This paper aims at identity the socio – economic determinants of cumulative fertility number of children ever born to women at the end of their reproductive period. The first step is to determine explanatory variables likely to impact the children ever born using multiple regression analysis. The path analysis if used to find out the direct and indirect implied effects of the selected socio demographic factors on children ever born (CEB). The zero order correlation coefficients of various socio economic and demographic variables on CEB are estimated. Percentages of the total absolute effect on CEB through endogenous and exogenous variables are estimated. Direct, Indirect and implied effect of the selected explanatory variables on CEB are obtained by using path analysis.
Factor Analysis of Attitudes to Corruption in India Bangladesh: Methods of w...Wendy Olsen
Factor Analysis of Attitudes to Corruption in India Bangladesh: Methods of workshops and use of World Values Survey
In this research, funded by ESRC DFID Poverty Alleviation grant on Gender Norms: Comparative research on India & Bangladesh, I look at attitudes about bribes and corrupt practices. I used the World Values Survey question wording. Here the respondent has to answer whether they think it is never, sometimes, or always justifiable to take a bribe. The questionnaire is available on my facebook Group site, Integrated Mixed Methods Network. The slides show a link to my twitter account. @Sandhyamma You can also look at my writing on attitudes to gender roles (online links). The issue is really about methods. Should workshops spread the discussion about attitudes among lay audiences? or is factor analysis a method only for specialists, for statisticians, for the ivory tower? I think the former. I hope you like the slide show!
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Migration and Agricultural Production: Analysis of Farming Communities of Lam...BRNSS Publication Hub
123 household from Madhya Nepal Municipality of Lamjung District was selected to study socioeconomic
trend of the remittance-receiving households and the effect of international labor migration in agricultural
activities management. Purposive snowball sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaires were
used. The study showed that majority of household heads were male (61%) and female (39%), were
involved in agriculture occupation. Migration is the major source of income followed by agriculture.
The main destination of migrant was gulf country, i.e., 81% followed by India (16%) and 3% were in
developed countries such as the UK and the USA. Major affected factor by migration was found to
be agriculture labor shortage (32%). Correlation showed that there is negative and significant relation
between migration and labor used (−0.216*) and change in cropping pattern (−0.275**). It implies that
migration leads to labor shortage which leads to change in cropping pattern.
determinants of Intrahousehold income inequalityiqbaljaveduol
Inequality has emerged at macro level but by finding the solutions of the problem our debate comes to the micro level. By exploring the root causes of income inequality at micro level we cannot ignore the role of a household head for effective planning for their children. The purpose of this study is to estimate the income inequality of households and to find the impact of the most relevant factors on the income inequality at a household level. The data about 400 household including 2266 individuals is extracted from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) which is conducted in 2015-16 under special survey namely Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey.
This approach to family welfare analysis is a new dimension may become controversial as the hypothesized explanatory variables mostly belongs to household head who has decision making powers, as the determinants of intra-household inequality. The significance of most of the variables shows some reality that household head in some way become the reason of intra-household inequality. Though some results are not according to expectations such as negative relationship of intra-household inequality and household size but this is trending result as a positive sign towards more sharing and cooperation within a family. The positive relationship between number of females and within family inequality is a call for sound policies to reduce gender gap and get women into mainstream economy. The fall in occupations such as farming and livestock sector and other elementary occupations are also becoming the reason of intra-household inequality which needs policy maker’s attention.
Factor Analysis of Attitudes to Corruption in India Bangladesh: Methods of w...Wendy Olsen
Factor Analysis of Attitudes to Corruption in India Bangladesh: Methods of workshops and use of World Values Survey
In this research, funded by ESRC DFID Poverty Alleviation grant on Gender Norms: Comparative research on India & Bangladesh, I look at attitudes about bribes and corrupt practices. I used the World Values Survey question wording. Here the respondent has to answer whether they think it is never, sometimes, or always justifiable to take a bribe. The questionnaire is available on my facebook Group site, Integrated Mixed Methods Network. The slides show a link to my twitter account. @Sandhyamma You can also look at my writing on attitudes to gender roles (online links). The issue is really about methods. Should workshops spread the discussion about attitudes among lay audiences? or is factor analysis a method only for specialists, for statisticians, for the ivory tower? I think the former. I hope you like the slide show!
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Migration and Agricultural Production: Analysis of Farming Communities of Lam...BRNSS Publication Hub
123 household from Madhya Nepal Municipality of Lamjung District was selected to study socioeconomic
trend of the remittance-receiving households and the effect of international labor migration in agricultural
activities management. Purposive snowball sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaires were
used. The study showed that majority of household heads were male (61%) and female (39%), were
involved in agriculture occupation. Migration is the major source of income followed by agriculture.
The main destination of migrant was gulf country, i.e., 81% followed by India (16%) and 3% were in
developed countries such as the UK and the USA. Major affected factor by migration was found to
be agriculture labor shortage (32%). Correlation showed that there is negative and significant relation
between migration and labor used (−0.216*) and change in cropping pattern (−0.275**). It implies that
migration leads to labor shortage which leads to change in cropping pattern.
determinants of Intrahousehold income inequalityiqbaljaveduol
Inequality has emerged at macro level but by finding the solutions of the problem our debate comes to the micro level. By exploring the root causes of income inequality at micro level we cannot ignore the role of a household head for effective planning for their children. The purpose of this study is to estimate the income inequality of households and to find the impact of the most relevant factors on the income inequality at a household level. The data about 400 household including 2266 individuals is extracted from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) which is conducted in 2015-16 under special survey namely Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey.
