In India, housing is essentially a private activity. The state intervenes only to provide legal status to the land. The state intervention is also necessary to meet the housing requirements of the vulnerable sections and to create a positive environment in achieving the goal of ‘shelter for all’ on self-sustainable basis.In view of the above aim, the government introduced Housing and Habitat Policy in 1998, which aimed at ensuring the basic need ‘Shelter for all’ and better quality of life to all citizens by harnessing the unused potentials in the public, private and household sectors. The central theme of the policy was creating strong Public/Private partnership for tackling the housing and habitat issues.
Study of basics Municipal Finance in India. Typical Institutional framework for Municipal Finance. Sources of Income & sectors for expenditure for a municipality in India. Case of Mehsana.
Housing for all 2022 - PMAY (Pradhan mantri awas yojana) a scheme which is for the LIG and EWS group of people where goverment is taking an initiative to provide home for all category of people in less than 5000 rs per month. Complete your survey here http://www.pradhanmantriawasyojna.com/
Study of basics Municipal Finance in India. Typical Institutional framework for Municipal Finance. Sources of Income & sectors for expenditure for a municipality in India. Case of Mehsana.
Housing for all 2022 - PMAY (Pradhan mantri awas yojana) a scheme which is for the LIG and EWS group of people where goverment is taking an initiative to provide home for all category of people in less than 5000 rs per month. Complete your survey here http://www.pradhanmantriawasyojna.com/
National Slum Development Program (NSDP) Sumit Ranjan
National Slum Development Program (NSDP)
Housing, 8th sem, B. Arch.
amount, beneficiaries, constraints and recommendations, discription, drawbacks, facilities, financial, funding, government, housing, introduction, managerial, nature, objectives, slums, technical
Urban Land Management & Options for Sourcing Land For Urban DevelopmentJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to brief the context , role and importance of Land in human sustainability, environment and ecology besides making planning and development of human settlements more rational, logical and sustainable. Message remains land needs to be preserved, conserved and augmented through making value addition. Minimising and optimising use of urban land should remain the basic agenda of development based on the premise- limited land and unlimited space. Planning of human settlement needs to be made land focussed and planning tools need rationalisation and optimisation. Urban Land needs to be used o the princiople of 24x7x365 for optimisation.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
Job Satisfaction and Perceived Self-Efficacy among Greek Nursesinventionjournals
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate job satisfaction and perceived self-efficacy of nurses working in a general hospital in Greece. Background: Most people spend a considerable part of their lifetime working. Work and social life form a whole by being interconnected and also give each other meaning. For this reason, job satisfaction becomes important for all professions. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive research design was used in this study. Data were collected using the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale, the General Perceived Self-efficacy Scale and a demographic questionnaire. Results: The study sample was composed of 101 participants. We found that a positive significant relationship between job satisfaction, liking one’s job, salary, and choosing the department to work where one works. There was no significant difference between perceived self-efficacy and job satisfaction in our sample of Greek nurses. Conclusion: Further studies should be carried out in different countries with larger samples and different nursing specialties to shed light on nurses’ job satisfaction. Implications for nursing management: The obtained findings show that nursing managers should try to provide these factors related to working conditions in order to improve job satisfaction.
National Slum Development Program (NSDP) Sumit Ranjan
National Slum Development Program (NSDP)
Housing, 8th sem, B. Arch.
amount, beneficiaries, constraints and recommendations, discription, drawbacks, facilities, financial, funding, government, housing, introduction, managerial, nature, objectives, slums, technical
Urban Land Management & Options for Sourcing Land For Urban DevelopmentJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to brief the context , role and importance of Land in human sustainability, environment and ecology besides making planning and development of human settlements more rational, logical and sustainable. Message remains land needs to be preserved, conserved and augmented through making value addition. Minimising and optimising use of urban land should remain the basic agenda of development based on the premise- limited land and unlimited space. Planning of human settlement needs to be made land focussed and planning tools need rationalisation and optimisation. Urban Land needs to be used o the princiople of 24x7x365 for optimisation.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
Job Satisfaction and Perceived Self-Efficacy among Greek Nursesinventionjournals
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate job satisfaction and perceived self-efficacy of nurses working in a general hospital in Greece. Background: Most people spend a considerable part of their lifetime working. Work and social life form a whole by being interconnected and also give each other meaning. For this reason, job satisfaction becomes important for all professions. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive research design was used in this study. Data were collected using the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale, the General Perceived Self-efficacy Scale and a demographic questionnaire. Results: The study sample was composed of 101 participants. We found that a positive significant relationship between job satisfaction, liking one’s job, salary, and choosing the department to work where one works. There was no significant difference between perceived self-efficacy and job satisfaction in our sample of Greek nurses. Conclusion: Further studies should be carried out in different countries with larger samples and different nursing specialties to shed light on nurses’ job satisfaction. Implications for nursing management: The obtained findings show that nursing managers should try to provide these factors related to working conditions in order to improve job satisfaction.
