This presentation offers a historical perspective regarding the many applications of trichloroethylene (TCE), including its use in metal cleaning, and the regulatory developments that have impacted its use, such as Rule 66 in Southern California. This topic is of particular interest today, since the issue of TCE in groundwater continues to be a driving force in many environmental litigation matters.
The document discusses eco-innovation and environmental issues. It defines eco-innovation as the creation of goods, processes, systems, and procedures that satisfy human needs with minimal use of natural resources and release of toxins. It describes the goals, barriers, drivers, and benefits of eco-innovation. The document also discusses eco-efficiency, eco-industry, types of innovations like product and process innovations, and tools for measuring innovation like surveys, patent analysis, and analysis of digital and documentary sources.
This document discusses key concepts in chemical thermodynamics including:
- Thermodynamics deals with different forms of energy and quantitative relationships between them. Chemical thermodynamics focuses on chemical changes.
- Systems, surroundings, boundaries, closed/open/isolated systems, and state functions like internal energy are defined.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and can be converted between different forms like work and heat but not created or destroyed.
This document provides guidance on creating and presenting a poster. It discusses that posters are large printed placards or announcements that advertise or publicize an idea or message. The goals of a poster presentation are to promote and explain research work at conferences by stimulating interest and discussion and generating contacts. The document offers tips for designing posters such as formulating ideas, knowing the audience, using a visual sequence and logical flow, and including sections for the title, authors, introduction, methods, results, conclusions, and references. It recommends keeping text short and simple while using graphics for visual attention and emphasizing empty space. Guidance is also provided on title design, colors, graphics, and how to effectively present the poster.
This document discusses solubility and solutions. It defines solubility as the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent. It describes unsaturated solutions as containing less than the maximum amount of solute, saturated solutions as containing the maximum amount of solute, and supersaturated solutions as unstable solutions containing more solute than the solubility. It also states that for most solids, solubility increases with temperature, while for gases it decreases with temperature. Solubility of gases is also directly related to gas pressure above the liquid according to Henry's Law.
Our environment consists of both natural and man-made elements that surround us. It includes living things like plants and animals as well as non-living things like oceans, soil and human structures. Environmental science seeks to understand our relationship with the natural world and find balanced solutions to problems in order to protect both the environment and human well-being. While human activities like agriculture, industry and population growth have degraded natural systems, environmental science can help limit impacts and maintain ecological functioning to achieve sustainability.
Scientists have warned that the world's climate is changing rapidly due to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from burning fossil fuels. The warming climate is causing glaciers to melt and stronger storms to form. While climate has changed naturally in the past, current changes are occurring faster and are driven by human activity. The climate refers to long-term weather patterns over years in a given location, while weather describes short-term outdoor conditions. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat and maintain the Earth's warm temperature.
Atmospheric chemistry is the study of the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of other planets. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws from various areas including environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology, and volcanology. The Earth's atmosphere consists of different layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - each with unique characteristics and compositions. Atmospheric chemistry studies how the composition of the atmosphere changes through natural processes as well as human activities, which can negatively impact human health, ecosystems, and climate through issues like acid rain, ozone depletion, smog, and global warming.
Resources and Human Impacts on Earth Systemsstack1dn
This document summarizes renewable and nonrenewable resources and human impacts on the environment. Renewable resources like solar and wind energy can be naturally replenished, while nonrenewables like oil and coal take millions of years to form and will eventually run out. Humans negatively impact the environment through deforestation, pollution, and destruction of coral reefs. These actions can harm health, disrupt ecosystems, and damage the environment. Both renewable and nonrenewable resources are necessary but must be managed sustainably to avoid long-term consequences and leave a healthy world for future generations.
The document discusses eco-innovation and environmental issues. It defines eco-innovation as the creation of goods, processes, systems, and procedures that satisfy human needs with minimal use of natural resources and release of toxins. It describes the goals, barriers, drivers, and benefits of eco-innovation. The document also discusses eco-efficiency, eco-industry, types of innovations like product and process innovations, and tools for measuring innovation like surveys, patent analysis, and analysis of digital and documentary sources.
This document discusses key concepts in chemical thermodynamics including:
- Thermodynamics deals with different forms of energy and quantitative relationships between them. Chemical thermodynamics focuses on chemical changes.
- Systems, surroundings, boundaries, closed/open/isolated systems, and state functions like internal energy are defined.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and can be converted between different forms like work and heat but not created or destroyed.
This document provides guidance on creating and presenting a poster. It discusses that posters are large printed placards or announcements that advertise or publicize an idea or message. The goals of a poster presentation are to promote and explain research work at conferences by stimulating interest and discussion and generating contacts. The document offers tips for designing posters such as formulating ideas, knowing the audience, using a visual sequence and logical flow, and including sections for the title, authors, introduction, methods, results, conclusions, and references. It recommends keeping text short and simple while using graphics for visual attention and emphasizing empty space. Guidance is also provided on title design, colors, graphics, and how to effectively present the poster.
This document discusses solubility and solutions. It defines solubility as the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent. It describes unsaturated solutions as containing less than the maximum amount of solute, saturated solutions as containing the maximum amount of solute, and supersaturated solutions as unstable solutions containing more solute than the solubility. It also states that for most solids, solubility increases with temperature, while for gases it decreases with temperature. Solubility of gases is also directly related to gas pressure above the liquid according to Henry's Law.
