completion/production reliability. Reservoir evaluation is critical for deep water projects due to significant costs.
Mark Killar, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, “Sewickley Creek Cost/Benefit ...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Throughout Pennsylvania, many non-profit organizations have developed restoration plans for AMD impaired watersheds. To secure federal AML funding through Pennsylvania’s Abandoned Mine Reclamation Program and with other federal programs, those plans must include a cost/benefits analysis to assure that funds from the program are spent wisely. In an effort to assist in the development of a cost/benefit analysis for AMD projects being proposed for a qualified hydrologic unit watershed, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy worked with Hedin Environmental, through a technical assistance grant provided by Trout Unlimited’s Eastern Abandoned Mines Program, to develop a treatment cost calculator, which could compare costs on a variety of AMD treatment types. This presentation will demonstrate how it was used to develop a cost/benefit analysis for priority AMD discharges within the Sewickley Creek watershed in Westmoreland County.
This document summarizes the potential for using accelerated weathering of limestone (AWL) as an alternative method for carbon dioxide mitigation from point sources like power plants. AWL involves reacting CO2 gas with limestone and water to form stable calcium bicarbonate solutions. This process is spontaneous and exothermic. Storing carbon in the ocean as calcium bicarbonate raises alkalinity and helps counteract ocean acidification. Initial modeling suggests AWL could sequester CO2 for under $3 per tonne, much cheaper than conventional carbon capture and storage. Globally, there is enough limestone and seawater to potentially store over 100,000 gigatons of carbon via this process
The document summarizes entries for the 2002 Excellence in Environmental Engineering competition. It describes several projects that were recognized, including the Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project which received a Superior Achievement award for its holistic approach to improving water quality in the Rouge River watershed. It also summarizes other award winning entries focused on areas like remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater, wastewater treatment, and stormwater management.
Philippe Tob presented information on water usage for shale gas extraction. He discussed (1) the large quantities of water needed for fracturing shale rock and producing shale gas, (2) the quality of water used and produced water, and (3) potential solutions for treating and reusing water through emerging technologies. He concluded that with sustainable water management solutions available, shale gas exploitation could be a blessing for the water industry through new growth and innovation opportunities.
Fate of 137Cs and other radionuclides in rivers and lakesocwtesocw
This document discusses a model for predicting the fate of radionuclides such as cesium-137 in rivers and lakes. The model accounts for processes such as fixation of cesium to soils and sediments over time, its transport via runoff, and uptake in fish. The model was developed based on analysis of data from nuclear weapons testing and Chernobyl. It provides blind predictions of radionuclide levels in various water bodies over time that agree well with measurements.
Melissa Reckner, Kiski-Conemaugh Stream Team, “State of the Kiski-Conemaugh R...Michael Hewitt, GISP
The Conemaugh Valley Conservancy is working to update the Kiski-Conemaugh River Basin Conservation Plan, published in 1999. It is documenting the status of the 121 recommendations made in the Plan and is quantifying chemical and biological changes in key waterways over the last 16 years due to the numerous restoration projects that transpired as a result of the Plan and watershed initiatives. This presentation will highlight significant findings, trends, and areas of concern.
Kevin Kraus, Saint Francis University Environmental Engineering Department, “...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Ancient technology that found its roots in the Catalan Forge in Spain, has seen a revival in recent years to treat acid mine drainage. This technology harnesses the power of hydraulics and hydrology by passively compressing air via the use of falling water, using no moving parts. A group of recently-graduated students from Saint Francis University have done extensive research in attempt to procure sizing guidance and parameters for the installation of this passive technology.
