The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Order of dominance for maturity traits in eight parents of bottle gourdDr. Mahesh Ghuge
Gene Action refers to the
behavior or mode of expression of genes in a genetic population. Knowledge
of gene action helps in the selection of parents for use in the hybridization
programmes and also in the choice of appropriate breeding procedure for the
genetics improvement of various quantitative characters. The coefficient of
correlation (r) between parental order of dominance (Wr-Vr) and parental
measurements (Yr) was calculated to get an idea about the dominance genes
with positive and negative effects. The present study consisted of eight
distinct genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8).
Estimation of genetic variation for maturity traits in eight genotypes of bot...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experimental material for the present study consisted of eight distinct
genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8). Additive (D)
component was lower in magnitude than dominance components of genetic
variation for all the maturity characters except node number of first
staminate flowers and node number of first pistilate flower which revealed
preponderance of both dominant and recessive component of variance.
Proportion of genes (H2/4H1) in the parents were less than 0.25 for all the
maturity traits except node number of first staminate flowers which showed
asymmetrical distribution of loci showing dominance in the inheritance of
these characters. The ratio of (4D H1)
1/2+F/(4D H1)
½
-F indicated the excess
of dominant as well as recessive genes among the parental strains for most
of the maturity characters.
Line × tester analysis for yield contributing morphological traits in Triticu...Innspub Net
The present study was carried out for the development of the water stress wheat cultivars with higher grain yield by studying the genetic basis of crucial morphological traits. Nine wheat genotypes were grouped into six lines and three testers and these parents were crossed line x tester fashion. Eighteen crosses including nine parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications. Three drought tolerant varieties Chakwal-50, Chakwal-86 and Kohistan-97 were also sown to compare the results in water stress environment. Highest negative GCA effects were observed in WN-36 for plant height (-6.17) and flag leaf area (-1.53), while for peduncle length it was noted in 8126 lines (-1.15). Highest positive GCA effects were observed in WN-32 for a number of grains per spike (5.21), grain yield per plant (2.08) and for spikelet per spike (0.33), while for 8126 and WN-10 the number of tillers per plant (0.67) and spike length (0.25) was found, respectively. The crosses 9451 × WN-25, WN-36 × 8126, WN-10 × 8126 showed highest negative SCA effects for plant height (-8.06), flag leaf area (-2.89), and peduncle length (-2.05), respectively. Moreover, the cross combinations of WN-36 × WN-25, WN-32 × WN-25 and AARI-7 × 9526 showed positive SCA effects for number of tillers per plant (1.52), spike length (0.72) and number of spikelet per spike (0.84) respectively, while the interaction of WN-35 × 8126 crosses showed highest positive SCA effects for number of grains/spike (5.69) and grain yield/plant (2.75). The parental material used in this study and cross combinations obtained from these parents may be exploited in future breeding endeavors.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Upland Rice...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield related traits in some upland rice genotypes. A total of 23 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at Pawe and Assosa. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits at individual and across locations, and error variances of the two locations were homogenous for most of the traits including grain yield. Moreover, the genotypes showed wider variability for grain yield in the range between 3707-6241kg/ha, 4853-7282kg/ha and 4280-6761kg/ha at Pawe, Assosa and over locations, respectively. A relatively high (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were estimated merely for number of unfilled grains per panicle. High heritability estimates (> 60%) were obtained for all of the traits, except plant height and Protein content. A relatively high genetic advance was obtained for traits like unfilled grains per panicle and fertile tiller per plant. Thus, this study revealed that there was higher genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which could be potentially exploited in future breeding programs.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Order of dominance for maturity traits in eight parents of bottle gourdDr. Mahesh Ghuge
Gene Action refers to the
behavior or mode of expression of genes in a genetic population. Knowledge
of gene action helps in the selection of parents for use in the hybridization
programmes and also in the choice of appropriate breeding procedure for the
genetics improvement of various quantitative characters. The coefficient of
correlation (r) between parental order of dominance (Wr-Vr) and parental
measurements (Yr) was calculated to get an idea about the dominance genes
with positive and negative effects. The present study consisted of eight
distinct genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8).