Our environment consists of both natural and man-made elements that surround us. It includes living things like plants and animals as well as non-living things like oceans, soil and human structures. Environmental science seeks to understand our relationship with the natural world and find balanced solutions to problems in order to protect both the environment and human well-being. While human activities like agriculture, industry and population growth have degraded natural systems, environmental science can help limit impacts and maintain ecological functioning to achieve sustainability.
Scientists have warned that the world's climate is changing rapidly due to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from burning fossil fuels. The warming climate is causing glaciers to melt and stronger storms to form. While climate has changed naturally in the past, current changes are occurring faster and are driven by human activity. The climate refers to long-term weather patterns over years in a given location, while weather describes short-term outdoor conditions. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat and maintain the Earth's warm temperature.
Atmospheric chemistry is the study of the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of other planets. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws from various areas including environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology, and volcanology. The Earth's atmosphere consists of different layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - each with unique characteristics and compositions. Atmospheric chemistry studies how the composition of the atmosphere changes through natural processes as well as human activities, which can negatively impact human health, ecosystems, and climate through issues like acid rain, ozone depletion, smog, and global warming.
Resources and Human Impacts on Earth Systemsstack1dn
This document summarizes renewable and nonrenewable resources and human impacts on the environment. Renewable resources like solar and wind energy can be naturally replenished, while nonrenewables like oil and coal take millions of years to form and will eventually run out. Humans negatively impact the environment through deforestation, pollution, and destruction of coral reefs. These actions can harm health, disrupt ecosystems, and damage the environment. Both renewable and nonrenewable resources are necessary but must be managed sustainably to avoid long-term consequences and leave a healthy world for future generations.
Human activities can significantly impact the environment. Global warming is increasing as CO2 levels rise due to human use of machinery, warming the planet. Deforestation due to demand for land and wood products fragments habitats. Ozone depletion is caused by CFCs in aerosol cans and other products, allowing more UV rays to reach the earth. Industrial and agricultural waste, as well as noise pollution, fishing, invasive species, and resource depletion also negatively impact ecosystems. Conservation efforts like recycling, pollution control, and renewable energy can help mitigate these human effects.
This document defines key environmental terms and discusses various types of pollution. It begins by defining the environment and identifying its five main receptors: air, water, land, natural resources, and community. It then discusses important environmental concepts like food chains and ecosystems. The document also examines different types of pollution in detail, including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, heat stress, and dust. For each type of pollution, it provides definitions, causes, health effects, and potential control measures. The goal is to raise awareness about various environmental issues and their impacts.
The document discusses various statistical tools used in research including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (standard deviation, interquartile range, coefficient of variation), t-tests, ANOVA, regression, correlation and more. It provides examples of when each tool would be used, such as using regression to model relationships between variables or ANOVA to test for differences between group means. The document aims to increase awareness of these common statistical tools for analyzing data in research studies across various fields.
A research poster is used to present research findings at academic or professional conferences. It typically includes the title, authors, introduction, methods, results, and conclusions. When designing a poster, the most important factors are selecting the key findings to highlight, using visual elements like images and graphs, and conveying the information in a clear and organized manner so it can be understood from a distance. An effective research poster tells a short story, arouses reader interest, and limits the text to maximize visual elements and organization.
We will review a general PowerPoint template and discuss the main components that fill the slides for the final defense presentation. We will also go over tips for how to prepare the presentation and think through what types of questions might be asked. A question-and-answer session follows.
The document discusses how the environment and life interact in several ways:
1) The environment includes all living and non-living things that surround us and with which we interact, such as other organisms, land, air, water, and human-built structures.
2) Human activities negatively impact the environment through increased pollution, ecosystem destruction, and effects of pesticides and pollution on other organisms. The main types of pollution are solid waste, air, and water pollution.
3) Various technologies can have both positive and negative effects on the environment. While providing benefits, energy/power, production, and bio-related technologies may overuse resources and generate pollution, requiring solutions around sustainable development, conservation, and pollution control
This document discusses various topics related to environmental science, including the components of the environment, climate and weather, air pollution, and greenhouse gases. It defines key terms like biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, climate, weather, carbon footprint, and global warming. It also summarizes the causes and impacts of phenomena like the El Nino Southern Oscillation and describes major air pollutants like particulate matter, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and toxic metals.
This document discusses several methods for separating mixtures, including filtration, distillation, chromatography, centrifugation, and evaporation. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing a mixture through filter paper. Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components based on differences in boiling points. Chromatography separates substances based on differences in solubility in solvents. Centrifugation uses rapid spinning to separate mixtures based on density.
This is the third lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global Environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Characteristics of Quantitative ResearchGeorgePeligro
This document provides information about quantitative research, including its definition, characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and different types. Quantitative research is defined as a systematic process of obtaining numerical data about the world. It has characteristics such as using structured research instruments, large sample sizes, clearly defined research questions, and numerical data presented statistically. The strengths include testing theories, generalizing findings, and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Weaknesses can include missing local contexts and understandings. The main types of quantitative research discussed are experimental (true, quasi, pre-experimental) and non-experimental (descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative, comparative, evaluative).
This document provides guidance on creating effective poster presentations. It advises that posters should visually summarize research in an engaging manner for diverse audiences. Key recommendations include using graphics and headings to clearly convey the main points, organizing content logically through sections and hierarchy, and including contact details so viewers can easily find the presenter. Presenters should use their poster as a visual aid and verbally explain the motivation, questions, and discoveries of their research.
