This document analyzes the impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on Spain's welfare system and labor market. It finds that while wages and minimum wages increased slightly from 2008-2012, pensions increased to a greater extent. As a result, pension incomes exceeded the incomes of young workers, reducing incentives for young people to remain in the workforce. It also found that from 2006-2011, household expenditure was higher when headed by someone aged 65+ rather than 16-29, indicating a shift in who provides financial support within families. The document argues for reforms to make Spain's welfare system more sustainable, such as increasing the role of the private sector and making benefits more dependent on contributions to the workforce.
Research Paper on the Economic Impact of the Catolonia CrisisMadlin Deignan
As a part of my Honors MacroEconomics class, we were tasked with researching an idea of our interest in the macro economic environment. With my interest in Spanish language and culture, and intent on studying abroad in Spain, I chose to do my research paper on the Catalonia Crisis, in the midst of its most severe period in time, back in the Spring of 2018. It's interesting looking back on my thoughts then and knowing how the climate has changed over the year.
The programme introduces the joint views of the two employee federations, SAK and STTK, on the basis of which Finland will be able to promote economic growth and create decent jobs. This will enhance the ability to finance the welfare state and to promote social cohesion in Finland.
Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions SAK and Finnish Confederation of Professionals STTK.
8th January 2013
Brazil's workers are faced with the impossibility of the economic system and the future Bolsonaro government to generate the necessary jobs for the economically active population and eliminate the precariousness of the work imposed by the neoliberal economic model in force since 1990. How to make the Brazilian economic system and the future government to generate the necessary jobs for the economically active population and how to eliminate the precariousness of the work imposed by the neoliberal economic model? The answer to these two questions is presented in this article.
Research Paper on the Economic Impact of the Catolonia CrisisMadlin Deignan
As a part of my Honors MacroEconomics class, we were tasked with researching an idea of our interest in the macro economic environment. With my interest in Spanish language and culture, and intent on studying abroad in Spain, I chose to do my research paper on the Catalonia Crisis, in the midst of its most severe period in time, back in the Spring of 2018. It's interesting looking back on my thoughts then and knowing how the climate has changed over the year.
The programme introduces the joint views of the two employee federations, SAK and STTK, on the basis of which Finland will be able to promote economic growth and create decent jobs. This will enhance the ability to finance the welfare state and to promote social cohesion in Finland.
Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions SAK and Finnish Confederation of Professionals STTK.
8th January 2013
Brazil's workers are faced with the impossibility of the economic system and the future Bolsonaro government to generate the necessary jobs for the economically active population and eliminate the precariousness of the work imposed by the neoliberal economic model in force since 1990. How to make the Brazilian economic system and the future government to generate the necessary jobs for the economically active population and how to eliminate the precariousness of the work imposed by the neoliberal economic model? The answer to these two questions is presented in this article.
2016 General State Budget: possible but we need more reforms to strengthen gr...Círculo de Empresarios
Recent improvements in GDP and employment confirm that Spain’s recovery and economic dynamism continue to be strengthened. Internally, the reforms that have been carried out and the efforts in the private sector have corrected some of our macroeconomic imbalances. This has led to improvements in the labor market, the external sector, investment and access to credit. Additionally, the Spanish economy has benefitted from
the positive effects of the ECB monetary policy, the depreciation of the euro, and the drop in the price of raw materials.
continue reading and if you like share it
Michel temer government the most anti social of the history of brazilFernando Alcoforado
A government is antisocial when its entire economic policy is geared to serving the interests of the economically and politically dominant classes. The anti-social character of the Michel Temer government manifests itself, above all, in its proposals for labor reform and outsourcing policy in the labor market, as well as reform of Social Security.
The EU’s largest economy, Germany, has managed to find an effective and unique combination of flexibility and rigidity in its labor market. Institutions that typically characterize rigid labor markets are effectively balanced by flexibility instruments. Important developments since 2000 include steadily decreasing unemployment rates (since 2005), increasing participation rates, and (since 2011) moderately increasing labor compensation. The German labor market has also been remarkably robust to the impacts of the Great Recession, thus providing a useful case study for other developed countries.