Social Representations of Learning in Mexican High School Students: A Compara...inventionjournals
The quantity of studies of social representations in the field of Education in Mexico, is still lacking, then, understanding and interpreting the images and conceptions built by the Knowledge Society is a crucial point to make a more assertiveness Teaching intervention in students. The aim of this study was to compare the social representations on Mexican High School students by using the technique and theory of Natural Semantic Network (NSN). A cross-sectional and mixed paradigm study was made, it was used the method of research-action. There were included 77Mexican students from the first and second quarter of high school, which were divided into two different groups: first quarter and second quarter (FQ and SQ). Results showed that it exists similarities between the FQ and SQ social representations about the meaning of learn, with the words: learning, school and life (FQ and SQ M value = 71,40; 38,30; 30,13). The conclusion of the study was that students share social representations about learning, in three different categories: learn as a process, school and life.
Subjectivity in Coetzee's Childhood of Jesus A Zizekian Readinginventionjournals
The purpose of the present paper is to trace the elements of Zizekian subject in the main characters of Coetzee's Childhood of the Jesus. To pave the way for such an analysis, a short background about the main notions are provided in addition to a terse summary of the novel itself. Quotations and conversations are aptly chosen to analyze the main characters process of subject formation. Before going through the analysis, the three orders, imaginary, symbolic and Real are discussed in details. David, John and Ines are considered as the main characters and the researchers try to shed light on the process they are undergoing in the new land and whether they afford to be a Zizekian subject or not. So, they interaction with the Big Other through Symbolic order, their reaction toward language and the effect of Real on them are elaborated one by one. The paper concludes that among all the characters, only David affords to become a Zizekian subject through standing against the Big Other and understanding the cracks into the Symbolic orders.
Analysis Market Reaction on Timeliness Reporting: Study on Indonesia Stock Ex...inventionjournals
Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISE) in 2012 recorded that there were 36.6% of companies that did not meet the timeliness reporting in preparing the financial statements, whereas companies that implement Good Corporate Governance (GCG) should be timely in preparing the financial statements as the implementation of the principle of transparency which is one of the principles of GCG. This study aims to examine how the role of GCG in monitoring and suppressing the timeliness reporting in preparing the financial statements and whether there are differences in market reaction between the companies that meet the timeliness reporting and which do not. The research samples taken from population members were 96 companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013. The data processed by using logistic regression and independent t test. The results show that the institutional ownership, independent board and audit committee play a role in the fulfillment of timeliness reporting while the management ownership and board size have insignificant. Further results of the study showed no difference in reaction to the market on the company meet and do not meet the timeliness reporting.
Consumer Response to Different Types of Website Interactivityinventionjournals
This paper aims to explore the impact of different types of interactivity on consumer perception. A quantitative research methodology using scenario-based experiment was employed. An experiment was conducted using research participants from Turkey. The findings of this study suggest that person interactivity leads to higher levels of attitude towards website, ease of use, and e-loyalty than machine interactivity. The results also reveal that person interactivity combined with high contact interactivity is the optimal strategy for e-retailers
Dilemma of Electorates when Corruption and Threat became a Cultureinventionjournals
Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators.