Estimation of genetic variation for maturity traits in eight genotypes of bot...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experimental material for the present study consisted of eight distinct
genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8). Additive (D)
component was lower in magnitude than dominance components of genetic
variation for all the maturity characters except node number of first
staminate flowers and node number of first pistilate flower which revealed
preponderance of both dominant and recessive component of variance.
Proportion of genes (H2/4H1) in the parents were less than 0.25 for all the
maturity traits except node number of first staminate flowers which showed
asymmetrical distribution of loci showing dominance in the inheritance of
these characters. The ratio of (4D H1)
1/2+F/(4D H1)
½
-F indicated the excess
of dominant as well as recessive genes among the parental strains for most
of the maturity characters.
Line × tester analysis for yield contributing morphological traits in Triticu...Innspub Net
The present study was carried out for the development of the water stress wheat cultivars with higher grain yield by studying the genetic basis of crucial morphological traits. Nine wheat genotypes were grouped into six lines and three testers and these parents were crossed line x tester fashion. Eighteen crosses including nine parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications. Three drought tolerant varieties Chakwal-50, Chakwal-86 and Kohistan-97 were also sown to compare the results in water stress environment. Highest negative GCA effects were observed in WN-36 for plant height (-6.17) and flag leaf area (-1.53), while for peduncle length it was noted in 8126 lines (-1.15). Highest positive GCA effects were observed in WN-32 for a number of grains per spike (5.21), grain yield per plant (2.08) and for spikelet per spike (0.33), while for 8126 and WN-10 the number of tillers per plant (0.67) and spike length (0.25) was found, respectively. The crosses 9451 × WN-25, WN-36 × 8126, WN-10 × 8126 showed highest negative SCA effects for plant height (-8.06), flag leaf area (-2.89), and peduncle length (-2.05), respectively. Moreover, the cross combinations of WN-36 × WN-25, WN-32 × WN-25 and AARI-7 × 9526 showed positive SCA effects for number of tillers per plant (1.52), spike length (0.72) and number of spikelet per spike (0.84) respectively, while the interaction of WN-35 × 8126 crosses showed highest positive SCA effects for number of grains/spike (5.69) and grain yield/plant (2.75). The parental material used in this study and cross combinations obtained from these parents may be exploited in future breeding endeavors.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Upland Rice...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield related traits in some upland rice genotypes. A total of 23 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at Pawe and Assosa. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits at individual and across locations, and error variances of the two locations were homogenous for most of the traits including grain yield. Moreover, the genotypes showed wider variability for grain yield in the range between 3707-6241kg/ha, 4853-7282kg/ha and 4280-6761kg/ha at Pawe, Assosa and over locations, respectively. A relatively high (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were estimated merely for number of unfilled grains per panicle. High heritability estimates (> 60%) were obtained for all of the traits, except plant height and Protein content. A relatively high genetic advance was obtained for traits like unfilled grains per panicle and fertile tiller per plant. Thus, this study revealed that there was higher genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which could be potentially exploited in future breeding programs.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
This ppt illustrate about various breeding method used in cross pollinated crops. best breeding methods available for cross pollinated crops. basic introduction of cross pollination mechanism.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Inter specific hybridization to introduce useful genetic variability for pig...Vipin Pandey
Pulses occupy an important place in Indian agriculture. Within this protein-rich group of crops, red gram or pigeonpea occupies an important place among rainfed resource poor farmers because it provides quality food, fuel wood, broom and fodder.
Hybrids are plants that result from controlled cross-breeding of two different but specific varieties or breeding lines of the same species of plant. Wild species are important sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses as they have evolved to survive droughts, floods, extremes of temperature (heat/ cold) and have the capability to with stand damage by insect pests and diseases. Ten alleles reported unique to inter-specific derivatives of Cajanus cajan × C. scarabaeoides. The presence of alleles unique to specific population or group indicates an inimitable genetic variability at certain loci. This information is valuable to categorise interspecific hybrids with exclusive genetic variability, whose selection can increase the allele richness of breeding population (Saxena, 2015).