This approach to family welfare analysis is a new dimension may become controversial as the hypothesized explanatory variables mostly belongs to household head who has decision making powers, as the determinants of intra-household inequality. The significance of most of the variables shows some reality that household head in some way become the reason of intra-household inequality. Though some results are not according to expectations such as negative relationship of intra-household inequality and household size but this is trending result as a positive sign towards more sharing and cooperation within a family. The positive relationship between number of females and within family inequality is a call for sound policies to reduce gender gap and get women into mainstream economy. The fall in occupations such as farming and livestock sector and other elementary occupations are also becoming the reason of intra-household inequality which needs policy maker’s attention.
A Study On TheRelationshipBetween Teachers' EducationalBeliefsAndTheirLevel O...inventionjournals
It is important to determine the educational beliefs and attitudes of teachers, being one of the most important determinants of change in educational organizations, towards change. The main purpose of this study is to test the model created for the relationship between the level of openness to occupational change of pre-school, primary and secondary school teachers and their educational beliefs. So as to identify the relationship between educational beliefs and the level of openness to change more clearly, a model according with the structural equation modeling assumptions has been set in the study. The working group of the study is comprised of 268 teachers of different branches working in Kars in the 2012-2013 academic years. "Openness to Personal Change Scale", "Openness to Occupational Change Scale" and "Educational Beliefs Scale" were used as data collection tools. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used for the validity and reliability of the scales used in the study while structural equation modeling analys is (SEM) was used for the analysis of data. Following the study, it has been determined that teachers being more open to personal and occupational change have educational beliefs of progressivism and re-construction is mwhile teachers being in tendency to preserve and sustain their personal habits have educational beliefs of perennial is mand essentialism.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
Quality of Residents' Lives in Autonomous Regions of North Sumatrainventionjournals
There are various factors that can improve the quality of life of the population such as physical quality factor, the quality of non-physical factors and attitudes about environmental management. These factors are not only important in promoting improved quality of life of the population in sustainable development, but also as the dominant factor affecting the implementation of the political life, social life, the use of functions in ecological dimension and the implementation of applicable legislation.
Voting and Voter Suppression: An Analysis of Rhetoric in Online Messages by C...inventionjournals
This study is a qualitative content analysis that addresses how four civil rights organizations used rhetorical strategies and tactics to focus on voting and voter suppression leading up to Election 2012. The organizations involved in this study were the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Urban League (NUL), National Action Network (NAN), and ColorOfChange.org (COC). This study examines 82 press releases, official statements, blog posts, and miscellaneous public relations materials. It also explores how often the organizations referenced joint efforts between one another. Three rhetorical strategies and tactics are used in this study: identification, protest-framing theory, and vilification. Findings show that the predominant use of antithesis, a part of identification, suggests that the organization sought unity, primarily among members of its organization and state branches, against several perceived enemies, including the American Legislative Exchange Council, some Republicans, and the Tea Party Victory Fund. Findings also show that the organization missed several opportunities to publicize how they were working together.
Assessing knowledge of gram growers apropos their different package of practicesinventionjournals
The Management of Package of Practices of any crop plays a key role in its production. The important package of practices on which they were having high technological gap were insect management (46.55%) in Jabalpur and (45.77%) in Narsinghpur district, weed management (45.41%) in Jabalpur and (43.19%) in Narsinghpur district, seed treatment (41.80%) in Jabalpur and (41.85%) in Narsinghpur district, disease management (40.33%) in Jabalpur and (40.44%) in Narsinghpur district, seed selection (36.66%) in Jabalpur and (37.40%) in Narsinghpur district. Thus, it was suggested that a separate study on assessment of knowledge and adoption of components of gram production practices may be conducted to give wide predictability and consistency of results
In India, housing is essentially a private activity. The state intervenes only to provide legal status to the land. The state intervention is also necessary to meet the housing requirements of the vulnerable sections and to create a positive environment in achieving the goal of ‘shelter for all’ on self-sustainable basis.In view of the above aim, the government introduced Housing and Habitat Policy in 1998, which aimed at ensuring the basic need ‘Shelter for all’ and better quality of life to all citizens by harnessing the unused potentials in the public, private and household sectors. The central theme of the policy was creating strong Public/Private partnership for tackling the housing and habitat issues.
Fırst Female Artısts in Turkısh Paıntıng Art Untıl Early Republıc Perıod (190...inventionjournals
Positions of women in society changed according to the social development in each culure since early ages. While having been considered equal to men in some cultures, women have been kept in the background in others. As in many areas, it took a lot of time for women to express themselves in art. Having been as effective as men in Turkish societies that appeared as nomads in history, women became of secondary importance socially and policitally after sedentism and the acceptance of Islam; yet they continued to be respected. The case was not very different in art. As a result of many religious restrictions placed especially in terms of women rights, women were not able to make their presence felt in art until the end of Tanzimat reforms. After obtaining their rights and freedom with the Rescript of Gülhane, women started to receive art education in 1914 for the first time when İnasSanayi-iNefiseMektebi was established. Our first female artists, who started producing naturalist and realistic work, were highly affected by their social environment and the education they received. With the government support, they also took the opportunity to be educated overseas and they started to work on portraits and landspaces as well as dealing with current issues and using new flows
Some arguments are briefly presented about the negative consequences of the deep global economic and financial crisis of 2008 on the economic activity and the social situation in Spain. Reformulation, sustainability and financial viability of social welfare in Spain require a new management through resource efficiency, increasing market presence and initiative of stakeholders as a whole. In this sense, the main credible argument of the welfare social in Spain depends on a new perspective on socialization and generosity of social protection system. Specifically, the solution to the crisis must come through economic growth, increased productivity, employment and competitiveness and not by the way of increasing levels of social protection.