A Study On TheRelationshipBetween Teachers' EducationalBeliefsAndTheirLevel O...inventionjournals
It is important to determine the educational beliefs and attitudes of teachers, being one of the most important determinants of change in educational organizations, towards change. The main purpose of this study is to test the model created for the relationship between the level of openness to occupational change of pre-school, primary and secondary school teachers and their educational beliefs. So as to identify the relationship between educational beliefs and the level of openness to change more clearly, a model according with the structural equation modeling assumptions has been set in the study. The working group of the study is comprised of 268 teachers of different branches working in Kars in the 2012-2013 academic years. "Openness to Personal Change Scale", "Openness to Occupational Change Scale" and "Educational Beliefs Scale" were used as data collection tools. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used for the validity and reliability of the scales used in the study while structural equation modeling analys is (SEM) was used for the analysis of data. Following the study, it has been determined that teachers being more open to personal and occupational change have educational beliefs of progressivism and re-construction is mwhile teachers being in tendency to preserve and sustain their personal habits have educational beliefs of perennial is mand essentialism.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
Using Granger Causality to Examine the Relationship Between Economic Growth a...inventionjournals
This study refers to Okun's Law on the economy in North Sumatera Province. Difference with previous studies, in this study the data used is not aggregate data but the data of each economic sector. In addition, the unemployment variable is proxy with the absorption of labor rate. The data analysis was tested by Granger Causality to determine the direction of the relationship between variables for growth of each economic sectors and absorption of labor. By using the Granger Causality Test analysis we concluded that the agricultural sector has a two-way direction relationship between economic growth and absorption of labor. Mining and Quarrying sector, construction sector, transport and communication sector and services sector only have one-way direction relationship from absorption of labor to economic growth. Electricity, gas and water supply have one-way direction relationship from economic growth to absorption of labor. Three other sectors are sectors manufacturing industry sector; trade, hotel and restaurant sector and finance, real estate and business service have no relationship at all between economic growth and absorption of labor.
A Study on Impact of Designation & Employment Role Consumption of Multi-Funct...inventionjournals
MFP leaders have been busy aggressively working on various strategies in order to retain leadership positions and break through the clustering in the leadership zone. MFP leaders need to focus on certain important characteristics that appeals to customers. This article is a maiden attempt to study some certain usage characteristics of individual customers in view of their working properties like designation level and vertical they belongs to. The study was done on 80 employees who belongs to supervisory level in their respective organizations. The data so collected through market survey analyzed through chi-square analysis and the study found that the study characteristics are independent of workplace characteristics in the companies.
The Effect of Social Media Marketing To Brand Loyalty (Case Study at the Univ...inventionjournals
: Social media marketing is one medium that can be used to build and maintain brand loyalty. This study aims to determine the effect of campaigns advantageous offer, offer relevant contents, offer popular content, apprears on various platforms, offer applications on social media brand loyalty conducted at the University Budi Luhur, Jakarta. Data analysis used regression method with 325 respondents. The sampling technique used a proportional random sampling. Validity and reliability tests are used in testing instruments. The results of this study indicate that offer advantageous campaigns, offer relevant contents, offer popular content, apprears on various platforms, offer applications on social media has a significant influence on brand loyalty. The benefit of social media marketing is one of them as a customer relationship management. Suggestions for further research are able to use variables such as trust and service quality.
The necessity of related literature search and review exercises in dissertati...inventionjournals
The systematic and scientific study of the related literature is the life cycle of every dissertation/thesis research proposal and research writing process. It is a form of secondary data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The content we are dealing with here is textual, and the form of secondary data analysis is a form of phenomenologically qualitatively data analysis.
Personality Development: Assessing the Effects of Single Parent Families on S...inventionjournals
Family structures are an important contributor to the physiological and behavioral development of students. It is hypothesized that personality development of students living with single parent is influenced by the type of family structure, parent with whom the child lives with and the amount of time spent by parents with their children. To investigate such influence, this study employed a cross-sectional co-relational research design. A snow ball sampling technique was used to identify respondents for sample. The study used a sample 60 students whereby 50% were from single parent homes and 50% from intact homes. Data was collected by use of questionnaire designed to identify factors that contribute to personality development of students. Personality development was measured using the Big Five dimensions of personality trait parameters namely openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. The analysis was presented using frequencies, percentages, t-test, independent test and one way ANOVA tests. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to aid in generating a summary of results which were represented in tabular form. The findings of the study showed that there was very little influence of family structure on the personality development of the students. The absence of a parent or the interaction and involvement of parents with their children doesn’t have an immense effect on the personality development of the children, thus the amount of time spent by parents with their children doesn’t influence the personality development of students. The results also revealed that the major causes of the existence of single parent families are death and divorce.
