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This document provides information about the geography, history, and economy of ancient Egypt. It focuses on how the Nile River was the defining geographic feature, dividing the land into fertile black soil along its banks and desert red soil beyond. It describes the four main divisions of ancient Egyptian geography: Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, separated by the Nile's flow northward, and the east and west banks. Key topics covered include the Egyptian name for the Nile Valley ("Kemet"), the economy's reliance on agriculture, social classes, hieroglyphic writing, and structures like the pyramids and Sphinx at Giza.
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Similar to Egypt ppt sec b copy
Egypt ppt sec b copy
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- 3. It's BeenThe Nile All The While The geography of Egypt can be quite confusing because it's very much related to the Nile. In fact, ancient Egypt's other name is "The Nile Valley."
- 4. Oh andwhat about the ancient Egyptian name for the Nile Valley you say? It's called "Kemet", which means the black land.
- 5. Why isit called the black land? That’s related to... yes, the Nile. It's always about the Egyptian Nile.
- 6. THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANSTHOUGHT OF EGYPT AS BEING DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES OF LAND
- 8. “Red Land” •the barrendesert •protected Egypt •precious metals and semi-precious stones
- 9. The NileRiver runs vertically through the middle and splits the land in two
- 11. Egypt islocated in northern Africa along the Mediterranean and Red Seas and shares borders with Gaza Strip, Israel, Libya and Sudan. Egypt's boundaries also include the Sinai Peninsula
- 13. The geographyof ancient Egypt is divided into 4 main parts, although there are many other subdivisions..
- 14. First thereis the north and south. Lower Egypt is the northern part of the land and Upper Egypt is the southern part.
- 16. The Nileruns from the source (which is in the south) up to the north and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. So the beginning part (upper part) of the Nile is in the south, and vice versa...
- 17. It originatesin Burunndi, south of the equator, and flows northward through northeastern Africa, eventually flowing through Egypt and finally draining into the Mediterranean Sea ...And as you now know, Egypt is all about the Nile.
- 19. The otherdivision of the geography of Egypt is (I hate to say it) also related to the Nile. We've got the east and west banks of the Nile River.
- 20. The ancientEgyptians thought of the east bank as "the land of the living“ They thought of the west bank as "the land of the dead“
- 21. Other thanthese 4 main divisions, there were 42 nomes, or provinces. 22 of them were in Upper Egypt, 20 in Lower Egypt. The ancient Egyptians called these nomes "sepat". Each nome had a mayor, a local temple, a capital, a deity and religious beliefs and rituals.
- 22. There wereno flags to represent all the different nomes however, but there were staffs with the local deity's statue for each. As for Upper Egypt, it was represented by the white crown, the sedge and the Goddess Nekhbet.
- 24. Lower Egyptwas represented by the red crown, the bee and the Goddess Wadjet.
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- 26. Agriculture wasmain economic activity for Egyptian. They built dykes, tanks and canals for storing water and irrigating land.
- 28. •The main cropsof ancient egypt were wheat and Barley, lettuce, beans, onions figs, dates, grapes melon and cucumber. •They used to grow flax.
- 29. There wasno typical money system in egypt. Trade around Mediterranean sea and red sea Cairo is financial center of egypt.
- 30. Social system ofEgypt
- 32. •Egyptian religion wasbased on polytheism. •Akhnaton introduced the concept of monotheism among them.
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- 36. Soldiers Responsible for the defenceof country
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- 39. Slaves Works in mines,quarries and in temples
- 41. Heiroglyphs Greek word Heiro =sacred Glypho = inscription •Writing in Egypt have been dated to 3400 BC
- 42. •Latest dated inscriptionin heiroglyphs was made on the gate post of a temple at philae in 396 A.D.
- 44. RIVER NILE Thelongest river in the world. Nile River, Arabic Baḥr Al-Nīl or Nahr Al- Nīl, river, the father of African rivers. It rises south of the Equator and flows northward through northeastern Africa to drain into the Mediterranean Sea.
- 45. NILE It hasa length of about 4,132 miles (6,650 kilometres) and drains an area estimated at 1,293,000 square miles (3,349,000 square kilometres). Its basin includes parts of Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Sudan, and the cultivated part of Egypt.