This document summarizes the use of in situ chemical reduction (ISCR)-enhanced bioremediation to treat trichloroethylene (TCE) contamination at an industrial site in Portland, Oregon. TCE and manufactured gas plant (MGP) waste are present in the subsurface. An injection system using emulsified zero-valent iron and bacteria was installed to desorb TCE from MGP dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) and promote biological degradation. Monitoring shows TCE concentrations decreased in both groundwater and MGP DNAPL samples. Analysis using an effective solubility model indicates TCE has been removed from the non-aqueous phase through dissolution, consistent with the remediation goal
Testing and Implementation of AMD Mitigation, Alum Gulch-Flux Canyon, Cox Gul...Daniel Eyde
The document summarizes a plan to mitigate acid mine drainage (AMD) and heavy metals in several tributaries in southeastern Arizona that flow into Sonoita Creek and Patagonia Lake. The plan involves installing gabion retaining wall structures and stream bed footers containing zeolite materials downstream of mine discharge points to raise pH and reduce metals like zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper. Water quality and biological monitoring will occur before and after installation to evaluate effectiveness. Zeolites are effective at absorbing metals and raising pH, as shown in previous studies. The structures are intended to last 5-10 years before material replacement depending on runoff conditions.
Sandia National Laboratories analyzed parameters for modeling WIPP's panel closure system using crushed salt. They examined 3 scenarios for emplacing run-of-mine salt using different compaction levels and moisture contents. Analysis of grain size distributions showed large variations that complicated modeling. The final panel closure design uses two bulkheads separated by compacted salt to limit gas migration within performance requirements.
This document analyzes upgrading the Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant to tertiary treatment in order to reduce nutrient loads discharged into Lake Ontario. It discusses the plant's current secondary treatment processes and effluent quality. Tertiary treatment technologies are compared, with denitrifying filters identified as the best option due to their relatively small footprint and high removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus. Implementing tertiary treatment could significantly reduce nutrient loads into Lake Ontario if adopted by all plants discharging into the lake, but each plant would need to lower effluent nutrient limits and have sufficient space for the required tertiary processes.
The Effects of Sewage Treatment Works on Watercourses - T.SwainTom Swain
This dissertation investigates the effects of sewage treatment effluents on receiving watercourses. Seven sewage treatment works with different treatment technologies were sampled for a range of 14 water quality parameters both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point. The aim was to understand if effluents have a significant effect on water quality in receiving watercourses. Statistical analysis found only one site had a significant difference in pH levels between upstream and downstream samples. Further analysis indicated this was likely due to road salt and increased nitrate inputs causing eutrophication, not the effluent. Overall, the study found sewage treatment works are having a negligible effect on watercourses, with technical improvements reducing pollutant concentrations in final effluents
Submission of Lake Ontario Waterkeeper - Reviewing Canadian Nuclear Safety Co...LOWaterkeeper
The Port Hope Area Initiative (PHAI) is an internationally significant undertaking. It is the biggest radioactive waste clean-up project in Canadian history, and involves one of the largest nuclear waste holding facilities in North America. The PHAI is comprised of two distinct projects: the Port Hope waste relocation project (“Port Hope Project”), and the Port Granby waste relocation project (“Port Granby Project”). Together, both projects seek to clean up a combined two-million cubic metres (m3) of low-level radioactive waste from various sites across Port Hope and Port Granby.
The Port Hope Project involves excavating 1,223,250 m3 of historic radioactive waste from several sites around the town of Port Hope to a Long-term Waste Management Facility (PH LTWMF) just north of the community. The project was subject to an environmental assessment (EA) under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 1992 (CEAA, 1992) which was conducted from 2001 to 2007. In 2009, the CNSC granted a five-year Nuclear Waste Substance Licence to Atomic Energy Canada Limited (AECL) to implement the project. In 2012, AECL applied to have its licence extended for ten years. This was granted by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), making the current licence valid until December 31, 2022.
The Port Granby Project involves the removal of 450,000 m3 of historic radioactive waste from the existing and poorly contained Port Granby waste management facility to a new above ground waste management facility (the PG LTWMF) 700 metres north of the Lake Ontario shoreline. The Port Granby Project was also subject to a federal EA under CEAA, 1992 and the project was approved in 2009. After a public hearing in September 2010, the CNSC granted AECL a ten-year licence to implement this project.
In the last five years, some progress has been made to ensure the initiative supports a more swimmable, drinkable, and fishable Lake Ontario. But more work is still needed.