Over the centuries, the common law has seen increasing restrictions on the use of lethal force, and the boundaries with respect to what is considered lawful self-defence have increasingly narrowed. At the same time, over the centuries, the right of a householder to defend in his or her home has been a value (and policy consideration) that has remained important to society, dating back to the seminal „Semayne‟s case‟ of 1603 in which the English courts recognised that: “the house of everyone is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury or violence as for his repose”. The purpose of the current report is to assess the current position with respect to the defence of residential dwellings at law with a particular focus on Australia, positioned within the global context.
A Study on Consumer Behaviour towards Branded Garments am ong Male Shoppersinventionjournals
In the age of identity crisis and need for differentiation, everyone is after uniqueness; particularly h ow one wishes to appear. India is a global market for fashion garments and there is a cut throat competition exi sting among brands. Companies are rigorously working on identifying consumer buying behaviour, preferences, creating awareness, and a positive attitude towards their brands in order to grab larger portion of the market. Therefore, it is become necessary to study the consumer behaviour towards various branded men`s garments. T he study emphasis on how consumer evaluate branded garments on the basis of style, texture, price, colour, adv ertisement and celebrity endorsements, preferences towards branded garments and reasons for purchasing bran ded garments. The researcher has used descriptive research design, conducted study only with 150 respondents from two Engineering college, Bangalore. Statistical tools like measurement of central tendency, Chi-Square ar e used to test and analyse the collected data. Finally, it is revealed that irrespective of age and education levels respondents are buying branded garments to enhance their style, ant to protect their self-respect.
A Structural Equation Modeling among Stress, Fear of Negative Evaluation and ...inventionjournals
The objective of this study is to examine the relations of the stress, fear of negative evaluation, avoidant decision making and dependent decision making among a group of university students that have moderate economic status. The study group consists of 330 participants who are students of public university. Our study was based on voluntary participation. 56% of participants were female and 44% participants were male. We used Structural Equation Modeling for the data analysis. The results were X2 /df=1.564; GFI=0.88; CFI=0.94; RMSEA=0.04; SRMR=0.05. The goodness of fit provided evidence that the hypothesized model was stable. All estimated path coefficients were significant. We found that the avoidant decision making and the dependent decision making have a positive impact on the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of negative evaluation has positive impact on the stress. The avoidant decision making style and the dependent decision making style explained %10 of the variation in the fear of negative evaluation. All these tree variables explained %20 of the variation in the stress. The fear of negative evaluation plays a mediating role for avoidant decision making style and the dependent decision making style on the stress.
Analysis on Market Size and Structure of Chinese Bankcard Industryinventionjournals
This paper analyzed the market size and market structure of Chinese bankcard industry, including issuing market and acceptance market. Data showed that China's banking card market structure was evolving from monopoly to oligopoly competition
This article is a review of neurofeedback techniques in the broad context of various clinical implications. Authors presented the neurophysiological background of these developing methods in relation to the state-of-the-art techniques. The broad range of methods of neurofeedback were reviewed, comprising the transfer of information, automation, brain-computer interface, multichannel Z-Score neurofeedback and slow cortical potentials. Neurofeedback may be an effective tool for self-regulation, useful for achieving better selfknowledge and enhanced cognitive skills. A tailored, dedicated program, based on quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) assessment and/or Z-Score should be implemented for a given patient in order to gain trust and fulfill the compliance. The proven clinical benefits of multi-channel neurofeedback, targeting regulation of particular brain regions, or inducing specific neural patterns, may be an alternative method for treating diseases in a non-invasive, introspective way. Effective modulation of the physiological functions which may affect various neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior seems to be the future perspective of neurofeedback
Research report on phil. housing finance sector of PhilippinesNelsie Grace Pineda
This is a research report I made last year for school requirements.The housing finance sector of Philippines is emphasized here with comprehensive details of housing situation in the country.
I hope this can be of help!
House is a centre and domestic device for mankind's moral and core
development ever since the dawn of evolution and civilisation. Housing is
one of the basic requirements that human beings need. Good housing is a
pre-requisite for human development and welfare. It provides shelter,
security, amenities and privacy to the human beings for decent living.
There are many things that people would find difficult, if not impossible to
do without good-quality housing. Housing shortage is a universal
phenomenon. Without good housing, people cannot realise their full
potential and carry on the life they want to lead. Good housing reflects the
general welfare of community, whereas bad housing leads to serious
consequences such as diseases, immorality, and juvenile delinquency.