Integrating Ict Software in the Teaching of Accounting in Tertiary Institutio...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the extent to which Accounting lecturers use ICT in the teaching of Accounting in tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Three research questions were used to obtain relevant responses needed for the study; accordingly, three hypotheses were also formulated. The research design was the descriptive survey design and the sample size was seventy (70) Accounting lecturers that exist in the five tertiary institutions used for the study. The instrument used was Information and Communication Technology Teaching Accounting of Accounting Questionnaire (ICTTAAQ) made up of three major parts; A: Demographics; B (three sections) addressing relevant research questions. The ICTTAAQ met both validity and reliability criteria. The study revealed among other things that Accounting lecturers do not make enough use of Accounting software in the teaching of Accounting. Consequently, the three research hypotheses that guided the study were also rejected. The study recommended that based on the role ICT and Accounting software in the improvement of teaching of Accounting, Management of tertiary institutions should provide ICT tools and accounting libraries, and where they are available, Accounting lecturers should utilize them properly to enhance professional competence.
Analysis on Market Size and Structure of Chinese Bankcard Industryinventionjournals
This paper analyzed the market size and market structure of Chinese bankcard industry, including issuing market and acceptance market. Data showed that China's banking card market structure was evolving from monopoly to oligopoly competition
This article is a review of neurofeedback techniques in the broad context of various clinical implications. Authors presented the neurophysiological background of these developing methods in relation to the state-of-the-art techniques. The broad range of methods of neurofeedback were reviewed, comprising the transfer of information, automation, brain-computer interface, multichannel Z-Score neurofeedback and slow cortical potentials. Neurofeedback may be an effective tool for self-regulation, useful for achieving better selfknowledge and enhanced cognitive skills. A tailored, dedicated program, based on quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) assessment and/or Z-Score should be implemented for a given patient in order to gain trust and fulfill the compliance. The proven clinical benefits of multi-channel neurofeedback, targeting regulation of particular brain regions, or inducing specific neural patterns, may be an alternative method for treating diseases in a non-invasive, introspective way. Effective modulation of the physiological functions which may affect various neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior seems to be the future perspective of neurofeedback
The Validity And Reliability of The Bedtime Procrastination Scaleinventionjournals
The aim of this project is to adapt the Bedtime Procrastination Scale that was developed by Kroese, De Ridder, Evers & Adriaanse (2014) and examine its reliability and validity. 180 students who have been studying at five different universities (Ankara University, Gazi University, METU, Hacettepe University and Yıldırım Beyazıt University) in Ankara participated to the study. Study has been conducted in three steps: (i) English-Turkish translation, (ii) construct validity [Confirmative Factor Analysis] (iii) internal consistency Cronbach Alpha reliability. Results of confirmative factor analysis indicates that goodness of fit indexes that are produced for the scale show that the model that was offered for the scale was appropriate. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency of the scale was .71 for this sample. The results show that the scale has enough internal consistency and it is at an acceptable level.
Gendered Memory in Oral Narratives and the Socialization of the Girl Child in...inventionjournals
Before writing gained currency in the African society, important societal traditions were perpetrated, perpetuated and memorized through popular oral genres and subgenres like sayings, proverbs, songs and/or folk narratives. These genre types, apart from providing entertainment, formed a core element of socialization of a child into the society. In their enjoyment of folk narratives in particular, children also drew moral lessons from the stories. Through the stories, children learn’t the do’s and don’ts of their people. Today, like in the past, though to a lesser extent, oral performances and in particular folk narratives still elicit enormous interest and still draw important lessons. This paper argues that many African societies, the majority of which are patriarchal in their social setups, use these popular genres, more so folk narratives to depersonalize and/or re-personalize girl children. The process of depersonalization and re-personalization of girl children involves training them to belong in second place to boy children. Girl children are unconsciously but systematically, through the stories told to them, urged to surrender their personal interests, claims and rights, and instead, redefine their personalities in terms of the society’s prescription of roles and expectations, more often than not based on gender.
The Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Cerebral Palsy Patients Receiving Rehab...inventionjournals
Objective: To find out the effect of music therapy in cerebral palsy (CP) patients between who received conventional rehabilitation treatments and who additionally received music therapy Methods: In this retrospective study, 50 CP patients who received rehabilitation treatments on a day-ward basis for at least six months, between March 2013 and February 2015, were selected as subjects. Of the 50 patients, 25 received only conventional rehabilitation treatment (rehabilitation group), and the remaining 25 received both the conventional rehabilitation treatment and music therapy (music therapy group). In this study, the results of the Korean-version Denver Developmental Screening Test 2 (DDST-2) and the social quotient (SQ) were confirmed, before and after the treatments. Results: At baseline, no statistically significant differences were confirmed between the rehabilitation group and the music therapy group in terms of gender, age, and diagnosis. Korean-version DDST-2 scores and the SQ score also did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. With the intervention, the music therapy group showed more statistically significant improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts than the rehabilitation group. The music therapy group also showed greater improvement in SQ score than the rehabilitation group, but the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: This study was conducted to prove the effectiveness of the current music therapy program and to investigate the area in which the therapy produces the greatest effect. It is hoped that the therapy would find wider application among children in the future as it showed significant functional improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts in this study
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...inventionjournals
The establishment of any urban centres is always characterised by either commercial, industrial or administrative activities. Rongo Town is one of the towns that has attracted a large population and this has led to inadequate houses for the residents and general stress in the provision of social amenities. The general objective of the study was to analyse the socio-economic impacts of Rongo urban sprawl. The specific objective of the study was to assess the spaces between the developed and undeveloped area of Rongo Town. This was important because it projected the causes of inadequate housing units in Rongo Town. Concentric Urban Theory was used to guide the study. Cross sectional design method was used in the study. Quantitative and qualitative design methods were used to give the study a structure. The target population was 27,759. From this 6,095 households were used as respondents. Primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires, observation checklist, photographs and sketches. Secondary data involved written articles by experts in urban growth and information in government offices and non-governmental organisations. This data was analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences which yielded descriptive and inferential statistics. This data was also analysed by content analysis through description. The spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas were found to be so large. The study recommended the construction of high density houses by filling in the spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas in Rongo Town with houses and other necessary infrastructures
Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Students’ Essay Writing Sk...inventionjournals
Language teaching in the modern era needs to be underpinned by some language learning theories which can have the potential to define the origin of the target language, its application, formation as well as understanding of as to how that language can be taught and learnt successfully. Keeping this perspective in view, the current study was undertaken by employing cooperative learning theory to enhance the writing skills of the intermediate students. The study was conducted to investigate the role of cooperative learning strategies on the writing skills of the intermediate students in the M.A.O College, Lahore, Pakistan. Total 90 science students enrolled in the said college participated in the study. In order to ascertain whether both experimental and control group students had significant difference in their overall mean scores, the pre and post-test were given to both groups. The quantitative data thus gathered was processed in the SPSS version 22 whereby Independent Samples t-test was applied to determine the difference between the overall mean scores of both groups. The findings indicated that both groups had significant difference in their overall mean scores on the post-tests. The experimental group outperformed the control group by scoring higher than the control group.
