Efficacy of Leishman Stain in Cytology - A 30 Years Experience
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Leishman stain is one of the Romanowsky stains and is used extensively for interpretation of hematology smears in both urban and rural laboratories. In contrast Papanicolaou and HE(Hematoxylin & Eosin) method of staining are often not available in rural laboratories in resource constrained regions. With this in mind we started using the Leishman stain. In the initial years, we stained cytosmears simultaneously with Leishman stain and Papanicolaou method and interpreted and compared our observations. We have been using Leishman staining technique to interpret cytosmears for last 30 years and also applied this technique to interpret cytology smears in health camps organised at community level in rural areas.Thus, Leishman staining is a simple, quick and inexpensive staining teachnique easily available in both urban and rural laboratories which can be used as an efficacious tool to interpret cytosmears.
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![International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 5 Issue 6 ‖October 2016 ‖PP. 01-03
www.ijpsi.org 1 | P a g e
Efficacy of Leishman Stain in Cytology - A 30 Years Experience
Dr. Niranjan Rout
Professor & Head Of Pathology, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre, Cuttack – 753007, Odisha, India
Abstract: Leishman stain is one of the Romanowsky stains and is used extensively for interpretation of
hematology smears in both urban and rural laboratories. In contrast Papanicolaou and HE(Hematoxylin &
Eosin) method of staining are often not available in rural laboratories in resource constrained regions.
With this in mind we started using the Leishman stain. In the initial years, we stained cytosmears simultaneously
with Leishman stain and Papanicolaou method and interpreted and compared our observations.
We have been using Leishman staining technique to interpret cytosmears for last 30 years and also applied this
technique to interpret cytology smears in health camps organised at community level in rural areas.Thus,
Leishman staining is a simple, quick and inexpensive staining teachnique easily available in both urban and
rural laboratories which can be used as an efficacious tool to interpret cytosmears.
Cytological interpretation relies heavily on the quality and appearance of the staining technique. Three
staining techniques are in routine practice - Papanicolaou method for alcohol fixed wet smears, air dried smears
stained with Romanowsky stains and Hematoxyline-Eosin (HE) stain.
Leishman stain is one of the Romanowsky stains and is used extensively for interpretation of
hematology smears in both urban and rural laboratories. In contrast Papanicolaou and HE method of staining are
often not available in rural laboratories in resource constrained regions. With this in mind we started using the
Leishman stain to interpret cytosmears since 1984. [1]
In this method, similar to the blood smears the cytosmears are air-dried and put on a staining tray, and
the Leishman stain is then poured on to cover the cytosmear. Thirty seconds is allowed for fixation after which
an equal amount of distilled water is added. After 3 to 5 minutes, the slides are washed with running tap water
and examined under the microscope.
In the initial years, we stained cytosmears simultaneously with Leishman stain and Papanicolaou
method and interpreted and compared our observations. [2] In one of our study, [3] while comparing the
outcome from 882 smears from different lesions stained by both Leishman method and Papanicolaou method of
staining (Fig.1,a,b,c,d & Fig.2,e,f,g,h Fig.3,I,j,k,l), we observed that in only 4.7% cases we failed to reach at a
diagnosis with Leishman stain. In some of these cases, nuclear details were not clear. Many pathologists feel
that fine nuclear structure is not well demonstrated in air dried Giemsa Stains,[4] but on the other hand, nuclear
characteristics such as chromatin, nucleoli and nuclear membrane are better visualised in wet-fixed pap-stained
smears.[5] We have been using Leishman staining technique to interpret cytosmears for last 30 years and also
applied this technique to interpret cytology smears in health camps organised at community level in rural areas.
Thus, Leishman staining is a simple, quick and inexpensive staining technique easily available in both
urban and rural laboratories which can be used as an efficacious tool to interpret cytosmears.
References
[1]. Niranjan Rout, G.S. Acharya, B.K. Nanda .Efficacy of Leishman stain in cytology (Abstract no. 99).33rd National Conference of
Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists, Manipal (Karnatak) 20-22 December 1984.
[2]. Rout N, Singh SP, Satpathy B, Nanda BK. Rapid cytodiagnosis of endoscopic biopsy specimens in gastro-oesophageal malignancy.
Trop Gastroenterol1993; 14:99-103.
[3]. M. Swain, N. Rout, S. Samantray, B.K. Nanda. Is Leishman stain useful for community cytology? Acta Cytol 2010; 54 Suppl 3:
397.
[4]. With P. Vielh. The techniques of FNA cytology. In : Svante R Orell, Gregory F Sterrett, Max N-I Walters, Darrel Whitaker, editors.
Manual and atlas of fine needle aspiration cytology. 3rd ed.London : Churchil Livingstone;1999. pp. 09-27.
[5]. Gita Jayaram. Atlas and text of thyroid cytology.1st ed. New Delhi: Arya Publications; 2006. pp.09.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/a05060103-161019051924/85/Efficacy-of-Leishman-Stain-in-Cytology-A-30-Years-Experience-1-320.jpg)
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Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation between States, International Regimes...
This document discusses climate change and its impact on environmental refugees from both a sociological and international relations perspective. It first provides background on the causes and effects of climate change, both natural and human-induced. It then discusses Ulrich Beck's theory of the risk society, which argues that modern threats like climate change are global risks that do not respect borders. One consequence of climate change discussed is environmental migration. The theory of risk society helps explain how climate change impacts are unevenly felt and some are able to escape risks while others have no choice but to migrate as environmental refugees.
Leadership Effectiveness of Islamic Education Management Department at Educat...