High levels of resistance is available in wild Cajanus species, these are not being utilised adequately in pigeonpea breeding programs. The major limitation is due to the linkage drag and different incompatibility barriers between cultivated and wild species. Under such situations, pre-breeding provides a unique opportunity to expand primary gene pool by exploiting genetic variability present in wild species and cultivated germplasm and will ensure continuous supply of new and useful genetic variability into the breeding pipelines to develop new cultivars having high levels of resistance and broad genetic base (Sharma et al., 2013). The major limitation in successfully using Cajanus platycarpus for the improvement of cultivated pigeonpeais embryo abortion in the BC1 generation from the cross C. Platycarpus × C. cajan. This Cajanus platycarpus, although placed in the tertiary gene pool of pigeonpea, is now amenable to gene transfer with the development of suitable embryo rescue techniques (Mallikarjuna et al., 2011).
Generation Mean Analysis of Some Agronomic Traits in HB42xSabini Barley CrossPremier Publishers
Genetic analysis is useful to generate information to design appropriate breeding methods. Thus, this study was conducted on barley using six generations of (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) in HB42 x Sabini cross with the objective of investigating the gene effects and its interactions gene effects controlling the characters studied. The six generations were evaluated in RCB design with three replications at Holetta during 2015 main cropping season. The analysis of variance showed there was significant difference among the means of the six generations. The scaling tests and generation mean analysis showed the presence of non-allelic interaction type of gene effects for all traits except spike length. Thu, the magnitude of (h +j +l), non-fixable gene effects were higher than (d + i), fixable gene effects which was confirmed by genetic variance component analysis for all the characters studied. Digenic epistatic model failed to explain variation for all characters revealing the presence of higher order interaction. Generally, the finding suggests the predominance of non-additive gene action including epistasis genes in characters studied making selection difficult. And further research may be required to better clarify the information especially for future malt barley breeding.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.1
ABSTRACT- Genetic variability studied for eleven characters viz., number of leaves, branches, clusters, pods, pod
length (cm), seed per plant, plant height (cm), 100 seed weight (g), days to flower, maturity and yield per plant (g) in
group of forty two genotypes of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) revealed highly significant difference for all the
characters. High heritability not only guideline for breeding improvement must to associated with genetic advance
expressed a wide range of variability for all the traits. Heritability estimated and expected genetic advance were high
for number of leaves (95.46< 97.00), branches (45.85 > 14.00), clusters (89.45< 92.00), pods (92.84< 99.00), pod length
(88.94< 99.00), seeds per plant (92.20> 32.00), plant height (96.41< 106.00), 100 seed weight (99.22> 72.00), days to
flower (94.82 > 32.00), maturity (56.26> 13.00) and yield per plant (80.13 < 140.00) suggesting that these are more
useful traits for varietal improvement programme.
Key-words- French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Genetic Variability, Heritability, Phenotypic coefficient of variation,
Genotypic coefficient of variation
Tugas Geografi Pariwisata
UNWTO 2011
By : Amelia Suhandri / 14045015
Pendidikan Geografi 2014
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial ( FIS )
Universitas Negeri Padang ( UNP )
This ppt illustrate about various breeding method used in cross pollinated crops. best breeding methods available for cross pollinated crops. basic introduction of cross pollination mechanism.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Inter specific hybridization to introduce useful genetic variability for pig...Vipin Pandey
Pulses occupy an important place in Indian agriculture. Within this protein-rich group of crops, red gram or pigeonpea occupies an important place among rainfed resource poor farmers because it provides quality food, fuel wood, broom and fodder.
Hybrids are plants that result from controlled cross-breeding of two different but specific varieties or breeding lines of the same species of plant. Wild species are important sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses as they have evolved to survive droughts, floods, extremes of temperature (heat/ cold) and have the capability to with stand damage by insect pests and diseases. Ten alleles reported unique to inter-specific derivatives of Cajanus cajan × C. scarabaeoides. The presence of alleles unique to specific population or group indicates an inimitable genetic variability at certain loci. This information is valuable to categorise interspecific hybrids with exclusive genetic variability, whose selection can increase the allele richness of breeding population (Saxena, 2015).
