The document summarizes the Abu Simbel temples located in Egypt. It describes that the temples were constructed in the 13th century BC under Pharaoh Ramesses II, and includes large statues of the pharaoh. It details the rediscovery of the temples in the early 19th century after being covered by sand. Finally, it discusses the relocation of the temples in the 1960s to an area higher above the Nile River in order to prevent flooding from the Aswan Dam reservoir.

1. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
• Abu Simbel is a set of two temples near the border of Egypt with
Sudan.
• It was constructed for the pharaoh Ramesses II who reigned for 67
years during the 13th century BC.
• 320 kilometers away from Aswan, is it the most beautiful construction
of the greatest pharaoh in Egyptian history.
• The temple is dedicated to the greater glory of its builder - Ramses
the Great (Ramses II).

2. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
HISTORY
• Construction of the temple complex started in approximately 1284 BC
and lasted for 20 years, until 1264 BC.
• Their purpose was to impress Egypt's southern neighbors, and also to
reinforce the status of Egyptian religion in the region.
REDISCOVERY
• With the passing of time, the temples became covered by sand.
• Already in the 6th century BC, the sand covered the statues of the
main temple up to their knees.

3. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
REDISCOVERY
• The temple was forgotten until 1813, when Swiss orientalist JL
Burckhardt found the top frieze of the main temple.
• Burckhardt talked about his discovery with Italian explorer Giovanni
Belzoni, who travelled to the site, unable to dig out an entry to the
temple.
• Belzoni returned in 1817, this time succeeding in his attempt to enter
the complex. He took everything valuable and portable with him.
• Tour guides at the site relate the legend that "Abu Simbel" was a
young local boy who guided these early re-discoverers to the site of
the buried temple which he had seen from time to time in the shifting
sands. Eventually, they named the complex after him.

4. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
TEMPLES
• The complex consists of two temples.
• The larger one is dedicated to Ra-Harakhty, Ptah and Amun, and
features four large statues of Ramesses II in the facade.
• The smaller temple is dedicated to the goddess, Ramesses's most
beloved wife (in total, the pharaoh had some 200 wives and
concubines).

5. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• Great temple of
Ramses II at Abu
Simbel (Height 110 ft,
width 127 ft.) The four
colossi representing
Ramses II are about
67 ft. The entire work
is 210 ft. in depth and
hollowed out in the
mountainside.

6. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• The greater Abu Simbel temple is generally considered the grandest
and most beautiful of the temples commissioned during the reign of
Ramesses II, and one of the most beautiful in Egypt.
• The facade is 33 meters high, and 38 meters broad, and guarded by
four statues, each of which is 20 meters high.
• They were sculptured directly from the rock in which the temple was
located before it was moved. All statues represent Ramesses II,
seated on a throne.
• The statue to the left of the entrance was damaged in an earthquake,
leaving only the lower part intact.

7. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• The facade consists
of four statues of the
pharaoh seated on
his throne and
represent his
advancing age with
the youngest to the
left as viewed from
the front.

8. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• The facade is topped by a
row of 22 baboons, their
arms raised in the air,
supposedly worshipping
the rising sun.

9. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• Above the entrance there
is a statue of a falcon-
headed Ra-Harakhte,
with the pharaoh shown
worshipping on both
sides of him.

10. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• One of the eight pillars in
the main hall of the
temple, showing
Ramesses II as Osiris.
• Several smaller figures
are situated at the feet of
the four statues,
depicting members of the
pharaoh's family.

11. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• The first hall of the
temple features eight
statues of the deified
Ramesses II in the shape
of Osiris, serving as
pillars.

12. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• The walls depict scenes of
Egyptian victories in
Libya, Syria and Nubia,
including images from the
Battle of Kadesh.

13. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• The sanctuary contains
four seated statues of Ra-
Horakhty, Ptah, Amun
and Ramesses.

14. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE GREATER TEMPLE
• The temple was constructed in such a way that the sun shines directly
on all four statues during two days of the year, February 20 and
October 20.
• These dates are allegedly the king's birthday respectively, but there is
no evidence to support this.
• Due to the displacement of the temple, it is widely believed that this
event now occurs one day later than it did originally.

18. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE SMALLER TEMPLE
• The Smaller Abu Simbel Temple is located north of the Greater Temple.
• It was carved in the rock by Ramesses II and dedicated to Hathor, the
goddess of love and beauty.
• Also dedicated to his favorite wife, Nefertari, whose sake the very sun
doeth shine.
• The façade is adorned by six statues, four of Ramesses II and two of
Nefertari.
• Most unusually, the six are the same height, which indicates the esteem in
which Nefertari was held.
• The entrance leads to a hall containing six pillars bearing the head of the
goddess Hathor.

21. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
THE SMALLER TEMPLE
• The eastern wall bears
inscriptions depicting
Rameses II and Nefertari
offering sacrifices to the
gods.

23. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
RELOCATION OF THE TEMPLES
• In 1959 an international donations campaign to save the monuments of
Nubia began: the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization
were under threat from the rising waters of the Nile that were about to
result from the construction of the Aswan High Dam.
• The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964, and cost some
USD $80 million.
• Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was cut into large blocks,
dismantled and reassembled in a new location – 65 m higher and 200 m
back from the river.

26. ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
[EGYPT]
RELOCATION OF THE TEMPLES
• The temple was cut out of the sandstone cliffs above the Nile River in
an area near the Second Cataract.
• When the High Dam was being constructed in the early 1960s,
international cooperation assembled funds and technical expertise to
move this temple to higher ground so that it would not be inundated by
the waters of Lake Nasser.
• To avoid the rising waters caused by the construction of the Aswan High
Dam in the 1960s, the colossal statues of Ramses II and the temples
were cut into 950 blocks and reassembled farther inland.
• The project, sponsored by UNESCO and funded by more than 50
nations, was completed in 1966.

30. MOLDING
MOLDING
• The process of
manufacturing by
shaping liquid or
pliable raw
material using a
rigid frame called
mold or matrix is
called molding.

31. TYPES OF MOLDING
RECTILINEAR
• Moving in a
straight line or
lines is known as
rectilinear
molding.

32. TYPES OF MOLDING
CURVE
• A line which is not
straight and having
circular motion is a
curved line.

33. TYPES OF MOLDING
COMPOSITE CURVE
• A collection of
curves joined end
to end.

34. TYPES OF MOLDING
CORNICE
• Any horizontal
decorative molding
that crown a
building.

35. TYPES OF MOLDING
TYPES OF CORNICE
• There are three types of cornices;
• Box cornice
• Close cornice
• Open cornice

36. TYPES OF MOLDING
BOX CORNICE
• Box cornices
enclose the
cornice of the
building with what
is essentially a long
narrow box.

37. TYPES OF MOLDING
CLOSE CORNICE
• Close or closed
cornice with no
projection of
rafters beyond
walls of building
and no soffit no
fascia.

38. TYPES OF MOLDING
OPEN CORNICE
• In an open cornice, the shape of the cornice is similar to that of a wide box cornice
except that both the lookouts and the soffit are absent.
• It is a lower-cost treatment that requires
fewer materials, and may even not have
a fascia board, but lacks the finished
appearance of a box cornice.

39. TYPES OF MOLDING
PARAPET
• A low protective
wall along the
edge of a roof,
bridge, or balcony.

40. TYPES OF MOLDING
PILASTER
• A rectangular
column, especially
one projecting
from a wall.

41. TYPES OF MOLDING
COUPLED COLUMNS
• One of a pair of
columns set nearer
together.

42. THANK
YOU…