The purpose of this study was to reveal: (1) The direct effect of confidence level toward work discipline, (2) The direct effect of the task structure toward work discipline, (3) The direct effect of the level of confidence toward effectiveness of the leadership, (4) The direct effect of the task structure toward effectiveness of leadership, (5) the direct effect of labor discipline toward effectiveness of the leadership of the Islamic Education Management Department at Faculty of Education of the State Islamic University of North Sumatra. This research method used correlated path models. The study population was faculty and students with the number of 148 people. Sampling using Krecji table, with this technique resulted in a sample 108 people. The instrument used to collect data was questionnaire Likert scale models. The analysis technique used is path analysis. The findings of this study indicate: (1) The confidence level affect the work Discipline of 16.9%, (2) Structural work tasks affect the Discipline of 18.7%, (3) The level of trust directly affects the effectiveness of the leadership of 19,4% , (4). The task structure directly affects the effectiveness of the leadership of 19.5% and (5) Work Discipline directly influence the effectiveness of the leadership of the Department of 22.1%.
Effects of Socio - Economic Factors on Children Ever Born in India: Applicati...
This paper aims at identity the socio – economic determinants of cumulative fertility number of children ever born to women at the end of their reproductive period. The first step is to determine explanatory variables likely to impact the children ever born using multiple regression analysis. The path analysis if used to find out the direct and indirect implied effects of the selected socio demographic factors on children ever born (CEB). The zero order correlation coefficients of various socio economic and demographic variables on CEB are estimated. Percentages of the total absolute effect on CEB through endogenous and exogenous variables are estimated. Direct, Indirect and implied effect of the selected explanatory variables on CEB are obtained by using path analysis.
The Validity And Reliability of The Bedtime Procrastination Scale
The aim of this project is to adapt the Bedtime Procrastination Scale that was developed by Kroese, De Ridder, Evers & Adriaanse (2014) and examine its reliability and validity. 180 students who have been studying at five different universities (Ankara University, Gazi University, METU, Hacettepe University and Yıldırım Beyazıt University) in Ankara participated to the study. Study has been conducted in three steps: (i) English-Turkish translation, (ii) construct validity [Confirmative Factor Analysis] (iii) internal consistency Cronbach Alpha reliability. Results of confirmative factor analysis indicates that goodness of fit indexes that are produced for the scale show that the model that was offered for the scale was appropriate. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency of the scale was .71 for this sample. The results show that the scale has enough internal consistency and it is at an acceptable level.
Improving the Accuracy of Temperature Control inside Dry-Air Sterilizer Oven ...
1) The document discusses improving the accuracy of temperature control inside a dry-air sterilizer oven by using a predictive algorithm for pulse-width modulation control.
2) Traditionally, an on-off controller was used for temperature control inside the oven, but this reduces accuracy due to drift over time. The proposed method uses a microcontroller with a predictive pulse-width modulation algorithm to increase control precision.
3) Experiments were conducted maintaining target temperatures of 65°C, 85°C, and 120°C. Results showed good agreement between the target and actual temperatures, with maximum errors of 0.2-0.5°C. The predictive control approach improved temperature control accuracy in the sterilizer oven
MSC III_Advance Forensic Serology_Final.pptx
The Advanced Serology Course is a comprehensive and specialized program designed for professionals in the fields of clinical diagnostics, immunology, and laboratory medicine who seek an in-depth understanding of advanced serological techniques and methodologies. This advanced-level course builds upon foundational knowledge in serology and delves into sophisticated concepts and cutting-edge technologies.
Development of cell culture samples for drug screening with bone marrow stem ...
Side population (SP) refers to a group of cells, which is capable to efflux Hoechst 33342, a DNA-binding dye. SP cells exist both in normal and tumor tissues. SP abundance is used as an indicator for disease prognosis and drug screening in some studies. Our study concentrates on the factors influencing SP analysis.
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The Theory and Practice of Faith and Reason In The Light Of Nursi's Perspective
This document discusses the theory and practice of faith and reason from Nursi's perspective. It begins by conceptualizing key terms like theory, reason, and faith. It then examines Nursi's views on the sources and classification of faith as well as the significance of reason and proof in Islam. Nursi believed faith and reason are intertwined and both fulfill the same objective of understanding the world. He recognized science as part of faith and advocated applying scientific methodology while also acknowledging its limitations compared to metaphysical inquiry. The document concludes that Nursi's perspectives were inspired by the Quran and aimed to defend faith against attacks on religion from developments in science and materialism during his time.
Fırst Female Artısts in Turkısh Paıntıng Art Untıl Early Republıc Perıod (190...
Positions of women in society changed according to the social development in each culure since early ages. While having been considered equal to men in some cultures, women have been kept in the background in others. As in many areas, it took a lot of time for women to express themselves in art. Having been as effective as men in Turkish societies that appeared as nomads in history, women became of secondary importance socially and policitally after sedentism and the acceptance of Islam; yet they continued to be respected. The case was not very different in art. As a result of many religious restrictions placed especially in terms of women rights, women were not able to make their presence felt in art until the end of Tanzimat reforms. After obtaining their rights and freedom with the Rescript of Gülhane, women started to receive art education in 1914 for the first time when İnasSanayi-iNefiseMektebi was established. Our first female artists, who started producing naturalist and realistic work, were highly affected by their social environment and the education they received. With the government support, they also took the opportunity to be educated overseas and they started to work on portraits and landspaces as well as dealing with current issues and using new flows
Assessing knowledge of gram growers apropos their different package of practices
The Management of Package of Practices of any crop plays a key role in its production. The important package of practices on which they were having high technological gap were insect management (46.55%) in Jabalpur and (45.77%) in Narsinghpur district, weed management (45.41%) in Jabalpur and (43.19%) in Narsinghpur district, seed treatment (41.80%) in Jabalpur and (41.85%) in Narsinghpur district, disease management (40.33%) in Jabalpur and (40.44%) in Narsinghpur district, seed selection (36.66%) in Jabalpur and (37.40%) in Narsinghpur district. Thus, it was suggested that a separate study on assessment of knowledge and adoption of components of gram production practices may be conducted to give wide predictability and consistency of results
Gendered Memory in Oral Narratives and the Socialization of the Girl Child in...