- 46. PYRAMIDS a monumentalstructure with a square or triangular base final resting place belief that pharaoh will be united with sun, 138 pyramids
- 47. PYRAMIDS Sneferu’s Pyramids Khufu – 2575-2566 BC Khafre 2558–2532 BC Menkaura 2532-2503 BC
- 48. SNEFERU’S PYRAMIDS Thefourth-dynasty king, Sneferu 2686 – 2667 BC, was the first to create the pyramid shape built three pyramids first two were glorious failures.
- 49. SNEFERU first, thepyramid at Medium, step pyramid it was unstable and the limestone blocks began to slip.
- 50. SNEFERU King Sneferuthen moved to Dahshur built a second pyramid, which we now know as the “Bent Pyramid” because its upper part rises at a shallower angle of incline than the lower part. angle of incline was decreased from 54º 31’ 13’’ to 43º 21’. But the bent pyramid was never used.
- 51. SNEFERU Sneferu begana third pyramid about a mile way. This one is called the red pyramid because of the red limestone blocks used in its construction. It became the world’s first successful true pyramid.
- 52. 1Medum pyramidsurrounded by rubble – 2The Bent Pyramid –3 The Red Pyramid.
- 53. THE PYRAMIDS OFGIZA Sneferu set the standard. included burial chambers, a mortuary temple, a causeway leading down to a valley temple. model followed by his son, Khufu, who built the first and largest pyramid at Giza. The Giza pyramids on the west bank of the Nile in northern Egypt.
- 54. THE PYRAMIDS OFGIZA The sides length of each side at the base is 755 feet (230.4 m). The faces rise at an angle of 51º 52’ original height was 481 feet (147 m). It was constructed using around 2,300,000 limestone blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons. Some blocks weigh as much as 16 tons. Center of land
- 56. KHAFRE Khufu’s son,Khafre (also known as Chephren). His pyramid, on a nearby site at Giza, appears taller than his father’s, but this is an illusion; it is built on higher ground and was in fact, originally at 447 .5 feet (136.4 m), 33.5 feet (10.2 m) shorter than the Great Pyramid.
- 57. It representsRa-Harakhte, the sun god, as he rises in the east at dawn but the face of the Sphinx is a portrait of Khafre himself,
- 59. THE GREAT SPHINX The Great Sphinx has the body of a lion and the face of a man. It is a giant limestone sculpture in the Giza Plateau near modern Cairo, Egypt, measuring 73.5 m. in length by 20 m. in height. The Great Sphinx is the earliest known monumental sculpture. The statue has been missing its nose since at least Napoleonic times. Probably helping to preserve it, the sphinx was nearly buried in sand. The sphinx stands in the Egyptian necropolis at Giza that contains the 3 monumental pyramids: the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), the Pyramid of Khufu's son Khafra (Chephren), the pyramid of Khufu's grandson Menkaure (Mycerinus). It is believed the Great Sphinx's head was modeled on Pharaoh Khafra.
- 61. MENKAURA 2532-2503 BC Khafre’s son, Menkaura built the third pyramid at the Giza necropolis . With an original height of 228 feet (70 m), it is less than half the height of the pyramid built by his grandfather, Khufu. The lower layers consist of red building material from Aswan and the upper courses were originally made of polished white marble.
- 63. VALLEY OF KINGS Valley of the Kings, Arabic Wādī Al-Mulūk, long, narrow defile just west of the Nile River in Upper Egypt. part of the ancient city of Thebes was the burial site of almost all the kings (pharaohs) of the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties (1539–1075 bce), from Thutmose I to Ramses X. Located in the hills behind Dayr al-Baḥrī, the 62 known tombs exhibit variety both in plan and in decoration.
- 65. At theend of the corridor is a burial chamber with a stone coffin in which the royal mummy was laid store chambers around which furniture and equipment were stacked The walls covered with sculptured and painted scenes depicting the dead king in the presence of divinity, the kings use in the next world.
- 66. Some werepresent but few were robbed by new kingdom. In the 1st century bce, Greek travelors visited 40 of the tombs. The wonderful treasures that were exhumed from Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922 and that now reside in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo vividly indicate how rich the burial of a great pharaoh of the empire’s heyday must have been.