Housing is also an investment activity and provides impulsion to economic
growth. It has both forward and backward linkages. Because of its forward
and backward linkages, even a small initiative in housing will drive
multiplier effect in the economy through the generation of employment and
demand. Housing finance is not a new concept in finance sector of India. It
has developed rapidly during last few decades due to the enthusiastic
interest of Government to cut-short the housing problem of the country.
Although, present environment of finance sector seems to be suitable for
uninterrupted growth of housing finance market, but there are few general
problems, which create challenges and issues directly and indirectly. This
paper is an attempt to reveal such problems and challenges in India.
Housing remains critical for providing safety, security, identity, space for social interaction for families to live, learn and grow together. Housing is also considered major determinant of quality of life.besides major propeller of industrial and economic development. Large number of crimes happening in society can also be attributed to the manner in which majority of people are made to live adverse conditions in urban areas. Considering the multiple implications of housing,- providing affordable housing for all has been mandated by united nations as the basic agenda of growth and development for all member nations. However, housing despite occupying critical role in human living and national development , remains in crisis, crisis of both quality and quantity. Dynamic nature of housing demand makes provision of housing for all the most challenging task because housing need and demand never remains static. It is always evolving, devolving, never finite and never finished. Considering multiple implications of housing in terms of land, resources, finances, technologies, manpower, providing housing remains the most challenging job for individuals, communities and nations. Paper tries to bring out these peculiarities while explaining the context of affordable housing..
Housing finance in india challenges and issuesTapasya123
House is a centre and domestic device for mankind's moral and core
development ever since the dawn of evolution and civilisation. Housing is
one of the basic requirements that human beings need. Good housing is a
pre-requisite for human development and welfare. It provides shelter,
security, amenities and privacy to the human beings for decent living.
There are many things that people would find difficult, if not impossible to
do without good-quality housing. Housing shortage is a universal
phenomenon. Without good housing, people cannot realise their full
potential and carry on the life they want to lead. Good housing reflects the
general welfare of community, whereas bad housing leads to serious
consequences such as diseases, immorality, and juvenile delinquency.
Housing is also an investment activity and provides impulsion to economic
growth. It has both forward and backward linkages. Because of its forward
and backward linkages, even a small initiative in housing will drive
multiplier effect in the economy through the generation of employment and
demand. Housing finance is not a new concept in finance sector of India. It
has developed rapidly during last few decades due to the enthusiastic
interest of Government to cut-short the housing problem of the country.
Although, present environment of finance sector seems to be suitable for
uninterrupted growth of housing finance market, but there are few general
problems, which create challenges and issues directly and indirectly. This
paper is an attempt to reveal such problems and challenges in India.
Issues and options for housing the urban poor in indiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the current status of Housing in India, roadblocks which are hampering the supply of housing the poor and suggests few strategies for creating housing stock for them to achieve the objective of Housing for All by 2022
In the last ten-year, Sierra Leone has made some gains in terms of economic performance. However, this economic gain has not been sustainable given the fact that access to basic services such as health, education and housing continues to be aproblem.
Housing is an important part of the Sierra Leone economy but it provision remains a huge challenge. Therefore,this project looks at housing problem, the need for investing in housing and possible solutions to mitigate this problem.
The target audience include policy makers, investors and nonprofit making institutions and anyone interested in achievingthe SDGs.
Inadequate Urban Housing continues to plague Nigeria. Various efforts in the past has been concentrated around government control or entirely private sector provision, the prevailing result has been inadequate delivery where government directly contracts out housing schemes, and expensive housing where intervention by private enterprise.
Our proposal to the government in the article submitted, is to create conducive climate for private investment in housing provision. If government makes it cheaper for private business to develop housing, their deliveries will be cheap and withing reach of the lower income earners.