Before writing gained currency in the African society, important societal traditions were perpetrated, perpetuated and memorized through popular oral genres and subgenres like sayings, proverbs, songs and/or folk narratives. These genre types, apart from providing entertainment, formed a core element of socialization of a child into the society. In their enjoyment of folk narratives in particular, children also drew moral lessons from the stories. Through the stories, children learn’t the do’s and don’ts of their people. Today, like in the past, though to a lesser extent, oral performances and in particular folk narratives still elicit enormous interest and still draw important lessons. This paper argues that many African societies, the majority of which are patriarchal in their social setups, use these popular genres, more so folk narratives to depersonalize and/or re-personalize girl children. The process of depersonalization and re-personalization of girl children involves training them to belong in second place to boy children. Girl children are unconsciously but systematically, through the stories told to them, urged to surrender their personal interests, claims and rights, and instead, redefine their personalities in terms of the society’s prescription of roles and expectations, more often than not based on gender.
A Study On TheRelationshipBetween Teachers' EducationalBeliefsAndTheirLevel O...
It is important to determine the educational beliefs and attitudes of teachers, being one of the most important determinants of change in educational organizations, towards change. The main purpose of this study is to test the model created for the relationship between the level of openness to occupational change of pre-school, primary and secondary school teachers and their educational beliefs. So as to identify the relationship between educational beliefs and the level of openness to change more clearly, a model according with the structural equation modeling assumptions has been set in the study. The working group of the study is comprised of 268 teachers of different branches working in Kars in the 2012-2013 academic years. "Openness to Personal Change Scale", "Openness to Occupational Change Scale" and "Educational Beliefs Scale" were used as data collection tools. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used for the validity and reliability of the scales used in the study while structural equation modeling analys is (SEM) was used for the analysis of data. Following the study, it has been determined that teachers being more open to personal and occupational change have educational beliefs of progressivism and re-construction is mwhile teachers being in tendency to preserve and sustain their personal habits have educational beliefs of perennial is mand essentialism.
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...
The establishment of any urban centres is always characterised by either commercial, industrial or administrative activities. Rongo Town is one of the towns that has attracted a large population and this has led to inadequate houses for the residents and general stress in the provision of social amenities. The general objective of the study was to analyse the socio-economic impacts of Rongo urban sprawl. The specific objective of the study was to assess the spaces between the developed and undeveloped area of Rongo Town. This was important because it projected the causes of inadequate housing units in Rongo Town. Concentric Urban Theory was used to guide the study. Cross sectional design method was used in the study. Quantitative and qualitative design methods were used to give the study a structure. The target population was 27,759. From this 6,095 households were used as respondents. Primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires, observation checklist, photographs and sketches. Secondary data involved written articles by experts in urban growth and information in government offices and non-governmental organisations. This data was analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences which yielded descriptive and inferential statistics. This data was also analysed by content analysis through description. The spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas were found to be so large. The study recommended the construction of high density houses by filling in the spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas in Rongo Town with houses and other necessary infrastructures
Mobile Based Application to Scan the Number Plate and To Verify the Owner Det...
Any License plate recognition system usually passes through three steps of image processing: 1) Extraction of a license plate region; 2) Segmentation of the plate characters; and 3) Recognition of each character. A number of algorithms have been proposed in recent times for efficient disposal of the application. The purpose of this project was to develop a real time application which recognizes number plates from cars at a gate, for example at the entrance of a parking area or a border crossing. The system, based on regular PC with mobile camera, catches video frames which include a visible car number plate and processes them. Once a number plate is detected, its digits are recognized, displayed on the User Interface or checked against a database.The software aspect of the system runs on mobile hardware and can be linked to other applications or databases. It first uses a series of image manipulation techniques to detect, normalize and enhance the Image of the number plate, and then optical character recognition (ocr) to extract the alpha numeric text of number plate. The system are generally deployed in one of two basic approaches: one allows for the entire process to be performed at the lane location in real-time. The other will reveal the driver’s profile by checking in the registered database.
Current Approaches to Neurofeedback
This article is a review of neurofeedback techniques in the broad context of various clinical implications. Authors presented the neurophysiological background of these developing methods in relation to the state-of-the-art techniques. The broad range of methods of neurofeedback were reviewed, comprising the transfer of information, automation, brain-computer interface, multichannel Z-Score neurofeedback and slow cortical potentials. Neurofeedback may be an effective tool for self-regulation, useful for achieving better selfknowledge and enhanced cognitive skills. A tailored, dedicated program, based on quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) assessment and/or Z-Score should be implemented for a given patient in order to gain trust and fulfill the compliance. The proven clinical benefits of multi-channel neurofeedback, targeting regulation of particular brain regions, or inducing specific neural patterns, may be an alternative method for treating diseases in a non-invasive, introspective way. Effective modulation of the physiological functions which may affect various neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior seems to be the future perspective of neurofeedback
Multiple Roles at Conflict: Reflections from Life Career Families in Western ...
Role conflict of employed women in life career families has become an inevitable subject for discussion in the context of recent globalization. Women’s liberation movements in the last centuries expanded the opportunities for qualified women in India to enter in to the workforce for personal satisfaction and supplemental income in family. In this changed social milieu women who once occupied only familial roles are now entering into the labor force taking up different professional roles. Thus playing several roles simultaneously with inadequate time and energy often creates conflicts in the role performance of these working women. Data were collected by interview, observation and focus-group discussion methods from 40 women working in different government and non-government sectors in Sambalpur city of Western Odisha. Against this backdrop, the present study makes an humble attempt to explore how the multiplicities of familial and professional roles are creating conflicts among these working women in the life career families. The study discusses how these women are trying to balance their domestic and professional roles.