- 67. VALLEY OF QUEENS Valley of the Queens, Wādī al-Harīm, in the hills along the western bank of the Nile River in Upper Egypt. It was part of ancient Thebes and served as the burial site of the queens and some royal children of the 19th and 20th dynasties (1292–1075 bc).
- 68. more than90 known tombs, The earliest may be that of Sitre, wife of Ramses I. The most notable are those of Nefertari, the favourite queen of Ramses II;
- 70. Khufu (reigned2589 - 2566 B.C): Khufu was the second pharaoh of the fourth dynasty. He was the one who was famous for building the Great Step Pyramid or in other word, the Great Pyramid of Giza. This is one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
- 71. Khafra (reigned2558 - 2532 B.C.): He was the pharaoh of Egypt in the fourth dynasty. According to the historian and Egyptologist he was the son and successor of Khufu. Khafra was famous in Egyptian history for building the Second Pyramid at Giza and the Sphinx that guards it.
- 72. AKHENATEN (REIGNED 1379-1334B.C.): He was the pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, and was famous in history for religious revolution. introduced the worship of one god that is the Sun God Aten. He built many massive complexes in honor of the Sun God Aten. The style of art which flourished during this period was certainly different from the other Egyptian arts.
- 73. Tutankhamun (reigned1334-1325 B.C.): He was the youngest pharaoh in the Egyptian history. He ascended to the throne at an age of nine or ten and died at an age of 18. Tutankhamun was famous for his tomb in the Valley of the Kings, which was laden with many amazing treasures.
- 74. Death ormurder theories Married to half sister Life style Struggles
- 75. Hatshepsut (reigned1498-1483 B.C.): She was the fifth pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. she was one of the most successful pharaohs. She reigned longer than any other women of the Egyptian dynasty. she was very ambitious and had crowned herself as the pharaoh of the Egypt. The walls of her temple at Deir el-Bahri, show the exotic tips of her famous trading expeditions in the land of Punt.
- 76. CAIRO Cairo isthe capital of Egypt and the 2nd largest city after lagos in the Middle East. Its metropolitan area is the 16th largest. Although Cairo itself is only about 1,000 years old, back to the time of the Pharaohs. The Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza, for example, are visible evidence of the Ancient Egyptian civilization around the Nile river. The first Muslim settlement of Egypt was Al- Fustat,
- 77. later, Cairowas conquered and controlled by a host of invaders including the Mamluks, the Turks, and Napoleon Bonaparte of France. In the 19th century, one of the city's rulers, Khedive Ismail (1863-1879), sought to transform Cairo into a European- style city. By the turn of the century, most commercial activity was also moving in to modern Cairo. Surface waters from the Nile River are the major source of bulk water supply in Cairo.
- 78. ALEXANDRIA One ofthe largest cities of Egypt about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. It is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast. Alexandria is Egypt's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports.
- 79. an important touristresort. Alexandria was founded in 331 BC by Alexander the Great. best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its Great Library is there
- 80. EGYPT’S CURRENT SITUATION. 11Feb 2011: Hosni Mubarak the President of Egypt hands power to military. Islamist and secular group: Islamist group wants fair election first but secular party wants constitution first.
- 81. 28 Nov2011: Muslim Brotherhood sweeps the election. 23 May 2012: Presidential elections begins. Mohamed Morsi
- 82. Nov 292012: Islamist finish first draft constitution. “Women, Christians, intellectuals, all these were sidelined in the new constitution. They would say, ‘You can have liberty of expression, freedom, etc. — if it is in conformity with Sharia.’” 4 Dec 2012: Egyptian march to presidential palace. - The next day islamists group attack on anti Mosri sit in, sparking street battles which leaves at least 10 dead.
- 83. -During that protest8 people were killed in clashes outside Muslim Brotherhood’s Cairo headquarter. 30 June 2013: Protests Ignite.
- 84. July 12013: Military give ultimatum. -Sisi appears on national television ordering Morsi to come up with a political solution within 48 hours. “I will not allow anyone to dispute my legitimacy. This is unacceptable. Unacceptable! Unacceptable!” -President Mohamed Mors July 3 2013: Military removes Morsi from office.
- 85. Sept 102013: “Run Sisi run.” -Egyptian encourages Sisi to run for presidency. - The 2014 Egyptian constitution bans parties based on religious grounds. -Since June 8 2014: Abdul fattah el-Sisi is the president of Egypt.
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