This document discusses several key topics in environmental science:
- It introduces environmental problems like population growth, resource use, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Exponential population growth and limited resources are causing many of these problems.
- Sustainability and living within the earth's limits to support all species are introduced as important concepts. Factors like poverty, overconsumption, and unsustainable economic growth are examined as root causes of environmental degradation.
- Different perspectives on the environment - planetary management, stewardship, and environmental wisdom - are presented, with disagreement on whether current trends are improving or worsening the environment. Guidelines for sustainable resource use are outlined.
This document discusses several human activities that negatively impact natural ecosystems, including population growth, acid rain, deforestation, pollution, and global warming. It explains how population growth leads to industrialization, fossil fuel combustion, and pollution, increasing carbon dioxide levels. It also describes how burning fossil fuels releases sulphates and nitrates into the air that form acid rain, acidifying lakes and damaging ecosystems. Deforestation reduces biodiversity and the trees' ability to absorb carbon dioxide. Pollution contaminates water and causes oil spills that harm wildlife. Global warming is increasing due to rising carbon dioxide levels enhancing the greenhouse effect and global temperatures.
This document provides guidance on writing and publishing research papers. It discusses why research papers are written, such as to share findings, get funding, and gain recognition. It offers tips for getting papers published, including knowing the journal's standards, carefully editing the paper, and conforming to the journal's author instructions. The document also outlines what makes a good research paper, including being novel, testing hypotheses mechanically, and properly describing methods and results.
The document discusses how climate change is affecting terrestrial ecosystems. It notes that temperature and precipitation determine the distribution of biomes, and that climate change is causing biomes to shift locations as conditions change. Forests currently occupy about one third of U.S. land but are predicted to migrate or shrink substantially due to warming temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. Grasslands are also expected to transition to deserts or shrublands in many areas.
This document outlines the 7 modules of an environmental management system (EMS). The modules are: 1) commitment and environmental policy, 2) initial environmental review, 3) planning the environmental policy, 4) implementing the environmental policy, 5) measurement and evaluation, 6) audits and review, and 7) external environmental communication. The purpose of an EMS is to increase compliance with environmental regulations and reduce waste. An effective EMS provides ongoing environmental benefits and cost savings through continual improvement of environmental performance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science. It discusses that environmental science studies the natural world and human interactions with it using the scientific method. It also summarizes that humans depend on natural resources and the environment for survival but have degraded natural systems through pollution, erosion and species extinction. The document stresses that environmental science seeks to understand these relationships and how the natural world works in order to develop solutions to environmental problems.
1. This document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and properties of ideal gases. It introduces concepts such as average kinetic energy, Maxwell speed distribution curves, and the ideal gas law.
2. Several gas laws are described, including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, and Dalton's law of partial pressures. Standard temperature and pressure is defined.
3. Deviations from ideal gas behavior occur at high pressures due to intermolecular forces and the non-negligible volume of gas particles. Real gases behave more ideally at lower pressures.
This document discusses various strategies for mitigating climate change. It begins with background on climate change and its impacts. It then discusses strategies such as stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations; transitioning to renewable energy and low-carbon sources; carbon capture and storage; reducing non-CO2 greenhouse gases; and governmental policies like emissions targets and the Kyoto Protocol. The strategies aim to limit global warming by reducing human emissions and enhancing natural carbon sinks.
The Value of Historical Research in Soil and Groundwater Contamination MattersHistory Associates
This presentation provides a historian’s perspective on the applicability of historical research in soil and groundwater contamination matters and argues that attorneys should consider using professional historians in such matters. It then summarizes some key resources and records collections that historians often consult when researching soil and groundwater contamination matters, with particular attention given to records that can be found at the National Archives and at state and local records repositories.
The National Security Archives have helped explain and uncover the level of involvement of the United States government in Latin America's "Dirty Wars". The Archives obtained and published declassified U.S. documents related to this period through Freedom of Information Act requests and litigation. These documents revealed how the U.S. provided support to repressive regimes in Latin America as they sought to eliminate left-wing groups. The publication of these documents by the Archives helped educate the public and shape debates around this controversial period in history.
Human activities can significantly impact the environment. Global warming is increasing as CO2 levels rise due to human use of machinery, warming the planet. Deforestation due to demand for land and wood products fragments habitats. Ozone depletion is caused by CFCs in aerosol cans and other products, allowing more UV rays to reach the earth. Industrial and agricultural waste, as well as noise pollution, fishing, invasive species, and resource depletion also negatively impact ecosystems. Conservation efforts like recycling, pollution control, and renewable energy can help mitigate these human effects.
This document defines key environmental terms and discusses various types of pollution. It begins by defining the environment and identifying its five main receptors: air, water, land, natural resources, and community. It then discusses important environmental concepts like food chains and ecosystems. The document also examines different types of pollution in detail, including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, heat stress, and dust. For each type of pollution, it provides definitions, causes, health effects, and potential control measures. The goal is to raise awareness about various environmental issues and their impacts.
The document discusses various statistical tools used in research including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (standard deviation, interquartile range, coefficient of variation), t-tests, ANOVA, regression, correlation and more. It provides examples of when each tool would be used, such as using regression to model relationships between variables or ANOVA to test for differences between group means. The document aims to increase awareness of these common statistical tools for analyzing data in research studies across various fields.