High levels of resistance is available in wild Cajanus species, these are not being utilised adequately in pigeonpea breeding programs. The major limitation is due to the linkage drag and different incompatibility barriers between cultivated and wild species. Under such situations, pre-breeding provides a unique opportunity to expand primary gene pool by exploiting genetic variability present in wild species and cultivated germplasm and will ensure continuous supply of new and useful genetic variability into the breeding pipelines to develop new cultivars having high levels of resistance and broad genetic base (Sharma et al., 2013). The major limitation in successfully using Cajanus platycarpus for the improvement of cultivated pigeonpeais embryo abortion in the BC1 generation from the cross C. Platycarpus × C. cajan. This Cajanus platycarpus, although placed in the tertiary gene pool of pigeonpea, is now amenable to gene transfer with the development of suitable embryo rescue techniques (Mallikarjuna et al., 2011).
Generation Mean Analysis of Some Agronomic Traits in HB42xSabini Barley CrossPremier Publishers
Genetic analysis is useful to generate information to design appropriate breeding methods. Thus, this study was conducted on barley using six generations of (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) in HB42 x Sabini cross with the objective of investigating the gene effects and its interactions gene effects controlling the characters studied. The six generations were evaluated in RCB design with three replications at Holetta during 2015 main cropping season. The analysis of variance showed there was significant difference among the means of the six generations. The scaling tests and generation mean analysis showed the presence of non-allelic interaction type of gene effects for all traits except spike length. Thu, the magnitude of (h +j +l), non-fixable gene effects were higher than (d + i), fixable gene effects which was confirmed by genetic variance component analysis for all the characters studied. Digenic epistatic model failed to explain variation for all characters revealing the presence of higher order interaction. Generally, the finding suggests the predominance of non-additive gene action including epistasis genes in characters studied making selection difficult. And further research may be required to better clarify the information especially for future malt barley breeding.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.1
ABSTRACT- Genetic variability studied for eleven characters viz., number of leaves, branches, clusters, pods, pod
length (cm), seed per plant, plant height (cm), 100 seed weight (g), days to flower, maturity and yield per plant (g) in
group of forty two genotypes of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) revealed highly significant difference for all the
characters. High heritability not only guideline for breeding improvement must to associated with genetic advance
expressed a wide range of variability for all the traits. Heritability estimated and expected genetic advance were high
for number of leaves (95.46< 97.00), branches (45.85 > 14.00), clusters (89.45< 92.00), pods (92.84< 99.00), pod length
(88.94< 99.00), seeds per plant (92.20> 32.00), plant height (96.41< 106.00), 100 seed weight (99.22> 72.00), days to
flower (94.82 > 32.00), maturity (56.26> 13.00) and yield per plant (80.13 < 140.00) suggesting that these are more
useful traits for varietal improvement programme.
Key-words- French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Genetic Variability, Heritability, Phenotypic coefficient of variation,
Genotypic coefficient of variation
Tugas Geografi Pariwisata
UNWTO 2011
By : Amelia Suhandri / 14045015
Pendidikan Geografi 2014
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial ( FIS )
Universitas Negeri Padang ( UNP )
Argan oil penetrates deeply into hair follicles( hair grows in follicles) , strenghtens hair and thus help to prevent the hair loss.
Due to affecting the blood circulation positie way, argan oil help to keep the skin cell live
As argan oil contains unsaturated Omega 3 and Omega 9 fatty acids, so it is able to penetrate the hair shaft and repair damaged hair follicles.
It also increases shine of lackluster dry hair by locking in the moisture.