Case Studies: Treatment of Acid Mine and Metal Contaminated Waters Using Zeol...Daniel Eyde
The Presentation presents case studies using zeolites in the treatment of acid mine and metal contaminated waters at Coal Operations in WV, & Legacy Mine Water Discharges at Uranium, Gold and Silver Operations in NM, MT and AZ
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
River Almond valley water quality modelling strategic study for Scottish WaterStephen Flood
River Almond valley water quality modelling strategic study for Scottish Water - Dr Vera Jones (Atkins)
MIKE by DHI 15th UK User Group Meeting - Tuesday 19 March 2013
This document provides a qualitative risk assessment of flow-back water disposal from hydraulic fracturing operations. It describes hydraulic fracturing and the flow-back water cycle. Risks of various disposal methods are identified and ranked. Transportation risks, health risks from exposure, and risks of social protests are analyzed in depth. Transportation risks include high financial costs, road damage from heavy trucks, and traffic issues. The document recommends methods to mitigate risks such as centralized water treatment plants.
This document discusses efforts to model groundwater flow near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) salt repository using the d3f++ and PFLOTRAN codes. It summarizes work to update an existing coarse-scale model of the WIPP site to include density-driven flow and improve the mesh and parameterization. Challenges included the old mesh's irregularity and aspect ratios as well as representing an evolving water table. Both codes struggled with the original mesh. Simpler 2D benchmark problems were suggested to better compare the codes' capabilities before further work on the full basin-scale model.
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
Predicting Operational Life of ZVI 2012James Peale
This document summarizes an analysis to predict the operational life of zero-valent iron (ZVI) used in an in situ chemical reduction (ISCR)-enhanced bioremediation system to treat trichloroethylene (TCE) dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) at a contaminated site. Regression and geochemical modeling of groundwater data estimated the ZVI would be consumed within 10 to 60 years through reactions with water, chlorinated solvents, and other compounds. While long-term monitoring is needed to verify the predictions, the analysis suggests the ZVI-based system could provide remediation for decades, similar to anticipated timeframes for pump-and-treat systems. Further data collection will
Mark Killar, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, “Sewickley Creek Cost/Benefit ...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Throughout Pennsylvania, many non-profit organizations have developed restoration plans for AMD impaired watersheds. To secure federal AML funding through Pennsylvania’s Abandoned Mine Reclamation Program and with other federal programs, those plans must include a cost/benefits analysis to assure that funds from the program are spent wisely. In an effort to assist in the development of a cost/benefit analysis for AMD projects being proposed for a qualified hydrologic unit watershed, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy worked with Hedin Environmental, through a technical assistance grant provided by Trout Unlimited’s Eastern Abandoned Mines Program, to develop a treatment cost calculator, which could compare costs on a variety of AMD treatment types. This presentation will demonstrate how it was used to develop a cost/benefit analysis for priority AMD discharges within the Sewickley Creek watershed in Westmoreland County.
This document summarizes the potential for using accelerated weathering of limestone (AWL) as an alternative method for carbon dioxide mitigation from point sources like power plants. AWL involves reacting CO2 gas with limestone and water to form stable calcium bicarbonate solutions. This process is spontaneous and exothermic. Storing carbon in the ocean as calcium bicarbonate raises alkalinity and helps counteract ocean acidification. Initial modeling suggests AWL could sequester CO2 for under $3 per tonne, much cheaper than conventional carbon capture and storage. Globally, there is enough limestone and seawater to potentially store over 100,000 gigatons of carbon via this process
The document summarizes entries for the 2002 Excellence in Environmental Engineering competition. It describes several projects that were recognized, including the Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project which received a Superior Achievement award for its holistic approach to improving water quality in the Rouge River watershed. It also summarizes other award winning entries focused on areas like remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater, wastewater treatment, and stormwater management.
Philippe Tob presented information on water usage for shale gas extraction. He discussed (1) the large quantities of water needed for fracturing shale rock and producing shale gas, (2) the quality of water used and produced water, and (3) potential solutions for treating and reusing water through emerging technologies. He concluded that with sustainable water management solutions available, shale gas exploitation could be a blessing for the water industry through new growth and innovation opportunities.
Fate of 137Cs and other radionuclides in rivers and lakesocwtesocw
This document discusses a model for predicting the fate of radionuclides such as cesium-137 in rivers and lakes. The model accounts for processes such as fixation of cesium to soils and sediments over time, its transport via runoff, and uptake in fish. The model was developed based on analysis of data from nuclear weapons testing and Chernobyl. It provides blind predictions of radionuclide levels in various water bodies over time that agree well with measurements.