A research poster is used to present research findings at academic or professional conferences. It typically includes the title, authors, introduction, methods, results, and conclusions. When designing a poster, the most important factors are selecting the key findings to highlight, using visual elements like images and graphs, and conveying the information in a clear and organized manner so it can be understood from a distance. An effective research poster tells a short story, arouses reader interest, and limits the text to maximize visual elements and organization.
We will review a general PowerPoint template and discuss the main components that fill the slides for the final defense presentation. We will also go over tips for how to prepare the presentation and think through what types of questions might be asked. A question-and-answer session follows.
The document discusses how the environment and life interact in several ways:
1) The environment includes all living and non-living things that surround us and with which we interact, such as other organisms, land, air, water, and human-built structures.
2) Human activities negatively impact the environment through increased pollution, ecosystem destruction, and effects of pesticides and pollution on other organisms. The main types of pollution are solid waste, air, and water pollution.
3) Various technologies can have both positive and negative effects on the environment. While providing benefits, energy/power, production, and bio-related technologies may overuse resources and generate pollution, requiring solutions around sustainable development, conservation, and pollution control
This document discusses various topics related to environmental science, including the components of the environment, climate and weather, air pollution, and greenhouse gases. It defines key terms like biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, climate, weather, carbon footprint, and global warming. It also summarizes the causes and impacts of phenomena like the El Nino Southern Oscillation and describes major air pollutants like particulate matter, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and toxic metals.
This document discusses several methods for separating mixtures, including filtration, distillation, chromatography, centrifugation, and evaporation. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing a mixture through filter paper. Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components based on differences in boiling points. Chromatography separates substances based on differences in solubility in solvents. Centrifugation uses rapid spinning to separate mixtures based on density.
This is the third lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global Environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Characteristics of Quantitative ResearchGeorgePeligro
This document provides information about quantitative research, including its definition, characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and different types. Quantitative research is defined as a systematic process of obtaining numerical data about the world. It has characteristics such as using structured research instruments, large sample sizes, clearly defined research questions, and numerical data presented statistically. The strengths include testing theories, generalizing findings, and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Weaknesses can include missing local contexts and understandings. The main types of quantitative research discussed are experimental (true, quasi, pre-experimental) and non-experimental (descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative, comparative, evaluative).
This document provides guidance on creating effective poster presentations. It advises that posters should visually summarize research in an engaging manner for diverse audiences. Key recommendations include using graphics and headings to clearly convey the main points, organizing content logically through sections and hierarchy, and including contact details so viewers can easily find the presenter. Presenters should use their poster as a visual aid and verbally explain the motivation, questions, and discoveries of their research.
This document discusses several key topics in environmental science:
- It introduces environmental problems like population growth, resource use, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Exponential population growth and limited resources are causing many of these problems.
- Sustainability and living within the earth's limits to support all species are introduced as important concepts. Factors like poverty, overconsumption, and unsustainable economic growth are examined as root causes of environmental degradation.
- Different perspectives on the environment - planetary management, stewardship, and environmental wisdom - are presented, with disagreement on whether current trends are improving or worsening the environment. Guidelines for sustainable resource use are outlined.
This document discusses several human activities that negatively impact natural ecosystems, including population growth, acid rain, deforestation, pollution, and global warming. It explains how population growth leads to industrialization, fossil fuel combustion, and pollution, increasing carbon dioxide levels. It also describes how burning fossil fuels releases sulphates and nitrates into the air that form acid rain, acidifying lakes and damaging ecosystems. Deforestation reduces biodiversity and the trees' ability to absorb carbon dioxide. Pollution contaminates water and causes oil spills that harm wildlife. Global warming is increasing due to rising carbon dioxide levels enhancing the greenhouse effect and global temperatures.
This document provides guidance on writing and publishing research papers. It discusses why research papers are written, such as to share findings, get funding, and gain recognition. It offers tips for getting papers published, including knowing the journal's standards, carefully editing the paper, and conforming to the journal's author instructions. The document also outlines what makes a good research paper, including being novel, testing hypotheses mechanically, and properly describing methods and results.
The document discusses how climate change is affecting terrestrial ecosystems. It notes that temperature and precipitation determine the distribution of biomes, and that climate change is causing biomes to shift locations as conditions change. Forests currently occupy about one third of U.S. land but are predicted to migrate or shrink substantially due to warming temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. Grasslands are also expected to transition to deserts or shrublands in many areas.
This document outlines the 7 modules of an environmental management system (EMS). The modules are: 1) commitment and environmental policy, 2) initial environmental review, 3) planning the environmental policy, 4) implementing the environmental policy, 5) measurement and evaluation, 6) audits and review, and 7) external environmental communication. The purpose of an EMS is to increase compliance with environmental regulations and reduce waste. An effective EMS provides ongoing environmental benefits and cost savings through continual improvement of environmental performance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science. It discusses that environmental science studies the natural world and human interactions with it using the scientific method. It also summarizes that humans depend on natural resources and the environment for survival but have degraded natural systems through pollution, erosion and species extinction. The document stresses that environmental science seeks to understand these relationships and how the natural world works in order to develop solutions to environmental problems.
1. This document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and properties of ideal gases. It introduces concepts such as average kinetic energy, Maxwell speed distribution curves, and the ideal gas law.
2. Several gas laws are described, including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, and Dalton's law of partial pressures. Standard temperature and pressure is defined.
3. Deviations from ideal gas behavior occur at high pressures due to intermolecular forces and the non-negligible volume of gas particles. Real gases behave more ideally at lower pressures.