Ο Ντανιέλ Μουνέβαρ, στην εισήγηση με τίτλο: «Δημόσιο Χρέος: Μια Λύση για την Ελλάδα», ανέλυσε, ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά, τις υποθέσεις επί των οποίων βασίζονται οι «προβολές» (εκτιμήσεις) του ΔΝΤ για τη δυναμική διαχρονικής εξέλιξης του ελληνικού δημόσιου χρέους, και κατέδειξε, έτσι, τις εσωτερικές ασυνέπειές τους. Εν συνεχεία, διερεύνησε τις επιπτώσεις που θα είχαν σε αυτήν την εξέλιξη (i) η μείωση του μεσοσταθμικού επιτοκίου εξυπηρέτησης, ή (ii) η επιμήκυνση του χρόνου αποπληρωμής, ή, τέλος, (iii) η μείωση της ονομαστικής αξίας (διαγραφή) του χρέους. Τα ευρήματα πρόκριναν τη – σημαντικής έκτασης – διαγραφή, ως τον πλέον αποτελεσματικό παράγοντα, ενώ υπέδειξαν ότι μία τέτοια λύση, αν και μάλλον δεν δύναται να λάβει συναινετικό χαρακτήρα και, άρα, συνεπάγεται την έξοδο της χώρας από την ΟΝΕ, συμβάλλει σημαντικά (και) στη δημιουργία συνθηκών ανάκαμψης της ελληνικής οικονομίας.
„Představíme Vám, jak se u nás učí trochu jiným způsobem. Cesta vpřed vede přes mateřskou školu. Propojení výuky v MŠ a ZŠ posunuje vzdělání úplně jiným směrem.“
Voorstelling van IT Solutions als ERP implementator op basis van Dynamics NAV.
Wie is IT Solutions? Waarvoor kan u bij hun terecht? Hoe pakken zij hun projecten aan? Hoe kunnen zij mijn bedrijf helpen groeien? Ontdek het in deze korte bedrijfsvoorstelling!
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Diversity of drought tolerance and seed yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus...Innspub Net
Randomized complete block design with four replications in two drought and non-drought environments was used for this study. Drought resistance indices were calculated based on seed yield in stress and non-stress conditions. The results showed that GMP and STI were the best drought resistance indices so had the positive and significant correlation with Yp and Ys. Three dimensional graph showed that RFG5*AF80, G-543 and Farokh were the drought resistant hybrids. These hybrids had the highest amount of Yp, Ys, GMP and STI that revealed the highest yield potential as well as drought tolerance in these genotypes. Because of that these hybrids have promised potential to cultivate in drought prone environments. Regression analysis revealed that the traits grain filling rate, grain filling duration and water use efficiency accounted for 97.0% of total variation exist in seed yield. Path coefficient analysis demonstrated the highest and positive direct effect of grain filling rate and grain filling duration on seed yield in sunflower hybrids. Water use efficiency had low direct effect while high indirect effects via grain filling duration on seed yield. Therefore, the study revealed the importance of total grain filling rate and grain filling duration as indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield in sunflower breeding programs especially in early generations. On the other hand, indirect effects of water use efficiency through grain filling duration on seed yield have promising result in selection programs. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Groundnut shows new traits of tolerance to drought stress conditions under ly...ICRISAT
Previous studies under field conditions have investigated the response of 300 accessions from a groundnut reference collection to drought stress as well as selected contrasting lines. Groundnut is largely grown in rainfed areas in the semi-arid tropics, and known pod yield decrease can reach 72%. Now assessment of a sub-set of 60 genotypes from the groundnut reference collection in lysimeters, which give similar conditions to fields and allow measurement of crop water requirement, could lead to the identification of new sources and/ or traits of tolerance to drought for improving groundnut productivity.