The Finnish unemployment rose in the early 1990’s from three to eighteen percent in four years. Unemployment has then decreased to the average European level, being 9.0 percent in January 2003. In this paper, we describe the shocks leading to this unforeseen increase in unemployment. We then discuss the role of labour market institutions in the adjustment process that has brought unemployment back to ‘normal’ levels. We argue that these institutions cannot be blamed for the increase in unemployment, but that more flexible institutions could have lead to a more rapid decline in unemployment.
The recession that started in 2008 caused a sharp deterioration of the budget balance of Spain. This decline was not fully anticipated by the structural budget balance due to some methodology limitations.
In this article, we calculate an alternative structural balance for Spain in the years prior to the subprime crisis that includes residential investment as an explanatory variable. This estimate shows that by 2004 the Spanish fiscal situation was not as strong as presumed. This fragility was hidden by the extraordinary revenue from the real estate bubble and the construction boom.
Doctors of Tomorrow – A Pipeline Program for Getting a Head Start in Medicineinventionjournals
Purpose: Pipeline programs have long been embraced as a strategyto recruit students from groups underrepresented in medicine into medical careers. Despite the prevalence of these programs, we know little about why students seek out participation and even less about their perceptions of the potential long-term benefits. This study explored the motivations and expectations of pipeline program participants. Method: Twenty-three high school students participated in the Doctors of Tomorrow (DoT) program, a high school and medical school partnership pipeline program from September 2014 through March 2015. Data for this study included students’ application essays, critical incident narratives, focus group discussions and transcripts from individual interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze all narrative materials and transcripts. Results: Our analysis of all program data revealed that DoT participants were motivated to participate in the program to learn about becoming a physician, gain access to individuals in medicine and develop a competitive advantage over other students when applying to college and medical school. Conclusions: Barriers to careers in medicine for individuals from groups underrepresented in medicine is well documented. These findings suggest that students seek to participate in pipeline programs as astrategy to secure goal-oriented, experiential encounters to help improve access points and mitigate barriers to becoming physicians
EFL Students’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Facebook as anEducational Lea...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to examine EFL students’ perceptions and attitudes towards Facebook as an educational learning tool.Participants were twenty eight undergraduate female students who experienced teaching and learning through Facebook and some classroom and face-to-face sessions. The researcher, to collect data, prepared and used two instruments; The first was face-to-face interview, while the second was Facebook Perception and Attitudes Questionnaire. Having conducted interviews, and administered the Facebook Perception and Attitudes Questionnaire, data were analyzed quantatively and qualitatively. The findings revealed that students had high and positiveperceptions of Facebook and its activities as a learning environment. Also, students had good and favourable attitudes towards using Facebook on teaching and learning.
2016 General State Budget: possible but we need more reforms to strengthen gr...Círculo de Empresarios
Recent improvements in GDP and employment confirm that Spain’s recovery and economic dynamism continue to be strengthened. Internally, the reforms that have been carried out and the efforts in the private sector have corrected some of our macroeconomic imbalances. This has led to improvements in the labor market, the external sector, investment and access to credit. Additionally, the Spanish economy has benefitted from
the positive effects of the ECB monetary policy, the depreciation of the euro, and the drop in the price of raw materials.
continue reading and if you like share it
Michel temer government the most anti social of the history of brazilFernando Alcoforado
A government is antisocial when its entire economic policy is geared to serving the interests of the economically and politically dominant classes. The anti-social character of the Michel Temer government manifests itself, above all, in its proposals for labor reform and outsourcing policy in the labor market, as well as reform of Social Security.
The EU’s largest economy, Germany, has managed to find an effective and unique combination of flexibility and rigidity in its labor market. Institutions that typically characterize rigid labor markets are effectively balanced by flexibility instruments. Important developments since 2000 include steadily decreasing unemployment rates (since 2005), increasing participation rates, and (since 2011) moderately increasing labor compensation. The German labor market has also been remarkably robust to the impacts of the Great Recession, thus providing a useful case study for other developed countries.