Melissa Reckner, Kiski-Conemaugh Stream Team, “State of the Kiski-Conemaugh R...Michael Hewitt, GISP
The Conemaugh Valley Conservancy is working to update the Kiski-Conemaugh River Basin Conservation Plan, published in 1999. It is documenting the status of the 121 recommendations made in the Plan and is quantifying chemical and biological changes in key waterways over the last 16 years due to the numerous restoration projects that transpired as a result of the Plan and watershed initiatives. This presentation will highlight significant findings, trends, and areas of concern.
Kevin Kraus, Saint Francis University Environmental Engineering Department, “...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Ancient technology that found its roots in the Catalan Forge in Spain, has seen a revival in recent years to treat acid mine drainage. This technology harnesses the power of hydraulics and hydrology by passively compressing air via the use of falling water, using no moving parts. A group of recently-graduated students from Saint Francis University have done extensive research in attempt to procure sizing guidance and parameters for the installation of this passive technology.
This document summarizes the use of in situ chemical reduction (ISCR)-enhanced bioremediation to treat trichloroethylene (TCE) contamination at an industrial site in Portland, Oregon. TCE and manufactured gas plant (MGP) waste are present in the subsurface. An injection system using emulsified zero-valent iron and bacteria was installed to desorb TCE from MGP dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) and promote biological degradation. Monitoring shows TCE concentrations decreased in both groundwater and MGP DNAPL samples. Analysis using an effective solubility model indicates TCE has been removed from the non-aqueous phase through dissolution, consistent with the remediation goal
Testing and Implementation of AMD Mitigation, Alum Gulch-Flux Canyon, Cox Gul...Daniel Eyde
The document summarizes a plan to mitigate acid mine drainage (AMD) and heavy metals in several tributaries in southeastern Arizona that flow into Sonoita Creek and Patagonia Lake. The plan involves installing gabion retaining wall structures and stream bed footers containing zeolite materials downstream of mine discharge points to raise pH and reduce metals like zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper. Water quality and biological monitoring will occur before and after installation to evaluate effectiveness. Zeolites are effective at absorbing metals and raising pH, as shown in previous studies. The structures are intended to last 5-10 years before material replacement depending on runoff conditions.
Sandia National Laboratories analyzed parameters for modeling WIPP's panel closure system using crushed salt. They examined 3 scenarios for emplacing run-of-mine salt using different compaction levels and moisture contents. Analysis of grain size distributions showed large variations that complicated modeling. The final panel closure design uses two bulkheads separated by compacted salt to limit gas migration within performance requirements.
This document analyzes upgrading the Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant to tertiary treatment in order to reduce nutrient loads discharged into Lake Ontario. It discusses the plant's current secondary treatment processes and effluent quality. Tertiary treatment technologies are compared, with denitrifying filters identified as the best option due to their relatively small footprint and high removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus. Implementing tertiary treatment could significantly reduce nutrient loads into Lake Ontario if adopted by all plants discharging into the lake, but each plant would need to lower effluent nutrient limits and have sufficient space for the required tertiary processes.
The Effects of Sewage Treatment Works on Watercourses - T.SwainTom Swain
This dissertation investigates the effects of sewage treatment effluents on receiving watercourses. Seven sewage treatment works with different treatment technologies were sampled for a range of 14 water quality parameters both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point. The aim was to understand if effluents have a significant effect on water quality in receiving watercourses. Statistical analysis found only one site had a significant difference in pH levels between upstream and downstream samples. Further analysis indicated this was likely due to road salt and increased nitrate inputs causing eutrophication, not the effluent. Overall, the study found sewage treatment works are having a negligible effect on watercourses, with technical improvements reducing pollutant concentrations in final effluents
Submission of Lake Ontario Waterkeeper - Reviewing Canadian Nuclear Safety Co...LOWaterkeeper
The Port Hope Area Initiative (PHAI) is an internationally significant undertaking. It is the biggest radioactive waste clean-up project in Canadian history, and involves one of the largest nuclear waste holding facilities in North America. The PHAI is comprised of two distinct projects: the Port Hope waste relocation project (“Port Hope Project”), and the Port Granby waste relocation project (“Port Granby Project”). Together, both projects seek to clean up a combined two-million cubic metres (m3) of low-level radioactive waste from various sites across Port Hope and Port Granby.