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Comparative Effect of Root Pruning and Pythium irregulare on Water Use Effici...Premier Publishers
A pot experiment was conducted in a glasshouse to compare the effects of root pruning and Pythium irregulare on water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under drought conditions. The results showed that Pythium had no effect on transpiration (3.35 l) and grain yield (7.4 g) when compared with controls. The transpiration of root pruned plants was less than in controls between the time of root pruning and the start of the drought treatment. Root pruned plants had significantly higher transpiration than controls during the drought. Root pruning treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased total grain weight, grain number, WUE and harvest index. The extra water available in the root pruned pots at the end of experiment was not enough to bring the grain yield and WUE up to controls. Root pruning possibly did more than just restrict the ability to uptake all water. This experiment showed the importance of the stage at which root damage occurs and how it affects total WUE.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
Similar to Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (20)
Preliminary checklist of desmids from Kokrajhar District, Assam, India | Jbes INNS PUBNET
This paper presents a precursor in the investigation of the desmids of Kokrajhar District, Assam, India. The present study deals with the diversity of desmids from different freshwater habitats of the district. For this study samples were collected randomly from 12 different habitat around the district during January 2018 to April 2019. Seventy one species were observed comprising eleven genera: Actinotaenium (1), Arthrodesmus (3), Bambusina (1), Closterium (12), Cosmarium (16), Desmidium (4), Euastrum (6), Gonatozygon (1), Hyalotheca (1), Micrasterias (6), Netrium (1), Onychonema (1), Penium (1), Pleuroteanium (5), Spirotaenia (1), Staurastrum (6), Triplocerus (1) and Xanthidium (4). Among the observed taxa some appeared to be the new records for the state of Assam, India.
Thermal stability of two xylanases from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldie...INNS PUBNET
The knowledge on thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes is necessary to allow their adequate utilization as natural biopreservatives in the food industry and technology applications. In this work, the kinetics of thermal inactivation was studied for the previously purified and characterized xylanases Xyl1 and Xyl2 from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldier. Samples of xylanases were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 5-60 min at 50-65°C and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for xylanases were calculated. The inactivation kinetic follows a first-order reaction with k-values between 0.0192 ± 0.0002 to 0.0405 ± 0.0003 and 0.0119 ± 0.0005 to 0.0418 ± 0.0004 min-1 for Xyl1 and Xyl2, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and Z-values were estimated to 48.08 ± 1.84 kJ mol-1 and 43.47 ± 3.02°C for Xyl1, 75.52 ± 3.52 kJ.mol-1 and 27.77 ± 1.87°C for Xyl2. The catalytic reactions of both xylanases are endothermic due to positive enthalpy. The high value obtained for the variation in enthalpy of activation indicates that a high amount of energy is required to initiate denaturation, probably due to the molecular conformation of xylanases. All results suggest that both xylanases are relatively resistant to long heat treatments up to 50°C.
In vitro antimalarial activity of essential oils of Deverra scoparia Coss. & ...INNS PUBNET
The essential oils of the plant Deverra scoparia Coss. & Dur. (Apiaceae) used in traditional medicine in Algeria were subjected to testing the antimalarial activity. Their potential ability to inhibit the in vitro proliferation was evaluated in two strains of Plasmodium falciparum; chloroquine-resistant (K1), and chloroquine-sensitive (3d7) strains. The essential oils displayed good antimalarial activity with IC50 values 1.51 ± 0.71 μg/mL and 0.93 ± 0.89 μg/mL against the 3d7 chloroquine-sensitive and the K1 chloroquine-resistant strains respectively. So, Devera scoparia presented a potential source of antimalarial molecules.
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campes...INNS PUBNET
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
Implementation of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) in crabmeat ...INNS PUBNET
Blue Swimming Crab or Portunus Pelagicus is one of the most valuable fisheries commodities of Indonesia. The crab is very potential fisheries product due to its high demand on global market. On the other hand, the crab is a perishable product that is likely to spoil and decay. Therefore, it is important to apply quality assurance system to guarantee the food safety of the crab. Hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) is a world-recognized, effective, and preventive food safety management system. This study aims to determine how the implementations of quality control in terms of the HACCP system in crabmeat plant in Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. Method of this research was observation in production line of crabmeat pasteurized processing and interview towards employees and management. HACCP model was set up based on the actual conditions in the plant. The HACCP system was based on seven principles as follow: 1. Conduct a hazard analysis. 2. Determine the critical control points (CCPs). 3. Establish target levels and critical limit(s). 4. Establish a system to monitor the CCPs. 5. Establish the corrective action to be taken when monitoring indicates that a particular CCP is not under control. 6. Establish procedures to verify that the HACCP system is working effectively. 7. Establish documentation concerning all procedures and keep records. The most important identified CCPs were receiving, metal detecting, seaming, pasteurizing, chilling and chill storage. Based on this research and findings, the authors recommend for implementation of HACCP system in crabmeat pasteurized processing industries.