The Concept of Bullying In the Figures of a Popular Cartoon: Doraemon
The concept of bullying has now been widely discussed since the accident happened in Pa-Te Junior High School. The rapid development of Internet fosters the spread of bullying incidents through posting the video of bullying. The MOE has set up a system to train the students to protect themselves when they encountered the situation of being bullied. In reality, school bullying happens in every country around the world, and thousands of students wake up afraid of going to school. Internet and mess-media facilitate the spread of school bullying, especially in TV program. The development of mass-media descends the ages of starting watching TV programs for young children. Children love to watch cartoons, no matter which country they are produced. However, the plots of some cartoons reveal the concept of bullying through the behavior of the main figures. Doraemon, which is a very popular cartoon for children to watch, creates some figures that are violent and prefer bullying the main character: Nobita. The existing documents and studies discuss various aspects of school bullying. This study intends to explore the concept of bullying in some popular figures and tries to find out solutions of this problem. After examining the plots of the cartoons and analyzing the figures, this study concludes that bullying types existing in the figures of these cartoons are direct physical attack, indirect physical attack, direct verbal attack and social exclusion from normal group activities. As for the solution for reducing the negative influence of these programs is to strengthen parents’ and teachers’ alert, accompany the children to watch the program, build up sense of empathy, integrate the concept of safety into the program. Most important of all, parents have to help their children to develop their own judgment to judge what’s right or wrong of these cartoon figures’ behaviors
Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Students’ Essay Writing Sk...
Language teaching in the modern era needs to be underpinned by some language learning theories which can have the potential to define the origin of the target language, its application, formation as well as understanding of as to how that language can be taught and learnt successfully. Keeping this perspective in view, the current study was undertaken by employing cooperative learning theory to enhance the writing skills of the intermediate students. The study was conducted to investigate the role of cooperative learning strategies on the writing skills of the intermediate students in the M.A.O College, Lahore, Pakistan. Total 90 science students enrolled in the said college participated in the study. In order to ascertain whether both experimental and control group students had significant difference in their overall mean scores, the pre and post-test were given to both groups. The quantitative data thus gathered was processed in the SPSS version 22 whereby Independent Samples t-test was applied to determine the difference between the overall mean scores of both groups. The findings indicated that both groups had significant difference in their overall mean scores on the post-tests. The experimental group outperformed the control group by scoring higher than the control group.
Voting and Voter Suppression: An Analysis of Rhetoric in Online Messages by C...
This study is a qualitative content analysis that addresses how four civil rights organizations used rhetorical strategies and tactics to focus on voting and voter suppression leading up to Election 2012. The organizations involved in this study were the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Urban League (NUL), National Action Network (NAN), and ColorOfChange.org (COC). This study examines 82 press releases, official statements, blog posts, and miscellaneous public relations materials. It also explores how often the organizations referenced joint efforts between one another. Three rhetorical strategies and tactics are used in this study: identification, protest-framing theory, and vilification. Findings show that the predominant use of antithesis, a part of identification, suggests that the organization sought unity, primarily among members of its organization and state branches, against several perceived enemies, including the American Legislative Exchange Council, some Republicans, and the Tea Party Victory Fund. Findings also show that the organization missed several opportunities to publicize how they were working together.
Integrating Ict Software in the Teaching of Accounting in Tertiary Institutio...
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the extent to which Accounting lecturers use ICT in the teaching of Accounting in tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Three research questions were used to obtain relevant responses needed for the study; accordingly, three hypotheses were also formulated. The research design was the descriptive survey design and the sample size was seventy (70) Accounting lecturers that exist in the five tertiary institutions used for the study. The instrument used was Information and Communication Technology Teaching Accounting of Accounting Questionnaire (ICTTAAQ) made up of three major parts; A: Demographics; B (three sections) addressing relevant research questions. The ICTTAAQ met both validity and reliability criteria. The study revealed among other things that Accounting lecturers do not make enough use of Accounting software in the teaching of Accounting. Consequently, the three research hypotheses that guided the study were also rejected. The study recommended that based on the role ICT and Accounting software in the improvement of teaching of Accounting, Management of tertiary institutions should provide ICT tools and accounting libraries, and where they are available, Accounting lecturers should utilize them properly to enhance professional competence.
Crisis and Welfare Society in Spain
This document analyzes the impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on Spain's welfare system and labor market. It finds that while wages and minimum wages increased slightly from 2008-2012, pensions increased to a greater extent. As a result, pension incomes exceeded the incomes of young workers, reducing incentives for young people to remain in the workforce. It also found that from 2006-2011, household expenditure was higher when headed by someone aged 65+ rather than 16-29, indicating a shift in who provides financial support within families. The document argues for reforms to make Spain's welfare system more sustainable, such as increasing the role of the private sector and making benefits more dependent on contributions to the workforce.
Implicit Leadership Perception at Context of; Intergovernmental and Nongovern...
Main focus of this study is exploring the Intergovernmental and Nongovernmental Organizations’ employees leadership perceptions based on differences of their cultural, national, educational, experience. The reason of studying in this sector; contains variety of cultural background and international experienced staff .Research has been done Gaziantep in Turkey because many UN agencies and NGO’s are operating in Gaziantep based on current situation in Syria armed conflict. Also this kind of organizations are specialized for emergency situations, development strategies and humanitarian aid at worldwide so we have to take in to account how hard it is managing these issues globally. We found some evidence that affecting leadership perceptions which are related participant experience, foreign language and education level and details are provided on discussion section. The question of research is expectations of leadership by multinational organizations employees. We haven’t seen any direct study related for both Intergovernmental and Nongovernmental organizations employees’ perceptions of implicit leadership, for this reason our study may provide contribution to literature.
Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation between States, International Regimes...
This document discusses climate change and its impact on environmental refugees from both a sociological and international relations perspective. It first provides background on the causes and effects of climate change, both natural and human-induced. It then discusses Ulrich Beck's theory of the risk society, which argues that modern threats like climate change are global risks that do not respect borders. One consequence of climate change discussed is environmental migration. The theory of risk society helps explain how climate change impacts are unevenly felt and some are able to escape risks while others have no choice but to migrate as environmental refugees.
Leadership Effectiveness of Islamic Education Management Department at Educat...
The purpose of this study was to reveal: (1) The direct effect of confidence level toward work discipline, (2) The direct effect of the task structure toward work discipline, (3) The direct effect of the level of confidence toward effectiveness of the leadership, (4) The direct effect of the task structure toward effectiveness of leadership, (5) the direct effect of labor discipline toward effectiveness of the leadership of the Islamic Education Management Department at Faculty of Education of the State Islamic University of North Sumatra. This research method used correlated path models. The study population was faculty and students with the number of 148 people. Sampling using Krecji table, with this technique resulted in a sample 108 people. The instrument used to collect data was questionnaire Likert scale models. The analysis technique used is path analysis. The findings of this study indicate: (1) The confidence level affect the work Discipline of 16.9%, (2) Structural work tasks affect the Discipline of 18.7%, (3) The level of trust directly affects the effectiveness of the leadership of 19,4% , (4). The task structure directly affects the effectiveness of the leadership of 19.5% and (5) Work Discipline directly influence the effectiveness of the leadership of the Department of 22.1%.
Effects of Socio - Economic Factors on Children Ever Born in India: Applicati...
This paper aims at identity the socio – economic determinants of cumulative fertility number of children ever born to women at the end of their reproductive period. The first step is to determine explanatory variables likely to impact the children ever born using multiple regression analysis. The path analysis if used to find out the direct and indirect implied effects of the selected socio demographic factors on children ever born (CEB). The zero order correlation coefficients of various socio economic and demographic variables on CEB are estimated. Percentages of the total absolute effect on CEB through endogenous and exogenous variables are estimated. Direct, Indirect and implied effect of the selected explanatory variables on CEB are obtained by using path analysis.
The Validity And Reliability of The Bedtime Procrastination Scale
The aim of this project is to adapt the Bedtime Procrastination Scale that was developed by Kroese, De Ridder, Evers & Adriaanse (2014) and examine its reliability and validity. 180 students who have been studying at five different universities (Ankara University, Gazi University, METU, Hacettepe University and Yıldırım Beyazıt University) in Ankara participated to the study. Study has been conducted in three steps: (i) English-Turkish translation, (ii) construct validity [Confirmative Factor Analysis] (iii) internal consistency Cronbach Alpha reliability. Results of confirmative factor analysis indicates that goodness of fit indexes that are produced for the scale show that the model that was offered for the scale was appropriate. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency of the scale was .71 for this sample. The results show that the scale has enough internal consistency and it is at an acceptable level.
Improving the Accuracy of Temperature Control inside Dry-Air Sterilizer Oven ...
1) The document discusses improving the accuracy of temperature control inside a dry-air sterilizer oven by using a predictive algorithm for pulse-width modulation control.
2) Traditionally, an on-off controller was used for temperature control inside the oven, but this reduces accuracy due to drift over time. The proposed method uses a microcontroller with a predictive pulse-width modulation algorithm to increase control precision.
3) Experiments were conducted maintaining target temperatures of 65°C, 85°C, and 120°C. Results showed good agreement between the target and actual temperatures, with maximum errors of 0.2-0.5°C. The predictive control approach improved temperature control accuracy in the sterilizer oven
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The Theory and Practice of Faith and Reason In The Light Of Nursi's Perspective
The Theory and Practice of Faith and Reason In The Light Of Nursi's Perspective
Fırst Female Artısts in Turkısh Paıntıng Art Untıl Early Republıc Perıod (190...
Fırst Female Artısts in Turkısh Paıntıng Art Untıl Early Republıc Perıod (190...
Assessing knowledge of gram growers apropos their different package of practices
Assessing knowledge of gram growers apropos their different package of practices
Gendered Memory in Oral Narratives and the Socialization of the Girl Child in...
Gendered Memory in Oral Narratives and the Socialization of the Girl Child in...
A Study On TheRelationshipBetween Teachers' EducationalBeliefsAndTheirLevel O...
A Study On TheRelationshipBetween Teachers' EducationalBeliefsAndTheirLevel O...
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...
Mobile Based Application to Scan the Number Plate and To Verify the Owner Det...
Mobile Based Application to Scan the Number Plate and To Verify the Owner Det...
Multiple Roles at Conflict: Reflections from Life Career Families in Western ...
Multiple Roles at Conflict: Reflections from Life Career Families in Western ...
The Concept of Bullying In the Figures of a Popular Cartoon: Doraemon
The Concept of Bullying In the Figures of a Popular Cartoon: Doraemon
Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Students’ Essay Writing Sk...
Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Students’ Essay Writing Sk...
Voting and Voter Suppression: An Analysis of Rhetoric in Online Messages by C...
Voting and Voter Suppression: An Analysis of Rhetoric in Online Messages by C...
Integrating Ict Software in the Teaching of Accounting in Tertiary Institutio...
Integrating Ict Software in the Teaching of Accounting in Tertiary Institutio...
Implicit Leadership Perception at Context of; Intergovernmental and Nongovern...