This document discusses various strategies for mitigating climate change. It begins with background on climate change and its impacts. It then discusses strategies such as stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations; transitioning to renewable energy and low-carbon sources; carbon capture and storage; reducing non-CO2 greenhouse gases; and governmental policies like emissions targets and the Kyoto Protocol. The strategies aim to limit global warming by reducing human emissions and enhancing natural carbon sinks.
The Value of Historical Research in Soil and Groundwater Contamination MattersHistory Associates
This presentation provides a historian’s perspective on the applicability of historical research in soil and groundwater contamination matters and argues that attorneys should consider using professional historians in such matters. It then summarizes some key resources and records collections that historians often consult when researching soil and groundwater contamination matters, with particular attention given to records that can be found at the National Archives and at state and local records repositories.
The National Security Archives have helped explain and uncover the level of involvement of the United States government in Latin America's "Dirty Wars". The Archives obtained and published declassified U.S. documents related to this period through Freedom of Information Act requests and litigation. These documents revealed how the U.S. provided support to repressive regimes in Latin America as they sought to eliminate left-wing groups. The publication of these documents by the Archives helped educate the public and shape debates around this controversial period in history.
This document provides an introduction to a book that discusses how a scientific thought-control dictatorship has been created to suppress alternative science and free energy discoveries. It gives examples of suppressed technologies like carburetors that achieved over 100 miles per gallon and were banned for "national security". It argues that oil companies fabricated energy crises to promote foreign oil imports and suppress domestic production. The introduction sets up the theme of the following chapters which will examine how thought control has been implemented through propaganda and suppression of information to control scientific progress and benefit monopolistic interests.
The document discusses how ancient Romans influenced modern architecture. The Romans were renowned architects who began constructing monumental structures as early as the Ancient Roman period. They were the first to discover cement, which allowed them to build lasting structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon. Roman architecture went on to significantly influence the modern world through its innovative use of arches, domes, and other techniques. Key structures like aqueducts and amphitheaters demonstrated Roman architectural achievements.
Chemical Leaks and Spills (From FC&S Legal: The Insurance Coverage Law Inform...NationalUnderwriter
This article begins by providing an overview of the nature of chemical leaks and spills, as recognized in the engineering literature and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”). This article then summarizes available information on the impact and extent of occurrences of leaks and spills due to key sources: accidental spills, mechanical equipment failure, corrosion, and geologic conditions and other natural phenomena. Finally, the article provides a case study of the problem of leaks and spills in the manufactured gas industry that was active from 1850 to 1950. Many of the references presented are dated, which demonstrates how longstanding the issue has been, and how some of today’s conditions at Superfund sites were inadvertent. Modern engineering has considerably improved the means of controlling leaks and spills (e.g., corrosion protection), but leaks and spills still occur and remain significant. Engineering journals continue to advertise improvements and solutions.
What Is A Business Case Study And How To Write WitTonya Roberts
Marius was an 8-year-old Romanian boy who lived a normal life until a tragic accident took the lives of his parents and left him injured, though he remained positive through his recovery process. Despite losing both of his parents in the accident, Marius had the support of his older sister and brother who helped care for him. The short document outlines Marius's life before and after the accident that changed his circumstances and left him without his parents but with family to support him.
1. Lye (sodium hydroxide) solutions are often used to remove mixtu.docxSONU61709
1. Lye (sodium hydroxide) solutions are often used to remove mixtures of solidified grease and hair from clogged plumbing. Select the BEST answer which indicates why lye is effective for this purpose?
The lye solution absorbs the hair and grease.
The lye solution forms a water soluble soap with the hair and grease.
The lye bleaches the hair and grease.
The lye coagulates the hair and grease.
1. The primary acids in acid rain are sulfuric and nitric acids. When it rains, a chemical reaction between the sulfuric acid (in the rain) and limestone structures will form carbon dioxide, water, and a salt of the metal. This salt is:
CaCl2.
CaCO3.
Ca(NO3)2.
CaSO4.
1. Di-lithium is composed of two lithium atoms. Which of the following statements regarding di-lithium or lithium is FALSE?
They oxidize very slowly in air.
They remain in the solid state even after getting fragmented.
Their temperature exceeds the boiling point of water during their reaction to water.
The hydrogen dissipates into the surrounding environment when reacting to water.
1. A common product of hydrolysis when some substances react with water is hydrogen chloride. Which of the following water reactive substances does NOT produce hydrogen chloride?
Acetyl chloride
Chlorine dioxide (hydrate)
Chromium oxychloride
Lithium hypochlorite
1. Which of the following acids is present in soft drinks?
Hydrofluoric acid
Glacial acetic acid
Phosphoric acid
Oxalic acid
· __________ is a regulatory agency that requires employers to provide suitable facilities for quick drenching and flushing of the eyes and body in all areas within a workplace where employees may be exposed to a corrosive material.
· Aluminum phosphide can be used as a fumigant for almond and pistachio nuts. When aluminum phosphide is shipped, the description will be: __________.
· When metallic potassium reacts with water, the __________ produced initially concentrates around the metal where it self-ignites.
· __________ is a colorless liquid that is mainly used as a chlorinating and dehydrating agent. When it reacts with water, a gaseous hydrochloric acid and aqueous sulfuric acid are produced.
· __________, which is considered a weak acid, reacts with the components of glass, so it is transported in polyethylene or other acid resistant plastic containers.