Increasing students’ environmental attitude through Visual and Performance Ar...INNS PUBNET
Visual and performance arts are effective media of communicating environmental and ecological issues. The need for effective communication to increase collective action and environmental attitude of students is the most pressing in the context of deteriorating environment. To assess the effectiveness of visual and performance arts as media of increasing environmental attitude of students, this study was conducted. It employed experimental research design. The participants of the study were the randomly sampled college students taking up MAPEH courses in one campus of a state university in region 02, Philippines. Result of the study showed that employing visual and performance arts learning activities are interesting. Ultimately, the used of visual and performance arts learning activities significantly increased the environmental attitude of students along attitude towards nature enjoyment, support for conservation policies, human utilization of nature, and attitude towards personal conservation behavior. Allowing the students to be exposed to the different environmental-based visual and performance arts learning activities where their direct learning experience is involved significantly increased their environmental construct. Further, the results reveal that both visual and performance-based learning activities developed positive environmental attitudes, greater environmental awareness, increased knowledge and understanding of nature, and are more likely to participate in environmental stewardship activities.
Multiple shoot induction from the nodal cultures of teasle gourd (Mo...INNS PUBNET
Momordica dioica is a dioecious cucurbit. The fruits are used as costly vegetable in southern part of India. The
biotypes were collected form Warangal and Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh. When the nodal region
were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine BAP +2.0 mg/l L-Glutamic
acid, the explants produced little amount of callus and shoot buds. The shoot buds on successive subcultures for twice on the same medium produced multiple shoots. Shoot proliferation was further continued even after six months.
Fall armyworm infestation and management practices on maize fields of smallho...INNS PUBNET
Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to America and is currently affecting maize production in different parts of Africa, and recently reported in Tanzania. In the present study, FAW infestation levels and their associated management practices were investigated in 90 maize fields in the 18 villages in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions. Infestation levels were assessed using a scale of 0 (no damage) to 9 (100% damage), while the management practices information was collected through a survey and questionnaires from 210 maize growing farmers in the 18 villages. Results showed that all fields were infested by FAW at low (1-4) to moderate (5-7) damage levels. Arusha scored the highest (66.59% and 5.422) significant mean incidence and severity (P<0.05) respectively, followed by Kilimanjaro (52.96%, 4.756) and Manyara (52.64%, 3.989) regions. Variation in damage levels was also observed among villages, with means incidences ranging between 35.57% and 79.55%, and mean severity ranging between 2.333 and 7.267. Variation between regions and villages can be associated with farmer’s knowledge and FAW management practices. About 84.3% of farmers reported synthetic pesticides as the main management option, although the majority did not effectively apply them. Farmer’s recommendations include awareness creation on the FAW management, provision of effective pesticides and resistant maize varieties, and government intervention in the overall management of FAW. From the findings it is evident that sustainable integrated management strategies against FAW is urgent needed and this study serves as a stepping stone for the development of sustainable management options.
Fall armyworm infestation and management practices on maize fields of smallho...INNS PUBNET
Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to America and is currently affecting maize production in different parts of Africa, and recently reported in Tanzania. In the present study, FAW infestation levels and their associated management practices were investigated in 90 maize fields in the 18 villages in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions. Infestation levels were assessed using a scale of 0 (no damage) to 9 (100% damage), while the management practices information was collected through a survey and questionnaires from 210 maize growing farmers in the 18 villages. Results showed that all fields were infested by FAW at low (1-4) to moderate (5-7) damage levels. Arusha scored the highest (66.59% and 5.422) significant mean incidence and severity (P<0.05) respectively, followed by Kilimanjaro (52.96%, 4.756) and Manyara (52.64%, 3.989) regions. Variation in damage levels was also observed among villages, with means incidences ranging between 35.57% and 79.55%, and mean severity ranging between 2.333 and 7.267. Variation between regions and villages can be associated with farmer’s knowledge and FAW management practices. About 84.3% of farmers reported synthetic pesticides as the main management option, although the majority did not effectively apply them. Farmer’s recommendations include awareness creation on the FAW management, provision of effective pesticides and resistant maize varieties, and government intervention in the overall management of FAW. From the findings it is evident that sustainable integrated management strategies against FAW is urgent needed and this study serves as a stepping stone for the development of sustainable management options.