The Finnish unemployment rose in the early 1990’s from three to eighteen percent in four years. Unemployment has then decreased to the average European level, being 9.0 percent in January 2003. In this paper, we describe the shocks leading to this unforeseen increase in unemployment. We then discuss the role of labour market institutions in the adjustment process that has brought unemployment back to ‘normal’ levels. We argue that these institutions cannot be blamed for the increase in unemployment, but that more flexible institutions could have lead to a more rapid decline in unemployment.
The recession that started in 2008 caused a sharp deterioration of the budget balance of Spain. This decline was not fully anticipated by the structural budget balance due to some methodology limitations.
In this article, we calculate an alternative structural balance for Spain in the years prior to the subprime crisis that includes residential investment as an explanatory variable. This estimate shows that by 2004 the Spanish fiscal situation was not as strong as presumed. This fragility was hidden by the extraordinary revenue from the real estate bubble and the construction boom.
Doctors of Tomorrow – A Pipeline Program for Getting a Head Start in Medicineinventionjournals
Purpose: Pipeline programs have long been embraced as a strategyto recruit students from groups underrepresented in medicine into medical careers. Despite the prevalence of these programs, we know little about why students seek out participation and even less about their perceptions of the potential long-term benefits. This study explored the motivations and expectations of pipeline program participants. Method: Twenty-three high school students participated in the Doctors of Tomorrow (DoT) program, a high school and medical school partnership pipeline program from September 2014 through March 2015. Data for this study included students’ application essays, critical incident narratives, focus group discussions and transcripts from individual interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze all narrative materials and transcripts. Results: Our analysis of all program data revealed that DoT participants were motivated to participate in the program to learn about becoming a physician, gain access to individuals in medicine and develop a competitive advantage over other students when applying to college and medical school. Conclusions: Barriers to careers in medicine for individuals from groups underrepresented in medicine is well documented. These findings suggest that students seek to participate in pipeline programs as astrategy to secure goal-oriented, experiential encounters to help improve access points and mitigate barriers to becoming physicians
EFL Students’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Facebook as anEducational Lea...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to examine EFL students’ perceptions and attitudes towards Facebook as an educational learning tool.Participants were twenty eight undergraduate female students who experienced teaching and learning through Facebook and some classroom and face-to-face sessions. The researcher, to collect data, prepared and used two instruments; The first was face-to-face interview, while the second was Facebook Perception and Attitudes Questionnaire. Having conducted interviews, and administered the Facebook Perception and Attitudes Questionnaire, data were analyzed quantatively and qualitatively. The findings revealed that students had high and positiveperceptions of Facebook and its activities as a learning environment. Also, students had good and favourable attitudes towards using Facebook on teaching and learning.
PRESENTACION DE TALLER DE OBRAS 2012
INDETERMINACION:CONSTRUIR SIN EDIFICAR
Prof: Blanca Zúñiga
Estudiantes:
katherine valenzuela
belen verdugo
hugo bravo
karen
yordana andaur
felipe figueroa
ma jesus molina
yorka parra
paz orellana
carolina olave
laura carrasco
angela zuñiga
solange gaete
juan carlos orellana
jose valladares
jose miguel rivera
yuvitza mora
claudia aviles
carolina orellana
carolina valenzuela
carolina guerra
nathalie hyde
Fırst Female Artısts in Turkısh Paıntıng Art Untıl Early Republıc Perıod (190...inventionjournals
Positions of women in society changed according to the social development in each culure since early ages. While having been considered equal to men in some cultures, women have been kept in the background in others. As in many areas, it took a lot of time for women to express themselves in art. Having been as effective as men in Turkish societies that appeared as nomads in history, women became of secondary importance socially and policitally after sedentism and the acceptance of Islam; yet they continued to be respected. The case was not very different in art. As a result of many religious restrictions placed especially in terms of women rights, women were not able to make their presence felt in art until the end of Tanzimat reforms. After obtaining their rights and freedom with the Rescript of Gülhane, women started to receive art education in 1914 for the first time when İnasSanayi-iNefiseMektebi was established. Our first female artists, who started producing naturalist and realistic work, were highly affected by their social environment and the education they received. With the government support, they also took the opportunity to be educated overseas and they started to work on portraits and landspaces as well as dealing with current issues and using new flows