1. The element titanium occurs on earth as titanium (IV) oxide and is found mostly in the mineral called rutile. Rutile is abundant in beach sands in Australia and South Africa. For titanium to be useful, rutile has to be processed to obtain the basic metal form of titanium. Although the process is costly, titanium is gaining popularity as a material for various equipment due to its strength and light weight. One such application is in sports equipment.
a. Explain the chemical process of manufacturing the metal form of titanium.
b. Explain why titanium is a good choice of material for golf clubs. When not in use, discuss at least on ...
Effects Of Overpopulation And Industrialization On The...Stephanie Roberts
Solomon Northup's memoir Twelve Years a Slave provides vivid details about the cruel treatment of slaves in the 1800s. Northup recounts his experience of being kidnapped and sold into slavery for 12 years, during which he endured physical and emotional abuse from three different masters in the South. The memoir gives readers a deeper understanding of the harsh realities of slavery by documenting Northup's transition from a free man to a slave, and ultimately regaining his freedom.
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not feel comfortable generating a summary without the author's consent. Summarizing copyrighted works can violate someone's creative rights.
Is Your House Killing You - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
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Spray paint was created without consideration for how it would be used, but it led to the modern graffiti subculture. Aerosol technology originated in the late 18th century but portable spray cans were developed during WWII to protect soldiers from insects. This led paint manufacturers to put paint in aerosol cans in the late 1940s. Spray paint became integral to graffiti as it allowed for quick, opaque tagging. It changed graffiti from being done with brushes to being a widespread youth subculture defined by spray paint.
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A Historical Survey of the Use and Regulation of TCE
1. History Associates is a historical consulting firm headquartered just outside of Washington, D.C. We
currently have about 20 historians on staff working on a wide array of projects—from developing smart
phone apps for Civil War battlefields,, to helping to design museum exhibits, to assisting attorneys in a
wide range of historical research projects.
Since our founding in 1981, History Associates has worked on over a thousand litigation matters
covering a range of subjects… everything from determining the historical contents of a septic tank
cleaner to work on Superfund megasites.
If pressed, though, to describe a “typical” project, I would say that we are often retained to document
what may have happened in the past to cause contamination at a site and who might be responsible for
cleanup costs.
Often, our work involves research into TCE-related issues stemming from historical operations at
government facilities and industrial sites.
www.historyassociates.com
2. Over the course of our history, we have worked on dozens of TCE-related matters and have
collected a wide range of records relating to TCE, including records documenting the use of
TCE at specific sites.
Recently, we have started work on a broad project to synthesize our corporate knowledge of
the history of TCE and to conduct new research into (1) TCE’s historical uses (particularly
by defense contractors during World War II and the Cold War), (2) the nature and extent of
the federal government’s historical control and allocation of TCE, (3) the historical
manufacturers of TCE and vapor degreasers, and (4) TCE’s known occupational health
hazards.
As one part of our project, we have gathered our “in-house” TCE-related records into a
growing library, which is subdivided by Government Publications, Specifications, Articles,
Books, Patents, and Trade Manuals and Advertisements.
This slide shows part of our in-house collection of TCE-related Government Publications.
www.historyassociates.com
3. TCE records can be found at various federal records repositories, most notably the National
Archives and Library of Congress…though we have also found TCE records at the other
repositories listed on this slide.
I want to comment briefly on the value of doing research at the Library of Congress, which
contains one of the world’s largest collections of historical trade literature.
Thus, the Library of Congress maintains copies of many obscure industrial journals that
touch upon TCE-related issues, including such veritable page-turners as Metal Finishing,
National Safety News, Products Finishing, and Safety Engineering.
www.historyassociates.com
5. TCE is a colorless, sweet-smelling volatile organic chemical with a low boiling point and a high vapor pressure, which
means that it boils quickly and releases a large volume of solvent vapors.
TCE was first prepared in Germany in 1864, but little attention was given to it in this country until the 1920s and 1930s,
when, due to its efficiency and cost, it became the preferred solvent for cleaning metals. Indeed, for most of the 20th
century, almost all heavy industries in the United States used TCE, including the electronics, defense, chemical,
railroad, automotive, shipping, and dry-cleaning industries.
TCE’s use, though, declined during the 1970s, as several scientific reports, including major reports by the National
Cancer Institute, linked TCE to cancer in mice.
As significantly, TCE began to be detected in groundwater supplies, perhaps most famously in Woburn, Massachusetts.
The Woburn case, of course, formed the basis for Jonathan Harr’s 1996 bestselling book, A Civil Action, and the
subsequent movie adaptation starring John Travolta and Robert Duvall.
Today, EPA classifies TCE as a known carcinogen and TCE exposure during pregnancy has been linked to higher
miscarriage rates and increased risk of childhood developmental disabilities.
Due to its ubiquitous use, TCE has been detected at over 800 Superfund sites across the country. Historically, the
remediation focus at many of these sites has been soil and groundwater issues stemming from the use of TCE. More
recently, of course, vapor intrusion issues stemming from TCE (and other chemicals) have come to the fore.
Because of TCE’s past and likely future prominence at so many contaminated sites, both in terms of groundwater
contamination and vapor intrusion issues, the need to understand the history of TCE (both broadly and at particular
sites) is perhaps more acute than ever.