The Port Hope Project involves excavating 1,223,250 m3 of historic radioactive waste from several sites around the town of Port Hope to a Long-term Waste Management Facility (PH LTWMF) just north of the community. The project was subject to an environmental assessment (EA) under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 1992 (CEAA, 1992) which was conducted from 2001 to 2007. In 2009, the CNSC granted a five-year Nuclear Waste Substance Licence to Atomic Energy Canada Limited (AECL) to implement the project. In 2012, AECL applied to have its licence extended for ten years. This was granted by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), making the current licence valid until December 31, 2022.
The Port Granby Project involves the removal of 450,000 m3 of historic radioactive waste from the existing and poorly contained Port Granby waste management facility to a new above ground waste management facility (the PG LTWMF) 700 metres north of the Lake Ontario shoreline. The Port Granby Project was also subject to a federal EA under CEAA, 1992 and the project was approved in 2009. After a public hearing in September 2010, the CNSC granted AECL a ten-year licence to implement this project.
In the last five years, some progress has been made to ensure the initiative supports a more swimmable, drinkable, and fishable Lake Ontario. But more work is still needed.
Case Studies: Treatment of Acid Mine and Metal Contaminated Waters Using Zeol...Daniel Eyde
The Presentation presents case studies using zeolites in the treatment of acid mine and metal contaminated waters at Coal Operations in WV, & Legacy Mine Water Discharges at Uranium, Gold and Silver Operations in NM, MT and AZ
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
River Almond valley water quality modelling strategic study for Scottish WaterStephen Flood
River Almond valley water quality modelling strategic study for Scottish Water - Dr Vera Jones (Atkins)
MIKE by DHI 15th UK User Group Meeting - Tuesday 19 March 2013
This document provides a qualitative risk assessment of flow-back water disposal from hydraulic fracturing operations. It describes hydraulic fracturing and the flow-back water cycle. Risks of various disposal methods are identified and ranked. Transportation risks, health risks from exposure, and risks of social protests are analyzed in depth. Transportation risks include high financial costs, road damage from heavy trucks, and traffic issues. The document recommends methods to mitigate risks such as centralized water treatment plants.
This document discusses efforts to model groundwater flow near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) salt repository using the d3f++ and PFLOTRAN codes. It summarizes work to update an existing coarse-scale model of the WIPP site to include density-driven flow and improve the mesh and parameterization. Challenges included the old mesh's irregularity and aspect ratios as well as representing an evolving water table. Both codes struggled with the original mesh. Simpler 2D benchmark problems were suggested to better compare the codes' capabilities before further work on the full basin-scale model.
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
Predicting Operational Life of ZVI 2012James Peale
This document summarizes an analysis to predict the operational life of zero-valent iron (ZVI) used in an in situ chemical reduction (ISCR)-enhanced bioremediation system to treat trichloroethylene (TCE) dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) at a contaminated site. Regression and geochemical modeling of groundwater data estimated the ZVI would be consumed within 10 to 60 years through reactions with water, chlorinated solvents, and other compounds. While long-term monitoring is needed to verify the predictions, the analysis suggests the ZVI-based system could provide remediation for decades, similar to anticipated timeframes for pump-and-treat systems. Further data collection will
This document summarizes a presentation on sustainable remediation of soils and groundwater contaminated by chlorinated solvents. It discusses:
1. The widespread historical use of chlorinated solvents like PCE, TCE, and vinyl chloride in industry, which led to their release into the environment through production, use, storage and disposal.
2. The environmental and health challenges posed by chlorinated solvents, which are dense, immiscible liquids that can sink and persist in groundwater for decades. PCE contamination in particular can spread over large areas.
3. Treatment technologies for contaminated sites, including containment, pump-and-treat, and in situ chemical/biological transformations. Sustainable re
This document provides information to help military installations evaluate alternatives to using chlorine gas for disinfecting drinking water and wastewater. It describes the regulatory requirements around chlorine gas usage and compares 7 alternative disinfection technologies to an ideal system. The alternatives evaluated are sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, mixed oxidant generation, chlorine dioxide, chloramination, ozone and ultraviolet light. Each alternative is assessed based on its disinfection capability, safety, costs and ability to meet future regulatory standards for drinking water and wastewater treatment.
Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Plant.pptxAbdulSameeu3
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More from APWA Florida Chapter 2013 Annual Meeting and Trade Show (20)
1. A World of Solutions
Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents
in Groundwater
Lee Bienkowski, PhD, PG
Jacksonville, FL
April 23, 2013
2. Safe Harbor Statement
This presentation contains forward-looking statements regarding CB&I and
represents our expectations and beliefs concerning future events. These
forward-looking statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for
forward-looking statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform
Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and
uncertainties. When considering any statements that are predictive in
nature, depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or use or contain
words, terms, phrases, or expressions such as
“achieve”, “forecast”, “plan”, “propose”, “strategy”, “envision”, “hope”, “will”, “conti
nue”, “potential”, “expect”, “believe”, “anticipate”, “project”, “estimate”, “predict”, “i
ntend”, “should”, “could”, “may”, “might”, or similar forward-looking
statements, we refer you to the cautionary statements concerning risk factors
and “Forward-Looking Statements” described under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of
our Annual Report filed on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the year ended
December 31, 2012, and any updates to those risk factors or “Forward-Looking
Statements” included in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed
with the SEC, which cautionary statements are incorporated herein by reference.
4. 3A World of Solutions
Tetrachloroethene (PCE) – also known as perchloroethene, a
colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pungent chloroform-like
odor (Cl2C=CCl2)
Trichloroethene (TCE) – a colorless or blue-dyed liquid with a
chloroform-like odor (ClCH=CCl2)
What is a Chlorinated Solvent?
PCE TCE
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
C
C
5. 4A World of Solutions
1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE) – a colorless liquid with an acidic
chloroform-like odor (ClCH=CHCl); comes in cis and trans
isomers
Vinyl chloride (VC) – a colorless liquid or gas with a slightly
sweet odor (CH2=CHCl)
More Chlorinated Solvents
1,2-DCE VC
Cl Cl Cl
H H H H
H
C C C C
6. 5A World of Solutions
PCE is used in dry cleaning and textile processing; dry cleaners
are the most common source of PCE in the environment
TCE is used in degreasing metal parts and in consumer
products such as white-out and carpet cleaners; auto service
facilities are the most common environmental source
1,2-DCE is mostly an intermediary between other compounds;
cis is more common than trans
VC is used for making polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and in the past
was used as a refrigerant
Common Sources of Chlorinated Solvents
7. 6A World of Solutions
PCE – chronic ingestion of PCE in drinking water increases the
risk of birth defects; it is classified as a likely human
carcinogen, targeting mainly the liver and kidneys
TCE – ingestion of TCE in drinking water has been shown to
impact the liver, kidneys and immune and endocrine
(hormones) systems; TCE is not currently classified as a human
carcinogen, but new data suggest that it may cause kidney
cancer
1,2-DCE – no scientific studies have linked exposure to 1,2-DCE
to health effects in humans, but rodents show decreased liver
and kidney function after ingesting high concentrations
VC – vinyl chloride is classed as a known human carcinogen; it
has been implicated in a rare form of liver cancer
*Source – USEPA Technology Transfer Network
Health Impacts of Chlorinated Solvents*
10. 9A World of Solutions
TCE
– Relative density (water = 1) – 1.5
– Solubility (77o F) – 0.1%
– Boiling point – 189oF
– Sinks in water
– Somewhat volatile
VC
– Relative density (water = 1) – 0.91
– Solubility (77o F) – 0.1%
– Boiling point – 7oF
– Rises in water
– Very volatile
Physical Characteristics
11. 10A World of Solutions
Ex-Situ Methods
– Pump and treat air stripping
– Multiphase extraction (MPX)
– Automated groundwater recirculation
In-Situ Methods