Implicit Leadership Perception at Context of; Intergovernmental and Nongovern...
Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation between States, International Regimes...
Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation between States, International Regimes...
Leadership Effectiveness of Islamic Education Management Department at Educat...
Leadership Effectiveness of Islamic Education Management Department at Educat...
Effects of Socio - Economic Factors on Children Ever Born in India: Applicati...
Effects of Socio - Economic Factors on Children Ever Born in India: Applicati...
The Validity And Reliability of The Bedtime Procrastination Scale
The Validity And Reliability of The Bedtime Procrastination Scale
Improving the Accuracy of Temperature Control inside Dry-Air Sterilizer Oven ...
Improving the Accuracy of Temperature Control inside Dry-Air Sterilizer Oven ...
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MSC III_Advance Forensic Serology_Final.pptx
The Advanced Serology Course is a comprehensive and specialized program designed for professionals in the fields of clinical diagnostics, immunology, and laboratory medicine who seek an in-depth understanding of advanced serological techniques and methodologies. This advanced-level course builds upon foundational knowledge in serology and delves into sophisticated concepts and cutting-edge technologies.
Development of cell culture samples for drug screening with bone marrow stem ...
Side population (SP) refers to a group of cells, which is capable to efflux Hoechst 33342, a DNA-binding dye. SP cells exist both in normal and tumor tissues. SP abundance is used as an indicator for disease prognosis and drug screening in some studies. Our study concentrates on the factors influencing SP analysis.
Study of Histomorphological Spectrum of Lesions in Leprosy- One Year Study in...
Study of Histomorphological Spectrum of Lesions in Leprosy- One Year Study in...SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Leprosy one of the oldest and chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium
leprae. Leprosy is widely prevalent in India. Most of the cases present as hypopigmented patches or erythematous
lesions over skin. However on histopathology these lesions show a wide spectrum of changes and variations.
Material And Methods: A retrospective study of diagnosed cases of leprosy on skin biopsy in Department of
Pathology, S Nijalingappa Medical College from January 2015 to January 2016. Total of 63 cases were re-evaluated
and classified according to Ridley-Jopling classification.
Results: Lesions were most oftenly seen in middle aged patients and most common symptom was hypopigmented patch
(68.2%). Based on Ridley-Jopling classification, most cases were lepromatous leprosy (23.8%) followed by borderline
lepromatous type (22.2%), indeterminate type (22.2%), tuberculoid leprosy (6.3%), borderline tuberculoid leprosy
(17.4%) and borderline borderline leprosy (7.9%). Wade-Fite staining was done in 42 cases out of which 17 cases
showed positive for acid-fast bacilli. Also noted that the bacilli load was >2+ in lepromatous spectrum.
Conclusion: Histopathology remains the important tool to diagnose the subtype of leprosy lesions. Lepromatous
leprosy is most often associated with high bacterial load.
Key-words- Histomorphological Spectrum, Lepromatous spectrum, Mycobacterium leprae, LeprosyDetection of rlep final version
This document discusses leprosy, including its classification, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment. It analyzes samples from leprosy patients and their contacts in India to detect the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae using PCR of the rlep gene. Blood and slit skin smear samples were collected and their DNA extracted and amplified by PCR. Gel electrophoresis showed more positive results for slit skin samples from patients, but sample type did not affect results from contacts. While slit skin smears remain reliable, blood samples also show potential as an early diagnostic method.
Rapid identification of dermatophyte species by 28S rDNA Polymerase Chain Rea...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Comparative Study of Orbital Indices in Human Dry Skulls Obtained from People...
Comparative Study of Orbital Indices in Human Dry Skulls Obtained from People...BRNSS Publication Hub
Aim: The aim of this study is to measure the known variables of orbital indices with utilization of human
dry skulls among people in eastern region of Nepal. Materials and Methods: The parameters (such as
orbital height [OH], orbital breadth [OB], and orbital index [OI]) were used for comparative analysis of
orbital indices in collected skull samples. Based on these morphological features, each human dry skull
was categorized into megaseme, mesoseme, and microseme groups. The determination of orbital indices
with known parameters (such as OH, OB, and OI) was carried out in next. Results and Discussion: Here,
we observed that abundantly 54% of people had OI >89 that had laid us to report that majority of
population in this area belongs to the megaseme group. Mesoseme was next to grasp population as
32% of collected skulls were having OI values between 83 and 89. The remaining 14% were set into
microseme with OI values <83. We further investigated the pattern of variation in both right- and leftsided
OH, OB, and OI, and their findings were peculiar to interestingly report in our study among people
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The use of low level laser in periodontal disease
This study investigated the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. 16 patients received SRP on one side of their mouth and SRP plus 10 sessions of LLLT on the other side. Sites treated with SRP plus LLLT showed greater reductions in pocket depth at 5 weeks and 3 months compared to SRP alone. SRP plus LLLT sites also had a statistically significant increase in mean radiographic bone density from baseline to 12 months. However, LLLT did not significantly affect gingival index, plaque index, or levels of the inflammatory marker IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid
Study of fingertip pattern in Carcinoma Cervix patient
Dermatoglyphic study to correlate a particular dermatoglyphic pattern with occurrence of cervical carcinoma in the Northern Bengal population was done for a period of one year (July2015 to June 2016). Fingertip patterns of 72 cases of cervical carcinoma were tested against 72 controls. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of ulnar loop pattern in cervical cancer patients(52.78%) compared to control group(60.83%) in both the hands. There is decrease in the percentage of Radial loops in cervical cancer patients (3.19%) compared to control group (7.36%) in both hands and the difference is statistically significant. The percentage of whorls decreased in control group (27.50%) compared to cervical cancer patients (38.89%) and the difference is statistically significant in both hands.