Discourse and Dis-course: Revisiting Black Identity through Milkman’s Quest i...inventionjournals
: The quest for identity has been of concern to Black people in America since slavery. Oppressed and gagged, their history has always been distorted. That distortion denied Blacks’ identity and dignity. The fight they undertook had as goal to reject misconceptions and destroy stereotyped images ascribed to them. The restoring of their history in its veracity shows that Blacks have a valuable culture enabling them to analyze and understand social events that happen in their new living environment. Blacks’ culture gives a real meaning to their existence and endows them with an identity that brings them dignity and pride allowing them to express American citizenship and assert themselves
Subjectivity in Coetzee's Childhood of Jesus A Zizekian Readinginventionjournals
The purpose of the present paper is to trace the elements of Zizekian subject in the main characters of Coetzee's Childhood of the Jesus. To pave the way for such an analysis, a short background about the main notions are provided in addition to a terse summary of the novel itself. Quotations and conversations are aptly chosen to analyze the main characters process of subject formation. Before going through the analysis, the three orders, imaginary, symbolic and Real are discussed in details. David, John and Ines are considered as the main characters and the researchers try to shed light on the process they are undergoing in the new land and whether they afford to be a Zizekian subject or not. So, they interaction with the Big Other through Symbolic order, their reaction toward language and the effect of Real on them are elaborated one by one. The paper concludes that among all the characters, only David affords to become a Zizekian subject through standing against the Big Other and understanding the cracks into the Symbolic orders.
Analysis Factors of Hospital Services Quality and User Satisfactioninventionjournals
This study aims to identify the factors of service quality and user satisfaction Hospital type B in East Java and constraints the government's efforts in improving the quality of hospital services. Technique of the analysis of data in this study using descriptive analysis and factor analysis and also obtained by interview to director of hospitals. The results showed that hospital users are women with the quality of hospital services is good, but there is still an effort to improve and based on that service quality established by 5 factors; clarity of procedures, employee competence, professionalism, effectiveness and competence. While user satisfaction built by 3 factors are tangible, reliability and empathy. Constraints faced by the government in improving service quality is the limited medical and paramedical personnel, facilities and infrastructure, including the availability of medical equipment, low public awareness of service and the poor public image of hospital services.
Consumer Response to Different Types of Website Interactivityinventionjournals
This paper aims to explore the impact of different types of interactivity on consumer perception. A quantitative research methodology using scenario-based experiment was employed. An experiment was conducted using research participants from Turkey. The findings of this study suggest that person interactivity leads to higher levels of attitude towards website, ease of use, and e-loyalty than machine interactivity. The results also reveal that person interactivity combined with high contact interactivity is the optimal strategy for e-retailers
Using Granger Causality to Examine the Relationship Between Economic Growth a...inventionjournals
This study refers to Okun's Law on the economy in North Sumatera Province. Difference with previous studies, in this study the data used is not aggregate data but the data of each economic sector. In addition, the unemployment variable is proxy with the absorption of labor rate. The data analysis was tested by Granger Causality to determine the direction of the relationship between variables for growth of each economic sectors and absorption of labor. By using the Granger Causality Test analysis we concluded that the agricultural sector has a two-way direction relationship between economic growth and absorption of labor. Mining and Quarrying sector, construction sector, transport and communication sector and services sector only have one-way direction relationship from absorption of labor to economic growth. Electricity, gas and water supply have one-way direction relationship from economic growth to absorption of labor. Three other sectors are sectors manufacturing industry sector; trade, hotel and restaurant sector and finance, real estate and business service have no relationship at all between economic growth and absorption of labor.
English Language Teacher Knowledge and the Classroom Practicesinventionjournals
This paper previews the research about teacher knowledge and cognition among English Language Teachers and presents a pilot study resting upon the assumption that a gap between teacher professional knowledge and classroom practices exists.10 teachers from a language center volunteered to become the subjects of this study. A sample Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) part 2, classroom observations, teacher interviews and student feedbackformed the data for this study.