– Air sparge/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE)
– In-situ oxygen curtain (iSOC)
– In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO)
– Permanganate
– Peroxide
– Persulfate
– In-situ nutrient enhanced bioremediation
Common Remediation Methods
12. A World of Solutions
Site 1 – Heckscher Drive
Remediation of TCE and PCE by Pump and Treat
13. 12A World of Solutions
Heckscher Plume Location
Jacksonville Zoo
Extent of TCE Plume 2003
14. 13A World of Solutions
Garage for servicing fleet vehicles
12,000-gallon gasoline underground storage tank (UST)
removed in 1993
Low benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX)
concentrations remediated by natural attenuation – no further
action (NFA) in 2004
TCE and PCE detected in intermediate wells in 1994
Lithology sandy with thin clay layers to 40 feet below land
surface (bls) underlain by limestone
Heckscher Drive Background
15. 14A World of Solutions
Heckscher Site Configuration
16. 15A World of Solutions
Diffuse plume on top of limestone at 40 feet bls
Maximum TCE concentration – 25 micrograms per liter (ug/L)
in DW-6 (south right-of-way of Heckscher Drive)
Groundwater flow southeast toward Trout River
Total plume length in 2001 was 700 feet
Initial Site Conditions
17. 16A World of Solutions
Plume extended on both sides of Heckscher Drive
Toe of plume migrating toward Trout River
Contamination deep; some under building
High hydraulic conductivity in impacted soils
Installation and operation and maintenance (O&M) expected
to cost less than injection methods
Rationale for Selecting Pump and Treat
21. A World of Solutions 20
Remediation Equipment in Compound
22. 21A World of Solutions
System startup April 2003
Initial pumping rate – 16 gallons per minute (gpm)
Recovery Well (RW)-4 shut down February 2005
RW-3 shut down August 2006
RW-1 shut down October 2006
System shut down August 2008
NFA recommended November 2009
Site Rehabilitation Completion Order (SRCO) issued August
2010
System Operations
23. A World of Solutions 22
DW-1 TCE Concentrations
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
TCE(ug/L)
Date
GCTL
24. 23A World of Solutions
System ran five years with few issues
Start shutting down recovery wells after two years
Reduced maximum TCE concentrations from 10 ug/L to less
than 3 ug/L
Total cost of installation, maintenance and sampling –
$330,000
Conclusions
25. A World of Solutions
Site 2 – Jefferson Street
Remediation of TCE by In-situ Nutrient
Enhanced Bioremediation
26. A World of Solutions 25
Jefferson Site Location
Extent of TCE Plume, September 2002
27. 26A World of Solutions
Garage for servicing fleet vehicles
Oil/water separator (OWS) removed in 1998
Low BTEX concentrations remediated by natural attenuation –
NFA in 2004
TCE and PCE detected in intermediate wells in 2000
Multiple sources of TCE and PCE in area
Lithology sandy with thin clay layers to 35-40 feet bls
Jefferson Street Background
28. A World of Solutions 27
Jefferson Site Configuration
TCE Plume 2002
29. 28A World of Solutions
Diffuse plume on top of limestone at 35-40 feet bls
Maximum TCE concentration – 35 ug/L in DW-12
Groundwater flow southeast toward St. Johns River
Total plume length in 2002 – 600 feet
Initial Site Conditions
30. 29A World of Solutions
ISOC Pilot Test – October 2002 through April 2003
– Three wells installed, each containing two iSOC units
– In each well, one iSOC injected oxygen and one injected propane
– Oxygen was to aid oxidation of TCE
– Propane was to provide nutrients for bacteria
– iSOC was not effective and was shut down
Anaerobic Biochem Plus (ABC+) Pilot Test – September 2007
– Nine injection points
– Each injection point was injected at four different depths
– Total injection volume = 3,200 gallons of water and ABC+
– TCE concentrations decreased in most wells down-gradient of
pilot test area
Pilot Testing
31. A World of Solutions 30
TCE Plume After 2007 Pilot Test
32. 31A World of Solutions
Plume extended on both sides of Jefferson Street
Most impacted properties currently undeveloped
Little space on source property for system
High hydraulic conductivity in impacted soils
Injection expected to cost less than installation and
maintenance of an active system