2016 AGT Poster
The study aimed to compare the time efficiency of manual versus semi-automated FISH spot counting. Three trials each were conducted for manual counting, semi-automated counting, and a combined method. Manual counting took an average of 8.7 minutes per trial while semi-automated counting took an average of 24 minutes per trial. Semi-automated counting also showed a statistically significant error rate of 11.9% compared to manual counting benchmarks. Combining both methods reduced the error rate to only 0.1% while taking an average of 18.6 minutes per trial, suggesting the combined method may provide the best balance of accuracy and efficiency.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...
Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and TechnologyCross correlation analysis of
In this paper we present the use of a signal processing technique to find dominant channels in
near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Cross correlation is computed to compare measuring
channels and identify delays among the channels. In addition, visual inspection was used to
detect potential dominant channels. The results showed that the visual analysis exposed painrelated
activations in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) after stimulation which is
consistent with similar studies and the cross correlation analysis found dominant channels on
both cerebral hemispheres. The analysis also showed a relationship between dominant channels
and neighbouring channels. Therefore, our results present a new method to detect dominant
regions in the cerebral cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy. These results have also
implications in the reduction of number of channels by eliminating irrelevant channels for the
experiment.
CROSS CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CHANNEL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
In this paper we present the use of a signal processing technique to find dominant channels in near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Cross correlation is computed to compare measuring channels and identify delays among the channels. In addition, visual inspection was used to detect potential dominant channels. The results showed that the visual analysis exposed painrelated activations in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) after stimulation which is consistent with similar studies and the cross correlation analysis found dominant channels on both cerebral hemispheres. The analysis also showed a relationship between dominant channels
and neighbouring channels. Therefore, our results present a new method to detect dominant regions in the cerebral cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy. These results have also implications in the reduction of number of channels by eliminating irrelevant channels for the experiment.
CROSS CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CHANNEL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
In this paper we present the use of a signal processing technique to find dominant channels in near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Cross correlation is computed to compare measuring channels and identify delays among the channels. In addition, visual inspection was used to detect potential dominant channels. The results showed that the visual analysis exposed painrelated activations in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) after stimulation which is consistent with similar studies and the cross correlation analysis found dominant channels on both cerebral hemispheres. The analysis also showed a relationship between dominant channels and neighbouring channels. Therefore, our results present a new method to detect dominant regions in the cerebral cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy. These results have also implications in the reduction of number of channels by eliminating irrelevant channels for the experiment
Atmospheric Exposure to Cr III Powder Causes Genotoxicity in Rattus Norvegicus.
Several chemical elements are responsible for altering the genetic integrity of living beings. The metal Cr stands out in this regard. It exists in two oxidation states, Cr VI and Cr III, and has been investigated as an important environmental and occupational contaminant. Although the former is considered carcinogenic, the latter is classified as safe, even for human use in food supplementation. However, most studies with Cr( III) have been carried out by different routes to how it is occupationally found – in the atmosphere. This study evaluated the genotoxicity of Cr(III) inhaled during 8 hours of exposure to the maximum concentration permitted by ATSDR. Fifteen male Rattus norvegicus were used in this study. There were 3 groups (n=5 per group); these were - group exposed to Cr (III) powder (S), the negative control group (NC) and the positive control group (PC). The animals were exposed to Cr aerosol particles at a flow rate of 9L/min and atmospheric concentration of 500μg/m3 for only 8 hours in this study. An increase in genotoxicity and mutagenicity in the group exposed to the metal powder was observed. These findings suggest that further studies should be carried out in order to establish safe levels of exposure to Cr III in work environments
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Cooks_Analyst2016
This document describes a study using a miniature mass spectrometer to rapidly discriminate between bacterial species based on their unique phospholipid profiles obtained through paper spray ionization. Mass spectra from eight bacterial species were analyzed and differentiated using multivariate analysis. The miniature mass spectrometer was able to produce phospholipid profiles and tandem mass spectra that were comparable to a benchtop linear ion trap mass spectrometer, demonstrating its capability to analyze meso-size biomolecules like phospholipids for bacterial discrimination. While there was some day-to-day variability, significant differences were observed between the lipid profiles of several bacterial species, showing potential for portable in situ analysis of microorganisms.
Hum.Reprod.-2000 signtuific ligioration-Amer-653-6.pdf
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia. Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi. Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis. Aenean posuere, tor
JCA2016 LC-HRMS organic contaminants in fish fillet
This document summarizes a study that evaluated two different scan methods (full scan and all ions MS/MS) using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF/MS) for the identification and quantification of 182 organic contaminants in fish fillet. In general, full scan acquisition was found to be more reliable (84% identification rate) compared to all ions MS/MS (72% identification rate). Additionally, mass accuracy was better in full scan mode, with errors below 5 ppm for 77% of compounds versus 52% for all ions MS/MS. However, all ions MS/MS provided fragmentation information. The study aimed to assess the best scan mode for
The epidemiology of schistosomiasis the Basrah study 2 serological profile.pdf
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This document summarizes a study on the serological profile and validity of ELISA testing for Schistosoma haematobium infection in Basrah, Iraq. Key findings include:
- Antibody levels increased with age up to 15 years then plateaued, with no significant differences between males and females except in the 15-24 age group.
- Those positive for current infection by urine examination had significantly higher antibody levels and seropositivity compared to those negative by urine examination. ELISA detected infection in 83% of urine-positive individuals.
- For age groups 6-14 and 15-24, antibody levels and seropositivity were significantly higher in those reporting swimming compared to those who did notSimilar to Efficacy of Leishman Stain in Cytology - A 30 Years Experience (20)
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Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...