Opportunities and Challenges Inherent In Technical and Vocational Schools; Co...inventionjournals
Present study is to evaluate quality and quantity of technical and vocational courses to study the present status and improve activities regarding centers' manager and employers' thoughts in Alborz province. Considering the fact that centers' manager at commence and employers at the end deal with probationers; their needs analysis and adaptation of training policies with their need is one of the important aspect of evaluation and their comments regarding students' knowledge level, acquired skill and capability in assigned tasks is important. This research has evaluated the quality and quantity of technical and vocational courses in Alborz province and girl students and graduated students success in these courses as an unofficial training system. Method of this research is qualitative and quantitative (mixed) and population for this study is technical and vocational training centers' manager and employers. Instrument of study includes a questionnaire that it is provided with Servqual model by researcher. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics, coding and SPSS software were used. Findings showed that the mean of physical services, validity, accountability, reassurance and empathy in girl technical and vocational training centers are in optimal level in centers' manager thought and whereas employers' thought different
The Concept of Bullying In the Figures of a Popular Cartoon: Doraemoninventionjournals
The concept of bullying has now been widely discussed since the accident happened in Pa-Te Junior High School. The rapid development of Internet fosters the spread of bullying incidents through posting the video of bullying. The MOE has set up a system to train the students to protect themselves when they encountered the situation of being bullied. In reality, school bullying happens in every country around the world, and thousands of students wake up afraid of going to school. Internet and mess-media facilitate the spread of school bullying, especially in TV program. The development of mass-media descends the ages of starting watching TV programs for young children. Children love to watch cartoons, no matter which country they are produced. However, the plots of some cartoons reveal the concept of bullying through the behavior of the main figures. Doraemon, which is a very popular cartoon for children to watch, creates some figures that are violent and prefer bullying the main character: Nobita. The existing documents and studies discuss various aspects of school bullying. This study intends to explore the concept of bullying in some popular figures and tries to find out solutions of this problem. After examining the plots of the cartoons and analyzing the figures, this study concludes that bullying types existing in the figures of these cartoons are direct physical attack, indirect physical attack, direct verbal attack and social exclusion from normal group activities. As for the solution for reducing the negative influence of these programs is to strengthen parents’ and teachers’ alert, accompany the children to watch the program, build up sense of empathy, integrate the concept of safety into the program. Most important of all, parents have to help their children to develop their own judgment to judge what’s right or wrong of these cartoon figures’ behaviors
This paper investigates the a few demographic factors affecting the decline of Total
Fertility Rate. It is based on survey conducted in Kovvada region, Srikakulam district,
Andhra Pradesh. According to GIS information the study area divided into three zones
with 5km, 15km and 30km radius distance from the Nuclear Plant situated in Kovvada
labeled as core zone, Buffer Zone - I and Buffer Zone - II covering 153 villages. Data
were collected from 11297 household through pre designed questionnaire in these zones
and entered CAPI using DESOFT software and analyze. Children ever born and children
surviving data used to estimate age specific rates. Association between education level
and fertility rates have been established by applying chi square. Results revealed that 61
percent women were illiterate and TFR 2.7. The TFR range 2.7 to 3.4 in all three zones
high and there is significant association between fertility and a few demographic factors
like occupation and education level of women. It may be inferred that literacy rate of
female and women age groups are the most imperative components influencing TFR.
Which proved that the existence of some kind of dependency between level of education
and total fertility rate.
A Study On TheRelationshipBetween Teachers' EducationalBeliefsAndTheirLevel O...inventionjournals
It is important to determine the educational beliefs and attitudes of teachers, being one of the most important determinants of change in educational organizations, towards change. The main purpose of this study is to test the model created for the relationship between the level of openness to occupational change of pre-school, primary and secondary school teachers and their educational beliefs. So as to identify the relationship between educational beliefs and the level of openness to change more clearly, a model according with the structural equation modeling assumptions has been set in the study. The working group of the study is comprised of 268 teachers of different branches working in Kars in the 2012-2013 academic years. "Openness to Personal Change Scale", "Openness to Occupational Change Scale" and "Educational Beliefs Scale" were used as data collection tools. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used for the validity and reliability of the scales used in the study while structural equation modeling analys is (SEM) was used for the analysis of data. Following the study, it has been determined that teachers being more open to personal and occupational change have educational beliefs of progressivism and re-construction is mwhile teachers being in tendency to preserve and sustain their personal habits have educational beliefs of perennial is mand essentialism.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
Quality of Residents' Lives in Autonomous Regions of North Sumatrainventionjournals
There are various factors that can improve the quality of life of the population such as physical quality factor, the quality of non-physical factors and attitudes about environmental management. These factors are not only important in promoting improved quality of life of the population in sustainable development, but also as the dominant factor affecting the implementation of the political life, social life, the use of functions in ecological dimension and the implementation of applicable legislation.