The Effect of Social Media Marketing To Brand Loyalty (Case Study at the Univ...inventionjournals
: Social media marketing is one medium that can be used to build and maintain brand loyalty. This study aims to determine the effect of campaigns advantageous offer, offer relevant contents, offer popular content, apprears on various platforms, offer applications on social media brand loyalty conducted at the University Budi Luhur, Jakarta. Data analysis used regression method with 325 respondents. The sampling technique used a proportional random sampling. Validity and reliability tests are used in testing instruments. The results of this study indicate that offer advantageous campaigns, offer relevant contents, offer popular content, apprears on various platforms, offer applications on social media has a significant influence on brand loyalty. The benefit of social media marketing is one of them as a customer relationship management. Suggestions for further research are able to use variables such as trust and service quality.
The present study is an analysis of the differences in Life Satisfaction of Science students studying in North-Eastern Hill University. It may be mentioned that related literature supports that there are differences in Life Satisfaction amongst different group of students in universities. For the purpose of the study, necessary information was gathered through the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SwLS). The t-test was applied to find out the significant group differences. The results revealed significant differences in the groups of students. The present study contributes to the understanding of differences in Life Satisfaction of the different groups of students in the university arena.
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
Dilemma of Electorates when Corruption and Threat became a Cultureinventionjournals
Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): An Emerging Technology for Logisticsinventionjournals
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UVAs), commonly known as drones have extensively been utilized in military operations during the last decade for surveillance, monitoring enemy activities, collecting information, and even attacking military targets and terrorist hideouts. They are also increasingly finding uses in civil applications, such as policing and firefighting and nonmilitary work, such as inspection of power lines and pipelines. Furthermore, corporations utilized them in commercial applications, such as agriculture, logistics, delivering small packages to rough terrain locations, and medication to emergency locations. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too ―dull, dirty or dangerous‖ for manned aircraft. This paper is exploratory in nature and describes the past and current usage in logistics and military. It further explores design and development considerations of UAVs. This is an emerging technology that will change the landscape of logistics and supply chain management. This research article provides a basic foundation to academicians, researchers, and commercial companies.
unemployment in spain, causes and remedies .pptxMgirehBryan
Spain is faced with high unemployment rates since the 1980s. the country consistently ranks among the highest within the European Union with unemployment rate of 11.6% in the third quarter of 2023, which translates up to 2.77 million individuals , according to Statista. the uemployment rate average of the EU is 6.4%. The World bank indicates that the youth unemployment rate is at a concerning 27%. unemployment rates for individuals under 25 years old were above 50% in 2012, 2013, and 2014 but there has been significant decreases in this rates since 2017 where it was determined to be at around 35% (Verd et al., 2019). This prolonged period of elevated youth unemployment has had profound socio-economic repercussions, affecting not only the individuals directly impacted but also the broader economy and society as a whole.
socio-demographic characteristics and career trajectories contributes to this high unemployment rates in spain.
Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin työikäisen väestön, 20–59-vuotiaat vuonna 2000, tuloriskejä Tilastokeskuksesta hankitun laajan rekisteripohjaisen paneeliaineiston avulla. Vero- ja sosiaaliturvajärjestelmää tarkastellaan laajana sosiaalivakuutuksena ja vaikutusta riskiin mitataan tuotannontekijä-, brutto- ja käytettävissä olevien tulojen riskipreemioiden peräkkäisten erotusten avulla. Ennakkoon ennustetut (ex ante) toimeentuloriskit estimoidaan dynaamisen, eteenpäin katsovan mallin avulla. Logaritmimuotoinen malli kuvaa tuloliikkuvuutta suhteessa väestöryhmän vuosittaisiin keskituloihin. Estimoinnit perustuvat väestöositukseen, joka määräytyy ennusteperiodia edeltävän, syntymävuosikohortin, koulutusasteen ja sosioekonomisen aseman perusteella. Tulosten perusteella vero- ja tulonsiirtojärjestelmä pienentää merkittävästi kotitalouksien tulonvaihtelua ja tuloriskiä. Tästä näyttävät hyötyvän eniten ne ryhmät, joissa markkinatulojenriskit olivat suurimmat. Tulosten perusteella julkinen sektori saa aikaan merkittävää riskien (tulojen vaihtelun) uudelleenjakoa, joka täydentää tulonsiirtojen uudelleenjakoroolia. Välittömän verotuksen merkitys on huomattavasti tulonsiirtoja pienempi. Toteutuneihin arvoihin perustuvat (ex post) riskimittarit antoivat samansuuntaisia tuloksia kuin dynaamiseen malliin perustuvat mittarit. Kvalitatiivisesti arvioituna tulokset ovat myös pitkälle riippumattomia siitä, mitä riskinkaihtamisparametria laskelmissa käytetään.