Presentation at NERI Seminar by Dr Rory Hearne, NUI Maynooth NevinInstitute
The current housing crisis in Ireland is not a mere ‘blip’, with a return to a ‘normal’ functioning housing market due to take place in the coming years. This paper argues that the Irish housing system, as a result of government housing policies combined with macro-level shifts in the economy towards precariousness and the increasing importance of global investment funds, has undergone a structural ‘shock’. This has resulted in a dramatic increase in housing inequalities and exclusion, from the rise in homelessness and those in mortgage arrears to the emergence of ‘generation rent’. This paper provides a critical analysis of the key government policies of marketisation and privatisation of social housing (HAP, Public Private Partnerships and leasing) and the financialisation of housing (the strategy for ‘economic recovery’ – NAMA and Real Estate Investment Trusts in private rental provision and land sale, vulture funds in mortgage arrears, the prioritising of investor interest over tenant security of tenure) and their role in contributing to the crisis and rising inequality. It looks, not just at who are ‘losing’ but also documents the ‘winners’ - those who have benefitted most from this crisis and the post-2008 housing regime in Ireland. Finally, it presents the case that if the crisis is to be addressed a fundamental shift is required in policy approach to treat housing as a social good and human right, but this is only like to happen if there is a cross-societal citizen mobilisation, with trade unions, social movements and NGOs playing a key role, in re-imagining a new paradigm for housing as a home in Ireland.
Barbra Kohlo: We Effect work with Housing Cooperatives in Africacooperatives
Barbra Kohlo, Programme coordinator Adequate Housing, East and Southern Africa at the International Co-operative Alliance Global Conference in Cape Town, November 2013.
Destruction is inbuilt in construction and disasters are integral part of creation, growth and development. It is time and opportunity to have a relook at the role, importance and context of Housing in human living and working. Covid 19 has changed the very meaning, relevance of housing as a space in human and community living. Making Homes Healthy and affordable has assumed importance. Dimension of Housing has not only undergone change in its context but also in its role and functions of being an space for working and education besides being place of living. Making available housing to all and making it affordable has assumed importance as a lesson for countering the adverse impact of housing . It is time, that all professionals engaged in the task of planning, designing and construction of housing should redefine the context, fabric, role, relevance and structure of housing. All development agencies engaged in promoting housing and housing construction should work on a new matrix of housing and all governments most redefine their policies and programs to make healthy homes a distinct reality. Housing remains a fulcrum to effectively counter major evils and disasters facing communities , humanity and communities. We need to celebrate and value housing not only as a vital component of human living but also a major options to promote sustainability and achieving SDGs for making this planet healthy. Let society, communities and nation work for making housing supportive and empowering human beings to make them happy, healthy and more productive.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
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• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 8||August. 2016 || PP.01-03
www.ijhssi.org 1 | Page
Problems of Urban Housing
Prof. S.B. Shivkumar
Associate Professor, Dept. of Sociology, Adichunchanagiri First Grade College, Channarayapatna,
Hassan-Dist
ABSTRACT: In India, housing is essentially a private activity. The state intervenes only to provide legal
status to the land. The state intervention is also necessary to meet the housing requirements of the vulnerable
sections and to create a positive environment in achieving the goal of ‘shelter for all’ on self-sustainable
basis.In view of the above aim, the government introduced Housing and Habitat Policy in 1998, which aimed at
ensuring the basic need ‘Shelter for all’ and better quality of life to all citizens by harnessing the unused
potentials in the public, private and household sectors. The central theme of the policy was creating strong
Public/Private partnership for tackling the housing and habitat issues.
I. INTRODUCTION
Shelter is the basic human requirement. Even after 57 years of independence, the country is still
grappling with the growing shelter problem, especially of the poor. The problem has further been compounded
by the rapid increase in urban population. Constant migration of rural population to cities in search of jobs is
causing unbearable strain on urban housing and basic services.
There is a severe housing shortage in the urban areas with demand – supply gap increasing day-by-day.
The National Building Organization (NBO) had estimated the 1991 urban housing shortage at 8.23 million, and
had expected the absolute shortage to decline progressively to 7.57 million in 1997 and 6.64 million in 2001.
In some small towns in India, the problem is not the lack of housing facilities but the lack of adequate
housing facilities. Here, there is a surplus of houses when compared with households but these houses are unfit
to reside.
The people who are most likely to become homeless are those who have least resources as providing
housing is a profit-oriented industry. They cannot purchase houses nor can they afford high rent, so they live in
unfit accommodation, as the rents demanded for such an accommodation is much low. Some very poor people
prefer to squat rather than even rent an accommodation, thus leading to the growth of slums.