Voting and Voter Suppression: An Analysis of Rhetoric in Online Messages by C...inventionjournals
This study is a qualitative content analysis that addresses how four civil rights organizations used rhetorical strategies and tactics to focus on voting and voter suppression leading up to Election 2012. The organizations involved in this study were the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Urban League (NUL), National Action Network (NAN), and ColorOfChange.org (COC). This study examines 82 press releases, official statements, blog posts, and miscellaneous public relations materials. It also explores how often the organizations referenced joint efforts between one another. Three rhetorical strategies and tactics are used in this study: identification, protest-framing theory, and vilification. Findings show that the predominant use of antithesis, a part of identification, suggests that the organization sought unity, primarily among members of its organization and state branches, against several perceived enemies, including the American Legislative Exchange Council, some Republicans, and the Tea Party Victory Fund. Findings also show that the organization missed several opportunities to publicize how they were working together.
Assessing knowledge of gram growers apropos their different package of practicesinventionjournals
The Management of Package of Practices of any crop plays a key role in its production. The important package of practices on which they were having high technological gap were insect management (46.55%) in Jabalpur and (45.77%) in Narsinghpur district, weed management (45.41%) in Jabalpur and (43.19%) in Narsinghpur district, seed treatment (41.80%) in Jabalpur and (41.85%) in Narsinghpur district, disease management (40.33%) in Jabalpur and (40.44%) in Narsinghpur district, seed selection (36.66%) in Jabalpur and (37.40%) in Narsinghpur district. Thus, it was suggested that a separate study on assessment of knowledge and adoption of components of gram production practices may be conducted to give wide predictability and consistency of results
In India, housing is essentially a private activity. The state intervenes only to provide legal status to the land. The state intervention is also necessary to meet the housing requirements of the vulnerable sections and to create a positive environment in achieving the goal of ‘shelter for all’ on self-sustainable basis.In view of the above aim, the government introduced Housing and Habitat Policy in 1998, which aimed at ensuring the basic need ‘Shelter for all’ and better quality of life to all citizens by harnessing the unused potentials in the public, private and household sectors. The central theme of the policy was creating strong Public/Private partnership for tackling the housing and habitat issues.
Fırst Female Artısts in Turkısh Paıntıng Art Untıl Early Republıc Perıod (190...inventionjournals
Positions of women in society changed according to the social development in each culure since early ages. While having been considered equal to men in some cultures, women have been kept in the background in others. As in many areas, it took a lot of time for women to express themselves in art. Having been as effective as men in Turkish societies that appeared as nomads in history, women became of secondary importance socially and policitally after sedentism and the acceptance of Islam; yet they continued to be respected. The case was not very different in art. As a result of many religious restrictions placed especially in terms of women rights, women were not able to make their presence felt in art until the end of Tanzimat reforms. After obtaining their rights and freedom with the Rescript of Gülhane, women started to receive art education in 1914 for the first time when İnasSanayi-iNefiseMektebi was established. Our first female artists, who started producing naturalist and realistic work, were highly affected by their social environment and the education they received. With the government support, they also took the opportunity to be educated overseas and they started to work on portraits and landspaces as well as dealing with current issues and using new flows
Some arguments are briefly presented about the negative consequences of the deep global economic and financial crisis of 2008 on the economic activity and the social situation in Spain. Reformulation, sustainability and financial viability of social welfare in Spain require a new management through resource efficiency, increasing market presence and initiative of stakeholders as a whole. In this sense, the main credible argument of the welfare social in Spain depends on a new perspective on socialization and generosity of social protection system. Specifically, the solution to the crisis must come through economic growth, increased productivity, employment and competitiveness and not by the way of increasing levels of social protection.
Integrating Ict Software in the Teaching of Accounting in Tertiary Institutio...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the extent to which Accounting lecturers use ICT in the teaching of Accounting in tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Three research questions were used to obtain relevant responses needed for the study; accordingly, three hypotheses were also formulated. The research design was the descriptive survey design and the sample size was seventy (70) Accounting lecturers that exist in the five tertiary institutions used for the study. The instrument used was Information and Communication Technology Teaching Accounting of Accounting Questionnaire (ICTTAAQ) made up of three major parts; A: Demographics; B (three sections) addressing relevant research questions. The ICTTAAQ met both validity and reliability criteria. The study revealed among other things that Accounting lecturers do not make enough use of Accounting software in the teaching of Accounting. Consequently, the three research hypotheses that guided the study were also rejected. The study recommended that based on the role ICT and Accounting software in the improvement of teaching of Accounting, Management of tertiary institutions should provide ICT tools and accounting libraries, and where they are available, Accounting lecturers should utilize them properly to enhance professional competence.
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Effects of Socio - Economic Factors on Children Ever Born in India: Application of Path Model Analysis.
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 10|| October 2016 || PP.01-06
www.ijesi.org 1 | Page
Effects of Socio - Economic Factors on Children Ever Born in
India: Application of Path Model Analysis.