This article analyses Spanish pension plans, which have had growing trend over the last years. They are considered a complement to the public pensions offered by the social security system, and many companies, especially large ones, set up pension plans for their employees as a measure of corporate social responsibility. The
aim of this paper is to describe the pension plan system in Spain and analyse its profitability. For this purpose, the study has focused on the plans offered by financial institutions listed on the IBEX35 in 2022 since they are the most important and, as they have similar characteristics, we avoid comparative bias. The study covers the 5-year period from 2017 to 2021 and analyses the pension plan profitability from different points of view: according to the category of the plan, the management entity and the analysis of the average profitability of each category of the
different entities. The results show that equities, mixed equities and mixed fixed income plans, in this order, are the most numerous. They are also the ones that have generated the highest profitability in recent years, in general terms.
However, guaranteed income plans are the most stable over time. Moreover, it is observed that results are similar in the different management companies analised.
Για τρίτη συνεχή χρονιά, ο Κύκλος ιδεών για την Εθνική Ανασυγκρότηση,
σε συνεργασία με τη Συμεών Γ. Τσομώκος Α.Ε., πραγματοποιούν το ετήσιο διήμερο συνέδριο H ΕΛΛΑΔΑ ΜΕΤΑ
στις 19 και 20 Ιουνίου 2019
στο ξενοδοχείο Divani Caravel.
Κεντρικό θέμα στο φετινό συνέδριο είναι: Η ανασύσταση της μεσαίας τάξης
Κύκλος ΙΙ: Οι επιπτώσεις της περιόδου 2009- 2019 στη μεσαία τάξη
https://ekyklos.gr/19-20-iouniou-ellada-meta-iii-i-anasystasi-tis-mesaias-taksis.html
The 2014/15 edition examines the link between wages and inequality at the household level. It shows that wages constitute the largest single source of income for households with at least one member of working age in most countries and points to changes in wages and paid employment as key factors underlying recent trends in inequality. The report also considers wage gaps between certain groups, such as those between women and men, migrants and nationals, and workers in the informal and formal economy.
Inequality can be addressed through policies that affect wage distribution directly or indirectly, as well as through fiscal redistribution. However, increasing inequality in the labour market places a heavier burden on efforts to reduce inequality through taxes and transfers. The report thus emphasizes the need for combined policy action that includes minimum wages, strengthened collective bargaining, interventions to eliminate wage gaps, the promotion of paid employment and redistribution through taxes and transfers.
AS Macro - Unemployment and the Labour Markettutor2u
Unemployment is one of the major macro-economic
performance indicators. The more unemployed people
in our economy the more we are producing below our
potential, less income is earned (reducing saving,
consumption and tax revenue) and there is a negative
impact on the welfare of society.
Global Wage Report 2014/15 - Wages and Income InequalityDr Lendy Spires
The 2014/15 edition examines the link between wages and inequality at the household level. It shows that wages constitute the largest single source of income for households with at least one member of working age in most countries and points to changes in wages and paid employment as key factors underlying recent trends in inequality. The report also considers wage gaps between certain groups, such as those between women and men, migrants and nationals, and workers in the informal and formal economy.