II. HOMELESSNESS
Homelessness is a complex problem; the circumstances of homeless people vary greatly. Homelessness
is sometimes a product of shortage of houses, but in some cases homelessness is caused due to other reasons
also. Four main issues are found to be the causes for homelessness:
(i) Shortages of housing:
If there are not enough places for people to live, then someone has to go without and those who are
excluded are generally the poorest people.
(ii) Entitlement to land:
People erect temporary shelters rather than be homeless. Squatters usually build temporary shelters at
first, but over time these settlements are given concrete shape and become more established.
(iii) Entitlement to housing:
If people are not entitled to use the houses which exist, they may be homeless, even when there is no
apparent shortage. Some people are excluded because of their circumstances—street children are an example.
The main reason for exclusion, however, is financial—homeless people are those who cannot afford the housing
which is available.
(iv) Personal situation of homeless people:
Homelessness is often attributed to the characteristics of the homeless person, such as alcoholism and
psychiatric illness; or to the social situation of homeless people, such as unemployment and marital breakdown
(this condition mostly happens with women in India). People in these situations only become homeless if they
are excluded from housing, or do not have enough resources to secure alternative housing.
2. Problems Of Urban Housing
www.ijhssi.org 2 | Page
III. CONGESTION
Many households in urban areas have to cope with increasingly crowded conditions, although this is
certainly not true for everyone. The housing conditions improve when people build high buildings, sometimes
more than five storeys, to increase the number of houses. Many urban centres have very high population
densities. The house owners therefore rent out numerous rooms to migrants. Poor migrants five under the most
crowded conditions. They do not have access to ancestral residential land.
Therefore, they depend on the rented accommodation, which they often share with many others to save
money. Some poor households of the original population also live in very crowded dwellings for two other
reasons. First, many families expand and split up into multiple households, while the land available for
construction becomes unaffordable. They are thus forced to fit more people into the same space or house or else
to split up the existing plots and dwellings to accommodate a new household. Second, in the absence of
sufficient income from other sources, some households are inclined to rent out a portion of their living space or
sheds to tenants.
IV. CONSEQUENCES OF CONGESTION
Some of the consequences of congestion (over crowdedness) are as follows:
i. According to official estimates, the present shortage of houses is about 7 million in urban areas. About 19
per cent of the Indian families live in less than 10 square metres of space leading to congestion. For
example, about 44 per cent of families in the urban areas live in one room only.
ii. The economics and health costs of congestion and haphazard movement of traffic are very heavy, besides
exposing commuters and pedestrians to a high risk of accidents. Urban environment also suffers from
degradation caused due to overpopulation. The dust load in the air in these cities is very high.
iii. Crowding (higher density of population) and peoples apathy to other persons’ problems is another problem
growing out of city life. Some homes (which consist of one single room) are so overcrowded that five to six
persons live in one room. Overcrowding has very deleterious effects. It encourages deviant behavior,
spreads diseases and creates conditions for mental illness, alcoholism and riots. One effect of dense urban
living is people’s apathy and indifference. Most of the city dwellers do not want to get involved in others
affairs even if others are involved in accidents, or are molested, assaulted, abducted and sometimes even
murdered.
Causes:
The requirement of house building is a massive program and the Indian Government is aware of it but
cannot do much about it because of the following reasons:-
1. Lack of investment and funds.
2. Lack of building materials like red bricks, timber, steel sections, flats, angles, rods etc. as well as glass,
tiles, sanitary-wares and cement and sand, as well as lime and plaster.
3. Lack of a definite housing program.
4. Non-availability of low cost housing ideas to be built for village and rural areas.
Solution:
In India, housing is essentially a private activity. The state intervenes only to provide legal status to the
land. The state intervention is also necessary to meet the housing requirements of the vulnerable sections and to
create a positive environment in achieving the goal of ‘shelter for all’ on self-sustainable basis.
In view of the above aim, the government introduced Housing and Habitat Policy in 1998, which aimed
at ensuring the basic need ‘Shelter for all’ and better quality of life to all citizens by harnessing the unused
potentials in the public, private and household sectors. The central theme of the policy was creating strong
Public/Private partnership for tackling the housing and habitat issues.
Under the new policy, government would provide fiscal concessions, carry out legal and regulatory
reforms, in short government as a facilitator would create the environment in which access to all the requisite
inputs will be in tune in adequate quantum and of appropriate quality and standards.