And, as this is fundamentally a historical question, I would encourage you to turn to professional historians to help you
with these matters
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6. This slide lists some of the historical uses of TCE. Even though TCE was used for a wide
variety of purposes, it is important to note that its leading use (by far) was in metal cleaning.
Indeed, in the early 1950s more than 90% of the TCE manufactured in this country was used in
metal cleaning.
Nevertheless, it is interesting to note briefly some of the other historical uses of TCE,
especially the final three listed on this slide.
Although tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was historically the most common dry-cleaning solvent in
this country, TCE was also used in this capacity in the first half of the 20th century, as dry
cleaners looked for replacements for petroleum-based cleaners, which were highly flammable
and left an odor on the clothes.
TCE was also commonly used to decaffeinate coffee—a practice that continued through the
mid-1970s.
Finally, TCE was also used as an anesthetic for minor surgical procedures, including bone
setting, dental work…and (perhaps most disturbingly) even in childbirth.
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7. As part of our ongoing TCE research project, we are searching old newspaper articles.
During this research, we recently came across this September 1952 article from the
Greensboro Daily News that discusses the benefits of “Trilene,” which was a highly purified
form of TCE.
As you can see from the pictures that accompanied this article, Trilene was a selfadministered, TCE-containing anesthetic. Moreover, it was marketed to expectant mothers.
According to the article, Trilene was considered “extremely safe in every regard” and it
was especially useful in rural obstetrical practice, where it was considered the “optimal
analgesic agent for use in home obstetrics.”
Basically, expectant mothers could inhale Trilene themselves during the early stages of
delivery and self-medicate their pain before the doctor arrived to deliver the baby.
Luckily, newer anesthetics came on the market in the late-1950s, leading to the
abandonment of Trilene as an obstetrical anesthetic.
www.historyassociates.com
8. Through the early 1970s, though, almost all the TCE produced in this country was used for metal
cleaning, and more particular in a process known as vapor degreasing.
Before manufacturers could paint, finish, weld, plate, or galvanize metals…they first required a
chemically clean surface, meaning a surface free from oil, grease, and dirt. This metal cleaning was
accomplished through the use of degreasing solvents such as TCE and most commonly through a
process known as vapor degreasing.
In vapor degreasing, the metal to be cleaned is lowered into the vapors of a boiling solvent.
Because the surface of the metal is colder than the vapor, the chemically pure solvent vapors
condensed upon the metal, stripping away grease, oil, and dirt. The advantages of vapor degreasing
were its simplicity, low cost, and the ability to distill and reuse the solvent.
Vapor degreasing became especially prominent with the onset of World War II. As described by this
January 1944 article from the Omaha World-Herald: “In the manufacture of the machines of war,
every one of the millions of metal parts must be cleaned with speed, thoroughly, and in large
volume. A part is dipped into trichloroethylene vapors. These condense on the metal surfaces, wash
them and dissolve any oil, grease, or dirt. Solvent degreasing cleans metal four times as fast and in
about one-quarter of the factory space required by other methods.”
While manufacturers tried various solvents in vapor degreasers, by World War II (and throughout
the 1950s and 1960s), TCE was widely accepted as the solvent of choice. For the most part, then,
when you see a reference to a vapor degreaser in the historical record, it is a safe assumption that
the vapor degreaser used TCE.
www.historyassociates.com
9. During World War II, vapor degreasers were a ubiquitous sight at industrial plants across the
country.
Indeed, according to a 1944 handbook issued by Phillips Manufacturing Company (who,
along with Detrex, was one of the leading wartime manufacturers of vapor degreasers), in
November 1943 there were between 25,000 and 30,000 operating vapor degreasers in the
United States.
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10. Perhaps because of their ubiquity, it can sometimes be difficult to document the use of vapor
degreasers at specific industrial sites. One place where this information can commonly be
found, though, is within lists of government-owned surplus property at the end of World War II.
During World War II the federal government purchased equipment, tools, and in some cases
built entire plants for private industries to use in support of the war effort. After the war, the
government had to dispose of all this surplus property.
In doing so, the government first conducted complete appraisals of its government-owned
property at private industrial facilities and created exhaustive lists of such property, down to
individual hammers and drills.
These lists can be used to document the presence of government-owned vapor degreasers at
specific wartime sites.
This is the case in this excerpt from a machinery and equipment list from an East Coast aviation
manufacturing facility, which documents the presence of three government-owned degreasers at
the facility.
Parenthetically, through other research, we were able to identify the make/model of these
degreasers and situate them in specific buildings at this aviation manufacturing facility
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11. My next set of slides present some records from our TCE Library that document the use of
TCE during World War II and the government’s wartime control of TCE.
First, a sense of how much TCE the country used during the war.
This slide shows the government’s estimate that in 1944 the country would use 220 million
pounds of TCE, 92% of which was (not surprisingly) used in metals degreasing operations,
mainly for indirect military and civilian use (that is, defense contractor use).
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12. Given the importance of metal degreasing (and, by extension, TCE) to the war effort, it is
perhaps not surprising that the federal government closely monitored both the production of
TCE and its end uses during the war.
This slide shows a copy of the War Production Board’s May 1943 order concerning the
preferential allocation of TCE and other solvents to specific end uses (including in
degreasing machines used by Army and Navy contractors to manufacture aircraft, motor
vehicles, arms, and other war material).
The slide also shows a portion of an October 1943 Detrex letter regarding concerns over the
availability of TCE and PCE. These concerns came to fruition in February 1944 when the
federal government directed TCE manufacturers to only deliver TCE to approved end users.