Visalakshi S,
Department of Statistics, JBAS College for Women, Chennai 18, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract: This paper aims at identity the socio – economic determinants of cumulative fertility number of
children ever born to women at the end of their reproductive period. The first step is to determine explanatory
variables likely to impact the children ever born using multiple regression analysis. The path analysis if used to
find out the direct and indirect implied effects of the selected socio demographic factors on children ever born
(CEB). The zero order correlation coefficients of various socio economic and demographic variables on CEB
are estimated. Percentages of the total absolute effect on CEB through endogenous and exogenous variables are
estimated. Direct, Indirect and implied effect of the selected explanatory variables on CEB are obtained by
using path analysis.
Keywords:Children ever born (CEB), Socio – demographic factors, path model analysis, demographic
variables
I. Introduction
Indian population is rich and diverse in nature. The population strength of our country is the backbone of our
country. India’s population is growing at a rate of 1.2% and is expected to surpass China by 2025. To find out
the true demographic change it is necessary to study the macroeconomic determinants of all its factors like
population, size, density, fertility growth, mortality, age, sex, income, household size, urbanization and religion.
Demographic analysis relies on large data sets over long periods of time and is required to develop trends in
demographic indicators. Most of the countries show rapid population growth and some of the countries are
facing the problems of negative growth. The mechanism of factors affecting fertility is that intermediate
variables influence fertility directly, while socio-economic & environmental variables, macro-economic
variables affect fertility indirectly through intermediate variable. (Davis & Blake, 1956, Bongarts al 1978). This
study seeks to examine the direct, indirect and joint effects of selected macro-economic variables on fertility
through the technique of path analysis.
II. Dataand Methodology
2.1 Variables and their measure:
In this study the dependent variable is the number of children ever born (CEB) to women reaching the end of
their reproductive period between15 to 49 years. The independent variables considered are percentage of
population living in urban areas, Average household size, per capita income (in rupees), population density per
square kilometre, Female literacy rate defined as the percentage of females aged less than 15 years and more
than 60 years who knows how to read and write proportion of people living below poverty line and work
participation rate which is the percentage of total workers (main and marginal) to total population..
2.2 Data Source:
The data on the explanatory variables are obtained from Census 2011 on Indian states and union territories.
From the Census 2011 it is found that Delhi has the highest percentage of urban population while it is lowest in
Himachal Pradesh. Per capita income across the state varies from Rs 22890 to Rs 1, 73,686. Also Delhi has the
highest population density and Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density. The percentage of
dependent population is more in Bihar (85.54%) and it is less in Daman & Diu (35.14%). Proportion of people
living below poverty line is higher in Himachal Pradesh is 51.9 % and lower in Lakshadweep at
29.1%.Chhattisgarh has the highest percentage of work participation rate while it is lowest in Chandigarh.
Average house hold size across the states varies from 4 to 6. Percentage of females aged 7 and above who
knows how to read and write in Bihar is 51.5% while in Kerala it is 92.1%. All the Union territories like
Andaman & Nicobar, Pondicherry, and Daman & Diu are within the top ten literate states in India. Mean
number of Children ever born which is an indicator of cumulative fertility is higher in Nagaland (3.66) and
lower in Tamil Nadu (2.38).Table 1 presents the values of top and bottom 5 states of the variables included in
this study.
2. Effects Of Socio - Economic Factors On Children Ever Born.
www.ijesi.org 2 | Page
Table 1: Top and Bottom States of Variables:
Selected variables Top five states Bottom five states
Urban Population (in percent) Delhi(97.5) Himachal Pradesh(10)
Punjab(97.3) Bihar(11.3)
Lakshadweep(78.1) Assam(14.1)
Daman& Diu(75.2) Orissa(16.7)
Pondicherry(68.3) Meghalaya(20.1)
Per capita income (in rupees) Delhi(1,73,686) Bihar(22,890)
Goa(1,67,838) Uttar Pradesh(29,785)
Chandigarh(1,42,869) Lakshadweep(32,205)
Sikkim(1,24,791) Manipur(32,865)
Haryana(1,08,345) Assam(37,250)
Population density (per sq.
km)
Delhi(11320) Arunachal Pradesh(17)
Chandigarh(9258) Andaman & Nicobar(46)
Pondicherry(2547) Mizoram(52)
Daman &Diu(2191) Sikkim(52)
Lakshadweep(2149) Manipur(115)
Age dependency ratio Bihar(85.54) Daman& Diu(35.14)
Meghalaya(77) Andaman &Nicobar(41.1)
Uttar Pradesh(72.72) Chandigarh(42.66)
Jharkhand(71.36) Goa(43.14)
Rajasthan(68.63) Pondicherry(45.29)
Below poverty line Himachal Pradesh(51.9) Lakshadweep(29.1)
Sikkim(50.5) Uttar Pradesh(32.9)
Daman& Diu(49.9) Delhi(33.3)
Chhattisgarh(47.7) Bihar(33.4)
Andhra Pradesh(46.6) Kerala(34.8)
Work participation rate Chhattisgarh(39.93) Chandigarh(0)
Jharkhand(36.96) Pondicherry(0.02)
Manipur(36.89) Lakshadweep(0.26)
Arunachal Pradesh(34.67) Daman & Diu(0.28)
Bihar(33.74) Andaman &Nicobar(0.55)
Mean household size Uttar Pradesh(6) Tamil Nadu(3.9)
Jammu &Kashmir(5.8) Andaman& Nicobar,
Andhra Pradesh, Daman & Diu(4)
Bihar, Lakshadweep(5.5) Pondicherry(4.1)
Meghalaya,
Rajasthan(5.4)
Kerala, Goa (4.2)
Jharkhand(5.3) Chandigarh(4.3)
Female literacy rate Kerala(92.1) Bihar(51.5)
Mizoram(89.3) Rajasthan(52.1)
Lakshadweep(87.9) Jharkhand(55.4)
Goa(84.7) Jammu &Kashmir(56.4)
Andaman &Nicobar(82.4) Uttar Pradesh(57.2)
Mean children ever born Nagaland(3.7) Tamil Nadu(2.4)
Mizoram(3.6) Andhra Pradesh(2.5)
Lakshadweep(3.5) Goa(2.6)
Madhya Pradesh(3.5) Chandigarh(2.6)
Uttar Pradesh(3.6) Kerala(2.7)
2.3 Correlation Analysis:
The zero order correlation coefficients between socio economic variables and cumulative fertility (CEB) is
depicted by the correlation matrix in Table 2
Table 2: Zero order correlation coefficients among the selected variables of CEB.