The private sector, as the other partner, would be encouraged to take up the land for housing
construction and invest in infrastructure facilities. Cooperative sector and Public Housing Agencies are also
being encouraged to share the responsibility of providing housing facilities. The government has even repealed
the Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act (ULCRA), 1976, to facilitate land for housing activity. Upgradation
and renewal of old and dilapidated housing is also encouraged.
Another major problem is the lack of resources especially with people belonging to the middle class.
To overcome this problem, housing finance institutions such as National Housing Bank, a subsidiary of the
Reserve Bank of India, was established in July 1988.
The Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) also started functioning with the
financial support provided by the Government of India. HUDCO’s focus is on providing housing facilities for
3. Problems Of Urban Housing
www.ijhssi.org 3 | Page
economically weaker sections (EWS) and for low income group (LIG). With the advent of many private banks,
a number of schemes such as providing tax concessions and lower interest rates have been introduced to
promote the housing sector.
The government has also introduced some schemes to curb the housing problem. They are as follows.
i. Subsidized industrial housing scheme:
This scheme was started in September 1952, to provide houses to the labourers who worked before
1948 and 1952. The Government of India gave loans to the extent of 65 per cent to various industries, state
government, legal housing construction societies and cooperative societies to construct houses for the labourers.
The labourers could purchase these houses according to the rules framed by the government.
But these houses could not be sold or alienated without prior permission of the government. But this
scheme did not succeed much because of the lack of cooperation of mill owners. In the third Five-Year-Plan, it
was made obligatory for mill owners to provide housing facilities to their labourers. In the fourth Five-Year-
Plan, a provision of Rs. 45 crore was made for this purpose. The fifth plan also included similar provisions.
Apart from the central government, state governments have also formed various Housing Boards and
implemented societies and various schemes.
ii. LIG housing schemes:
This scheme was started in 1954. Persons who have income less than Rs. 600 per annum could get a
loan up to 80%. Local and cooperative bodies are given such loans.
iii. Slum clearance and improvement scheme:
This scheme was started in the year 1956 to give financial assistance to the state governments and local
bodies for improving the slum areas. It was estimated then that about 12 lakh houses were not fit for dwelling.
Hence, the long-term and short-term schemes were started. But as it was not possible to provide houses to all the
people living in slum areas, this scheme could not progress satisfactorily.
iv. Middle-income group housing scheme:
Under this scheme, the people of middle-income group are given loans for constructing the houses. The
state government also gives loans on low rates of interest.
vi. Rental housing schemes:
This scheme was started in 1959 to provide houses on rent to the state government employees.
vi. Land acquisition and development scheme:
The government felt that the LIG and middle-income group people could construct houses if land was
made available to them on a reasonable price. For this purpose, a plan was set up under which the state
governments could acquire land and plots at suitable places, develop them and give them away to the needy
people.
V. CONCLUSION
The government has now started focusing on providing housing facilities but has not thought much
about solving problems that are connected with human settlements, such as the problems of improving and
managing the civic services, constructing inexpensive houses and conserving energy and recycling waste. Lack
of proper water supply and sanitation facilities for drainage system and garbage disposal are major problems in
most of the modern urban centres of today.
REFERENCES
[1]. Thakur, Atul (25 November 2008). The Times of India.
[2]. "Reforming the Power Sector: Controlling Electricity Theft and Improving Revenue". The World Bank.
[3]. "Development Policy Review". World Bank.
[4]. "'Power-full' Gujarat gives 24-hour electricity". Times of India. 4 May 2012.
[5]. "Madhya Pradesh goes the Gujarat way for power". Business Standard. 16 May 2013.
[6]. "A special report on India: Creaking, groaning: Infrastructure is India's biggest handicap". The Economist. 11 December 2008.
[7]. The Politics of Toilets, Boloji
[8]. Mumbai Slum: Dharavi, National Geographic, May 2007
[9]. "India Signs Loan and Project Agreements with World Bank for US $100 Million for Low Income Housing Finance Project" (Press
release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
[10]. "Mumbai housing is the priciest in the developing world". Global Property Guide.
[11]. "Skyscrapers of Mumbai". Emporis.com. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
[12]. "Skyscrapers of Navi Mumbai". Emporis.com. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-12.