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13. Dating back to the 1930s, the government issued specifications concerning requirements for
TCE supplied for government use (e.g., its acceptable water content, acidity, etc.).
While most of the substance of these specifications is not of particular interest, I have excerpted
on this slide the “warning information” specified to appear on all TCE containers furnished to
the government, which state that TCE was to be used with adequate ventilation and that users
should avoid prolonged breathing of TCE vapors.
As this slide suggests, our preliminary research indicates that there was no wartime cognizance
of the harm TCE could cause to groundwater supplies. Instead, the extent of known historical
occupational health hazards regarding TCE was confined to inhalation concerns.
In some instances, government specifications and manuals also call for the use of TCE in
specific settings (for example in the cleaning of certain aircraft parts and engines). These
equipment/parts specifications can be particularly important as contractors had to adhere to
them, or risk breaching the terms of their contracts.
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14. Our research has also yielded copies of various military guidance publications that discuss
the potential occupational health hazards of TCE and other industrial solvents. As with the
military specifications, these publications report on the potential vapor inhalation issues
with TCE.
For example, in April 1944, the War Department (via the Army Surgeon General) issued a
technical bulletin titled Health Hazards from Industrial Solvents. In it, the Surgeon General
recommended various preventive measures against illnesses stemming from industrial
solvents, including avoiding direct inhalation of solvent fumes through the use of local
exhaust ventilation or respirators.
These warnings against TCE vapor inhalation mirror those found in Detrex manuals for its
vapor degreasers, which recommend that vapor degreasers be installed in well-ventilated
areas, due to concerns over the potential health effects of excess inhalation of TCE fumes.
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15. To date, our research has yielded relatively little on the all-important topic of contemporary
TCE waste disposal practices.
However, what we have found suggests that it was common practice to take waste solvent to
a (well-ventilated) dumping area, dump it, and let the solvent evaporate (thus mitigating
potential vapor inhalation hazards).
For example, in 1948 the National Safety News issued a guidance document stating that
“Waste trichloroethylene is flammable and generally can be burned in a furnace or spread
on waste and burned on a burning ground…. The residue may be put into closed containers
and emptied on a dumping ground if proper precautions are taken to see that no one is
exposed to the concentrated vapor while the solvent is evaporating.”
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16. TCE’s use began to decline nationwide in the mid-1970s following scientific reports linking it to cancer. In point of fact,
though, in Southern California this decline began in the late-1960s with the enactment of smog-controlling regulations by the
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District (APCD).
After years of debating how to reduce smog and air pollution, in July 1966 the Los Angeles County APCD passed Rule 66,
which mandated that industries cut solvent air emissions by 85% or to not more than 40 pounds per day. However, following
negotiations with various industry groups, APCD exempted many chlorinated solvents from the requirements of Rule 66, though
not TCE. Thus, in order to abide by Rule 66, industries either had to install expensive vapor control equipment or switch to
other solvents. Industries chose to switch to other solvents, particularly TCA.
Evidence of this shift can be found by comparing two editions of APCD’s Air Pollution Engineering Manual. The 1967 edition
noted that TCE accounted for an estimated 90% of all vapor degreasing solvent used in Los Angeles County. By contrast, the
1973 version of the same manual noted that “Because of Rule 66, an estimated 90 percent of the solvent used in Los Angeles
County is divided equally between” PCE and TCA. “In other localities that do not have air pollution control laws restricting
organic solvent emissions, an estimated 90 percent of the solvent used for degreasing is [TCE]…. Because vapor control
[equipment] is expensive, all large degreasers in Los Angeles County now use [PCE] or [TCA].”
Industry was not alone in responding to Rule 66. As mentioned earlier, many military publications specified the use of TCE.
To respond to Rule 66’s effective banning of TCE in Los Angeles County (which was home to many large DoD contractors,
including major aerospace companies), in September 1967 the Department of Defense issued a specification for TCA, which
explicitly states that TCA was “intended for vapor degreasing use where air pollution regulations preclude the use of other
materials.”
In summary, Rule 66 profoundly altered the behavior of solvent users and suppliers in Los Angeles County, as it effectively
pushed industry towards the use of replacement solvents such as TCA and PCE. Rule 66-type legislation eventually spread to
other states, as by the mid-1970s, more than a dozen states had similar legislation. Thus, when coupled with the scientific
reports linking TCE to cancer, TCE use in the United States by the 1980s was a fraction of what it was in the 1960s.
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17. Steve Swisdak is a senior historian and deputy director of litigation research at History
Associates Incorporated, a consulting firm that specializes in historical research and
analysis in support of litigation. Mr. Swisdak has conducted research on behalf of History
Associates’ clients into myriad historical topics, including PRP identification for natural
resource damages matters; past uses of private and public industrial facilities; and, historical
common knowledge of the toxicity of various products.
Mr. Swisdak has provided expert reports, affidavits, and depositions on several litigation
research projects and has served as an expert witness at trial. He has also published articles
and lectured frequently on the use of historical research in legal matters, discussing such
topics as “Researching Past Uses of New York Industrial Sites,” “The Value of Historical
Research to In-House Counsel,” and, “Digging Deeper: Uncovering the Hidden Potential of
Historical State and Local Records.”
Mr. Swisdak earned his Master’s degree from Johns Hopkins University and his Bachelor’s
degree (summa cum laude) from St. Mary’s College of Maryland.
www.historyassociates.com