Successful pilot test
Rationale for Selecting In Situ Bioremediation
33. A World of Solutions 32
Jefferson Injection Points – 2011
34. A World of Solutions 33
View Down-Gradient from Source Area
35. A World of Solutions 34
Injection Apparatus and Process
36. A World of Solutions 35
Injection Equipment in Action
37. 36A World of Solutions
Injection event February 2011
– 120 injection points
– Injected 180 gallons of ABC+ at three depths in each boring
– ABC+ = bacteria, lactates, fatty acids, buffer and zero valent iron
(ZVI) Injection rate 15 gpm at 100 psi
Reduced TCE in all sampled wells to <GCTL by September 2011
Injection Details
38. A World of Solutions 37
ZVI Reaction
Addition of ZVI results in lower concentrations of daughter products
39. A World of Solutions 38
TCE Concentrations 2011-2012
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
TCE(ug/L)
DW-12 (source area)
DW-26 (plume toe)
40. A World of Solutions 39
Iron Concentrations 2011-2012
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Iron(ug/L)
DW-12 (source area)
DW-29 (plume toe)
41. 40A World of Solutions
One-time injection event sufficient to remediate entire plume
Reduced maximum TCE concentrations from 15 ug/L to below
detection in six months
Introduced iron and other constituents required additional
monitoring
Iron concentrations are decreasing to near background
Total cost of injection and sampling – $265,000
Conclusions
42. A World of Solutions
Site 3 – Westside Skills Center
Remediation of Vinyl Chloride by Automated
Groundwater Recirculation
43. A World of Solutions 42
Westside Skills Center Location
Westside Skills Center
44. 43A World of Solutions
Public vocational school built in late 1970s
Provides training in culinary arts, cosmetology, and automotive
repair
Six USTs removed in 1993
– USTs 1 and 2 – 10,000-gallon gasoline
– USTs 3, 4, and 6 – 550-gallon heating oil
– UST 5 – fiberglass OWS
Westside Skills Center Background
45. A World of Solutions 44
Westside Site Configuration
Westside Skills Center
47. 46A World of Solutions
Lithology
– Silty fine sand
– Low hydraulic conductivity
– Debris present in former OWS pit
Hardpan layer at 10 feet bls
Depth to water 5 feet bls, range 1.5 feet
Anaerobic conditions (dissolved oxygen <0.50 parts per
million) due to presence of hydrocarbons
Initial Site Conditions
48. A World of Solutions 47
Extent of PCE Plume 1993
3 ug/L
30 ug/L
49. A World of Solutions 48
Extent of Vinyl Chloride Plume 2006
1 ug/L
100 ug/L
51. 50A World of Solutions
Less chance of producing vapors in classroom than AS/SVE
Water table too shallow for AS/SVE
More effective than MPX in low hydraulic conductivity soil
In-situ methods would have required drilling through
classroom floor
Recirculation less intrusive than other proposed methods
Rationale for Selecting Groundwater Recirculation
56. 55A World of Solutions
System startup June 2008
Hydrochloric acid a bi-product of VC reduction
– October 2008 pH had been reduced to below 4.0
– Potassium hydroxide injection increased pH
Low flow from RWs (<0.1 gpm)
Garden hose fitted to tank increased flow to 0.2 gpm
System Operations
58. A World of Solutions 57
Extent of VC Plume 2012
1 ug/L
59. A World of Solutions 58
VC Plume 2008 Versus 2012
2012
2008
60. 59A World of Solutions
System ran two years with few issues
Reduced maximum VC concentration from 330 ug/L to 22 ug/L
Reduced 1,2-DCE concentration from 1,500 ug/L to 100 ug/L
Reduced plume extent by 80%
Little rebound observed
Total cost of installation, maintenance and sampling –
$300,000
Conclusions
61. 60A World of Solutions
Chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in groundwater a
common issue
– Ubiquitous sources
– Plumes tend to migrate long distances
Three sites – three solutions
– Heckscher – Pump and treat used to prevent migration of plume
to river; effective but required 5 years to complete cleanup.
– Jefferson – Nutrient enhanced bioremediation used to treat off-
site contamination; remediated TCE within 6 months, but
requires additional monitoring for iron.
– Westside – Automated groundwater recirculation used to treat
VC under a building; mostly effective, but would have been more
successful if source removal had been conducted first.
Summary