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CROSS CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CHANNEL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
CROSS CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CHANNEL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
CROSS CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CHANNEL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
CROSS CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CHANNEL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Atmospheric Exposure to Cr III Powder Causes Genotoxicity in Rattus Norvegicus.
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Toxic Interaction Mechanism of food Colorant Sunset Yellow with trypsin by Sp...
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Hum.Reprod.-2000 signtuific ligioration-Amer-653-6.pdf
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JCA2016 LC-HRMS organic contaminants in fish fillet
JCA2016 LC-HRMS organic contaminants in fish fillet
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The epidemiology of schistosomiasis the Basrah study 2 serological profile.pdf
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
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International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
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一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
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Efficacy of Leishman Stain in Cytology - A 30 Years Experience
- 1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X www.ijpsi.org Volume 5 Issue 6 ‖October 2016 ‖PP. 01-03 www.ijpsi.org 1 | P a g e Efficacy of Leishman Stain in Cytology - A 30 Years Experience Dr. Niranjan Rout Professor & Head Of Pathology, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre, Cuttack – 753007, Odisha, India Abstract: Leishman stain is one of the Romanowsky stains and is used extensively for interpretation of hematology smears in both urban and rural laboratories. In contrast Papanicolaou and HE(Hematoxylin & Eosin) method of staining are often not available in rural laboratories in resource constrained regions. With this in mind we started using the Leishman stain. In the initial years, we stained cytosmears simultaneously with Leishman stain and Papanicolaou method and interpreted and compared our observations. We have been using Leishman staining technique to interpret cytosmears for last 30 years and also applied this technique to interpret cytology smears in health camps organised at community level in rural areas.Thus, Leishman staining is a simple, quick and inexpensive staining teachnique easily available in both urban and rural laboratories which can be used as an efficacious tool to interpret cytosmears. Cytological interpretation relies heavily on the quality and appearance of the staining technique. Three staining techniques are in routine practice - Papanicolaou method for alcohol fixed wet smears, air dried smears stained with Romanowsky stains and Hematoxyline-Eosin (HE) stain. Leishman stain is one of the Romanowsky stains and is used extensively for interpretation of hematology smears in both urban and rural laboratories. In contrast Papanicolaou and HE method of staining are often not available in rural laboratories in resource constrained regions. With this in mind we started using the Leishman stain to interpret cytosmears since 1984. [1] In this method, similar to the blood smears the cytosmears are air-dried and put on a staining tray, and the Leishman stain is then poured on to cover the cytosmear. Thirty seconds is allowed for fixation after which an equal amount of distilled water is added. After 3 to 5 minutes, the slides are washed with running tap water and examined under the microscope. In the initial years, we stained cytosmears simultaneously with Leishman stain and Papanicolaou method and interpreted and compared our observations. [2] In one of our study, [3] while comparing the outcome from 882 smears from different lesions stained by both Leishman method and Papanicolaou method of staining (Fig.1,a,b,c,d & Fig.2,e,f,g,h Fig.3,I,j,k,l), we observed that in only 4.7% cases we failed to reach at a diagnosis with Leishman stain. In some of these cases, nuclear details were not clear. Many pathologists feel that fine nuclear structure is not well demonstrated in air dried Giemsa Stains,[4] but on the other hand, nuclear characteristics such as chromatin, nucleoli and nuclear membrane are better visualised in wet-fixed pap-stained smears.[5] We have been using Leishman staining technique to interpret cytosmears for last 30 years and also applied this technique to interpret cytology smears in health camps organised at community level in rural areas. Thus, Leishman staining is a simple, quick and inexpensive staining technique easily available in both urban and rural laboratories which can be used as an efficacious tool to interpret cytosmears. References [1]. Niranjan Rout, G.S. Acharya, B.K. Nanda .Efficacy of Leishman stain in cytology (Abstract no. 99).33rd National Conference of Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists, Manipal (Karnatak) 20-22 December 1984. [2]. Rout N, Singh SP, Satpathy B, Nanda BK. Rapid cytodiagnosis of endoscopic biopsy specimens in gastro-oesophageal malignancy. Trop Gastroenterol1993; 14:99-103. [3]. M. Swain, N. Rout, S. Samantray, B.K. Nanda. Is Leishman stain useful for community cytology? Acta Cytol 2010; 54 Suppl 3: 397. [4]. With P. Vielh. The techniques of FNA cytology. In : Svante R Orell, Gregory F Sterrett, Max N-I Walters, Darrel Whitaker, editors. Manual and atlas of fine needle aspiration cytology. 3rd ed.London : Churchil Livingstone;1999. pp. 09-27. [5]. Gita Jayaram. Atlas and text of thyroid cytology.1st ed. New Delhi: Arya Publications; 2006. pp.09.
- 2. Efficacy Of Leishman Stain In Cytology - A 30 Years Experience www.ijpsi.org 2 | P a g e Figure legend: Fig .1 (A) Acute inflammatory Cells (Leishman x 100), (B) Acute inflammatory Cells (Pap x 100), (C) Chronic inflammatory Cells (Leishman x 100), (D) Chronic inflammatory Cells (Pap x 100). Fig.2 (E) Squmous Carcinoma Cells (Leishman x 400), (F) Squmous Carcinoma Cells (Pap x 400), (G) Adenocarcinoma Cells (Leishman x 400), (H) Adenocarcinoma Cells (Pap x 400).
- 3. Efficacy Of Leishman Stain In Cytology - A 30 Years Experience www.ijpsi.org 3 | P a g e Fig.3 (I) Soft tissue Sarcoma Cells (Leishman x 400), (J) Soft tissue Sarcoma Cells (Pap x 400), (K) Poorly differentiated Adenocarcinoma Cells (Leishman x 400), (L) Poorly differentiated Adenocarcinoma Cells (Pap x 400).