Inequality can be addressed through policies that affect wage distribution directly or indirectly, as well as through fiscal redistribution. However, increasing inequality in the labour market places a heavier burden on efforts to reduce inequality through taxes and transfers. The report thus emphasizes the need for combined policy action that includes minimum wages, strengthened collective bargaining, interventions to eliminate wage gaps, the promotion of paid employment and redistribution through taxes and transfers.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 8||August. 2016 || PP.58-60
www.ijhssi.org 58 | Page
Crisis and Welfare Society in Spain
Francisco Gómez Gómez Ph.D1
and Félix Herrador Buendía Ph.D2
1
Professor of Social Work and social services, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. Faculty of Social
Work
2
Professor of Social Policy, International University of Rioja, Spain. Faculty of Social Work
ABSTRACT: Some arguments are briefly presented about the negative consequences of the deep global
economic and financial crisis of 2008 on the economic activity and the social situation in Spain. Reformulation,
sustainability and financial viability of social welfare in Spain require a new management through resource
efficiency, increasing market presence and initiative of stakeholders as a whole. In this sense, the main credible
argument of the welfare social in Spain depends on a new perspective on socialization and generosity of social
protection system. Specifically, the solution to the crisis must come through economic growth, increased
productivity, employment and competitiveness and not by the way of increasing levels of social protection.
Keywords: Crisis, welfare society, rents work, income guarantee, minimum wage, maintenance expenses,
pensions, financial sustainability, employment.
I. INTRODUCTION
The overall framework of global economic crisis originated as of 2008, mainly by the phenomenon of
subprime mortgages, has impacted on economic activity in Spain, particularly until 2012. The levels of social
welfare of the country have been affected considerably with an unstable evolution of labour market functioning,
as an active engine backbone structure of welfare. Throughout the reference period (2008-2012), there was an
increase pensions compared to wages of the young active workers, and a gradual growth in investment spending
to maintain families who are dependents of pensioners.
II. RENTS WORK AND INCOME GUARANTEE
Coming next in the following table, you can compare the evolution between income of the active
young workers and income pensions for retired through the following data.
Table 1. Evolution for years monthly average amount of rents work and income guarantee in Euros
(2008-2012)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total Rents work 1.563,10 1.607,96 1.627,87 1.635,66 1.639
Rents youth work 720 950,93 980,85 888,02 ---
Minim profess.wag 600 624 633,30 641,40 641,40
Total pension 725,23 759,86 785,83 810,85 822,82
Retirement pensions 821,55 861,49 892,38 923,06 936,43
*Source: Prepared on the Annual Wage Structure Survey of the National Statistics Institute, Social Security and
Youth Institute.
As seen in the table 1 since 2008 both labour incomes in aggregate as the minimum wage increased
although to a lesser extent with respect to contributory pensions and income security as a whole. However,
Spain has less amount in relation to the countries of the European Union. The minimum wage in Spain is
regulated by government and RD 2014 remains at 645 Euros/month, 21.51 Euros/day, with a limited increase of
0.6% since 2012. Even though less significantly. In the case of the increase in rents labour and pensions, the
amount of income from work young people (up to 29 years) decreasing respect to the ends of contributory
pensions in 2011. Though youth income is a trend increased for 2012 to 2008 except where the amount of the
retirement income turns out to be superior. For example, the data include global pension expense in the period
2000-2013 increased by 108% from an average pension of 500 Euros in 2004 to 969,89 Euros in 2013. So that
has been an increase in the average pension of 3-3.5% in the last 5 years (discounted approved revaluations)
2. Crisis And Welfare Society In Spain
www.ijhssi.org 59 | Page
(See Social Security Statistics). Some of the main reasons for the generally unstable and declining trend in
labour markets since 2008 has to do not only directly with the lack of economic growth and lack of job creation
but indirectly with a decisive result unemployed generated in the work factor (Herrador and Rivera, 2010),
which is the famous disincentive effect. It concerns about disincentives that young people can lead a permanent
global precarious working conditions (wage) and a prospect of uncertain future in the labour market may choose
to exercise the role of consumer choice benefits a system of generous social protection in the short term to
guarantee their incomes are higher than labour income and a security level of perceived significantly higher
income. In this case, the Spanish welfare system shows that pensioners have more guarantees that assets in
maintaining their income and the latter do not have incentives to continue working. This is so because the
maintenance of high replacement rates increase the problem to solve that is none other than the immediate need
to contribute to greater tax efforts along more of the workforce (relationship between first and final salary
pension). In fact, in the medium term, a significant increase in the number of workers who can earn more as
pensioners tan active workers, the latter providing 6,25% of average emoluments respect of pensioners occurs
further unlisted to social security (see Household Budget Survey). Obviously, in this framework the incentive to
continue contributing to a longer Spanish pension system which in practice is highly generous, generating
therefore major problems of financial sustainability disappears. These measures have consistently contributed to
achieving the unwanted effect of increasing depth in the traditional duality of the Spanish labour market and the
predominance of secondary and external markets or unstable employment segments (Herrador,2008). The
Spanish model of pension system is updated and revalued on the benchmark consumer price index.