3. Effects Of Socio - Economic Factors On Children Ever Born.
www.ijesi.org 3 | Page
According to Table2, it is observed that CEB has the strongest significant relationship with Mean household
size(meanhh) and Age dependency ratio(ADR); urban population with per captia income, female literacy rate
and population density; Mean household size(meanhh) with Age dependency ratio(ADR); Below poverty
line(BPL) with Age dependency ratio (ADR). The urban population has strong significant negative association
with ADR and BPL; female literacy rate with ADR. Stronger significant negative association exists between
CEB & percaptia income; meanhh with female literacy rate withwork participation rate(WPR); percaptia income
with female literacy rate(FLR),Age dependency ratio(ADR) with Below poverty line(BPL); female literacy
rate(FLR) with Below poverty line(BPL); work participation rate (WPR) with Population density.
The presence of multicollinearuty among variables used in this study is tested using the Variance Inflation
Factor(VIF) which is given by 1/(1-Ri2 )where Ri2 is the square of the multiple correlation coefficient obtained
from the regression of the ith
explanatory variable on all other explanatory variables. Usually, a VIF in excess of
10 is considered as an indication that multicollinearity may cause problems in estimating the parameters. A
small value of the ratio where p is the number of regressors indicates that interdependence among
explanatory variables is not a problem.
Table 3:Variance Inflation Factors (VIF)
From Table 3 all variance inflation factors are less than 10 as well as the value of Q (=3.2129) are less than 5.
III. Path Analysis
Path analysis provide us to hypothesize a complex causal structure between linear interrelated variables through
path diagram. It is a statistical technique which is used to decompose the correlation coefficient into direct
effects, indirect effects and total effects. It can be used to analyse models that are more complex and realistic
than multiple regression. It is an extension of the multiple regression models and helps in understanding the
effect of one variable on another variable. It can compare different models to determine which one best fits the
data. It can disprove a model that postulates causal relations among variables, but it cannot prove causality.
Bryman and Cramer give a clear example using four variables taking into consideration from a job survey say
age of a people, income of a person, autonomy and job satisfaction.They find that age of a people has a direct
effect on job satisfaction. Moreover indirect effects of age and its job satisfaction are predicted. Also they find
that age affects income which in turn affects job satisfaction also age affects autonomy which in turn affects job
satisfaction and age affects autonomy which affect income which affects job satisfaction. Autonomy and
income have direct affects on job satisfaction. Path models are conceived in terms of observed variables. Even
path analysis model focus only on observed variables they form an important part of the development of SEM
and employ the same underlying process of model testing and fitting as other SEM models. Path analysis helps
in estimating the magnitude of the linkage between interrelated variables and provide information about the
causal process. The relations among the variables in the model are linear, additive and causal. Using multiple
linear regression analysis the path coefficients are estimated.The entire factors which are involved in path
diagram is divided into three groups namely exogenous variable which is defined by a variable whose variation
is explained by factors outside the model and which also explains other variables within the model, Endogenous
variables which is defined by a variable whose variation is explained by one or more variables within the model
and dependent variables. In the path diagram the variables are arranged from left to right in such way that all the
endogenous variables are to the right of the exogenous variables. The unidirectional straight paths from left to
right represent the direct effect between the exogenous and endogenous variable. The direction of the arrow
shows the importance of path diagram. The value written on the straight arrows shows the path coefficients. A
path coefficient represents the numerical strength of each path. In the path diagram, the causal links among the
variables are assumed to be a conceptual frame work conceived in advanced. The path diagram is developed
based on a conceptual framework used in a study of determinants of fertility by Pathak and Murthy(1985). The
variables used in the path analysis are listed in table 4.
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8
5.901 3.485 6.18 2.63 4.055 2.444 1.639 5.23
4. Effects Of Socio - Economic Factors On Children Ever Born.
www.ijesi.org 4 | Page
Table 4: Variables used in Path Analysis:
Exogenous Variables Urban Population(X1)
Per capita income(X2)
Population density(X3)
Age dependency ratio(X4)
Below poverty line (X5)
Work participation rate(X6)
Endogenous Variables Mean house hold size(X7)
Female literacy rate(X8)
Dependent Variable Children ever born(X9)
The relationship between causal and non-causal effects among the variables can be represented by a set of
structural equations. The system of equation with two endogenous variables X7 and X8 for the path model is
expressed as follows.
X7=A76X6+A75X5+A74X4+A73X3+A72X2+A71X1 +A7uEu
X8=A87X7+A86X6+A85X5+A84X4+A83X3+A82X2+A81X1+A8vEv
X9=A98X8+A97X7+A96X6+A95X5+A94X4+A93X3+A92X2+A91x1+A9wEw
This system of equations which is known as structural equations gives us to estimates of path coefficients and
represent the weight attached to each link in the causal chains. Where Aij
are the path coefficients and Eu, Ev, and
Ew are the random disturbance terms. All variables are standardized and logarithmic transformation is taken for
the population density. All the random disturbance terms are mutually independent of their corresponding
dependent variables. The path coefficients are equivalent to standardized regression coefficients. Each of the
residual path coefficients can be estimated with the regression equation as square root of (1-R2
), where R2
is the
multiple correlation coefficient of the regression equation. From the path analysis the direct, indirect, implied
and total effects of each selected explanatory variables on CEB are calculated. All variables are standardized
and logarithmic transformation is taken for the population density. Fig 1 shows a systematic representation of
the path diagram.