III. MAINTENANCE EXPENSES OF FAMILIES
The increase in pension expenditure during the reference period is significant because it means that
families have been depending on the income guarantee insured income as compared to the volatility of labour
income of young people (16-29 years) with precarious jobs, high unemployment, spending cuts and tax increase
prices. A turnaround that reverses the traditional role of maintaining mean is observed. There has been a change
in the traditional maintenance of households since the income of their occupationally active members have lost
their dominance in favour of the income of liabilities inactive or retired members of these families. This
turnaround in household income during the last five years in Spain is related to a structural change in the
distribution of income in which gain more liabilities than assets. It can be said that older youth in forward level
of household expenditure in the last 5 years due to the economic crises and deep recession. Subsequently
observed the evolution of the level of spending since 2006 in which the main breadwinners of the household are
people between 16-29 and 65 years or older
Table 2. Evolution of maintenance expenditure level of average annual household per person
2006 2011
Active 16-29 years 11.814 Euros 10.345 Euros
(Head of household) Exceeds average
Inactive 65 or older 10.157 Euros 12.093 Euros
(Head of household) Below average
*Source: Own elaboration based on Budget Survey of Families (Spanish National Institute of Statistic) (NIS)
and the business section of the newspaper El País, October 30, 2012.
For example, the following data relating to the households remain a retired head of family have
increased their spending power since 2006 and also in 2011, standing at 26.014 Euros. However, households
with a householder employed or unemployed as the main source of generating revenues decreased their
spending year after year. In addition, the average consumption per household in 2011 has decreased by 1%
compared to 2010 to stand at 29.482 Euros, 3.5% less than in 2009, although the average per person changed
just in less than 30 Euros, remaining at 11.137 Euros (NIS, 2012). The transformation of social welfare in Spain
would mean a substantial increase in the developing personal and universal social services through the free
exercise of the professionals who care for older. This care is intended to be helping themselves and prevent
social exclusion or varied situations of dependency through a minimum public aid and all this is because of the
income approach is affecting to from inactive to active families and the progressive aging of the population.
IV. REFLECTION
Previous to the economic and financial crisis of 2008, wages in Europe were higher than in Spain. This
was the reason wherefore the Spaniard workers had to emigrate to Germany and United Kingdom, and also to
the Americas and Chile. The proposal to leave of this deep and lasting crises would be to revise the concept of
3. Crisis And Welfare Society In Spain
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social welfare through reformulating the model plural welfare. It is evolving from a traditional conception of
welfare state to a conception of society welfare. This is necessary to reduce the regulatory role of the state and
increase the initiative of welfare society and the Anglo-Saxon neoliberal model. How can do it in Spain?. Why
increases the number of people who get more money as pensioners in Spain?. This is a situation that directly
affects the relationship between wages and pensions.
It needed to identify the respective status and roles of people who produce and consume. This is
essential in order to achieve balance and efficiency in the management and assignment of public resources.
Thus, the wages of workers would keep the whole family expenditure and social welfare and not, pensions of
retirees. So it would break with the traditional dependence of the individual in relation to the state. It is essential
to get a welfare society adapted to the culture of effort and productivity and not of the economic benefit of the
state. In Spain, a welfare society of the future would depend mainly on a stable macroeconomic environment for
wealth creation and employment generation. In addition is necessary compliance with the principle of financial
stability and the contributions of wages, and not and over-reliance on state pensions.
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