Fig 1 - Path diagram of the Selected Explanatory Variables.
IV. Results And Discussion Of The Path Model
The systems of fitted equations are as follows:
X7=-.174X6 -.083X5-.494X4-.337X3-.009X2+.429X1
X8=-.130X7-.328X6-.202X5+.795X4-.26X3 -.28X2+.342X1
X9=.114X8+.261X7+.084X6+.043X5+.034X4 - .067X3-.061X2+.021X1
It is important to note that all the above hypothesized models are significant.(p<.05)
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Results of Path Analysis is represented through Table 5.
Table 5: Effects of Socio Demographic factors on CEB
Dependent
variable
Selected variable Total
association
Non – causal
effect
Total
effect
Indirect effect Via
X7 X8
Other
variables
Direct
effect
X1– Zurban -0.42 -0.457 0.037 0.009 0.007 0.021
X2 –Zpercapita -0.48 -0.427 -0.053 0.001 0.008 -0.061
X9 – CEB X3–Zdensitylog -0.43 -0.403 -0.027 0.023 0.017 -0.067
X4– Zadr 0.61 0.566 0.044 -0.017 0.027 0.034
X5– Zbpl 0.39 0.359 0.031 -0.004 -0.009 0.043
X6–Zwpr -0.02 -0.062 0.042 -0.015 -0.028 0.084
X7 -Zmeanhhsize 0.71 0.541 0.169 0.000 -0.092 0.261
X8–Zflrate -0.26 -0.374 0.114 0.000 0.114
Table 6 shows the percentage analysis of the direct and indirect effects on CEB.
Table 6: Percentage of the Total Absolute effect on CEB through Endogenous and Exogenous variables.
Dependent variable Selected variable Percentage of Indirect Effect Other variables Direct effect
X7 X8 (Implied Effect)
X1–Zurban 24.22 19.31 56.47
X2 –Zpercapita 0.79 11.26 87.95
X3–Zdensitylog 21.10 16.28 62.62
X4– Zadr 21.58 34.73 43.69
X9 – CEB X5– Zbpl 6.46 15.72 77.82
X6–Zwpr 11.58 21.84 66.58
X7 -Zmeanhhsize 0.00 26.06 0.00 73.94
X8–Zflrate 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
From the table 5 and 6 we find that total effects of Urban population on CEB is .037 of which indirect effect
about 24.22% acts through Mean House Hold Size and 19.31% is transmitted through female literacy rate in the
same direction. Also it shows that the total effects of Per Capita income on CEB is -.053 of which indirect effect
of about 0.79% acts through Mean house hold size and 11.26% is transmitted through Female Literacy Rate in
the same direction. Total effects of Population Density on CEB are -.027 of which indirect effect about 21.10%
acts through Mean House Hold Size and 16.28% are transmitted through Female literacy rate in the same
direction. The total effects of Age dependency ratio on CEB is .044 of which indirect effect about 21.58% acts
through mean household size and 34.73% is transmitted through Female Literacy rate in the same direction.
Total effects of Below poverty line on CEB is .031 of which indirect effect about 6.46% acts through Mean
house hold size and 15.72% is transmitted through Female literacy rate in the same direction. Total effects of
Work participation rate on CEB is .042 of which indirect effect about 11.58% acts through Mean house hold
size and 21.84% is transmitted through Female literacy rate in the same direction. Direct effect endogenous
variables Mean house hold size and female literacy rate on CEB are found to be from the Table III is 0 .261 and
0.114 respectively. We find that mean house hold size is directly affected by 74% of children ever born and also
it shows that female literacy rate is directly affected by 100% of the children ever born.
V. Conclusion and Recommendations
In this study we find that from the selected exogenous variables per capita income and population density are
observed in the negative direction on CEB and their correlation is significant. CEB is positively associated with
mean house hold size, age dependency ratio and below poverty line also the correlation is significant. Mean
household size has significant positive association with age dependency ratio and significant negative
association with per capita income, female literacy rate and work participation rate. Female literacy rate is
negatively associated with age dependency ratio and below poverty line and also the correlation is significant.
Implied effect of CEB through per capita income is the highest at 87.95% followed by below poverty line at
77.82%, work participation rate at 66.58% and population density at 62.62%, urban population at 56.47% and
also we find that implied effect on CEB for age dependency ratio is 43.69%. Female literacy rate and mean
household size significantly contributes to children ever born. By raising the age at marriage by implementing a
minimum age marriage law is likely to lower fertility. Motivating women to breastfeed their children for a
longer duration may contribute to a reduction of fertility. Education can also provide better employment
opportunities outside the home and age at marriage can be raised by providing education to females at the
secondary and also in higher levels. Hence some policies can be shown in the study as they relate to the
achievement of further fertility decline are given as follows:Campaign for a further increase in the age at
marriage of women in rural areas. Encourage efforts to increase the quality and the quantity of contraceptive use
6. Effects Of Socio - Economic Factors On Children Ever Born.
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to get higher effectiveness that will lead to a more contribution of fertility decline.By increasing the programme
efforts to maintain performance levels.Attention should be given on the need for providing educational facilities,
especially among women in rural areas in order to depress the level of fertility.
References
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[3]. Bongaarts, J.1978 - A framework for the analysis of the proximate determinants of fertility. Population
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[4]. Pathak, K. B. and P.B. Murthy, 1985. Socio economic determinants of fertility and mortality decline in
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