Water quality and risk assessment of tributary rivers in San Fernando, Bukidn...INNS PUBNET
Bukidnon, Philippines being identified as an agricultural province needs to ensure water sustainability vital to support its agroeconomy. This study considered Tigua River with three river tributaries and Salug River with single station in San Fernando, Bukidnon. Analysis employed single sampling technique to initially assess river tributaries. Studied water quality parameters were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidizing redox potential (ORP), turbidity, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) using portable pre-calibrated meters. Nitrates were also determined using Bruccine colorimetric method. Analyzed heavy metals in total form were copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) using Flame-Atomic absorption spectrophometry (AAS). Overall, studied river tributaries passed national regulation with risk quotient (RQ) showing no potential pollution. Heavy metals were below detection limit indicating less traceable quantities in river tributaries. Salinity, conductivity, and TDS showed positive correlation. The study was preliminary and further monitoring may be needed.
Evaluation of seed storage proteins in common bean by some biplot analysisINNS PUBNET
In order to study of seed storage proteins, proteins samples of common bean genotypes were prepared by 0.2 M
NaCl of extracting soluble. Genotypes were located in two groups by cluster analysis using Wilks’ lambda
statistic. Two groups were different for yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant
and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
bands with yield components characters had the highest coefficients for the first factor. This factor was named
“yield components proteins”. Protein bands via RM 58 and 64 had relationship with days to flowering.
Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
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Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
1. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Kamaran et al.
Page 1
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Sohail Kamaran1
, Muhammad Imran1, 2*
, Tariq Manzoor Khan1
, Muhammad Zeeshan
Munir3
,Muhammad Adnan Rashid4
, Muhammad Atif Muneer1, 2
1
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
3School of Biological sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
4
College of plant sciences, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
Article published on June 27, 2016
Key words: Genetic variation, Heritability, Water stress.
Abstract
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress
tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to
water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes.
The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete
diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block
design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-
dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of
bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ±
0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic
component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters
including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-
stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more
important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while
varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The
information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that
could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt.
* Corresponding Author: Muhammad Imran imran_m1303@yahoo.com
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 8, No. 6, p. 1-9, 2016
2. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Kamaran et al.
Page 2
Introduction
Cotton is a major fiber crop grown in Pakistan. It is
mainly grown in Sindh and Punjab provinces where
climate is hot (Ahmad and Makhdum, 1992). Cotton
is used as multipurpose crop; its fiber is used in
textiles in around the world, and cotton seed oil is
used for edible purpose (Khan, et al., 2002).
Water stress is a serious problem that limits cotton
production in many regions of the world. The climatic
conditions of the cotton belt of Punjab are favorable
for growth and development of cotton plant, but
biotic and abiotic stresses badly affect crop
productivity, and yield of seed cotton is affected
adversely due to water stress at reproductive phase.
Cotton plant has been adapted to semi-arid regions
due to extensive root system and flexible fruiting
period, but drought affects root distribution seriously.
The effect of water stress on yield depends the time at
which stress occurred, and its intensity (Malik et al.,
1979). High temperature and shortage of water
adversely affect the cultivation of cotton crop and
these two abiotic factors are positively correlated with
each other (Vanschilfgaarde, 1990). It has been
observed that prevalence of drought for longer time
increase the canopy temperature which affects
photosynthesis and transpiration processes. Under
irrigation conditions use of water is necessary for
major crop growth, and different physiological and
metabolic functions in plant body are controlled by
water contents (Redid and Reddi, 1995).
Surface and sub-surface water resources are limiting
to meet the demand of water for irrigated areas, so
there is need to develop high yielding and better
performing drought resistant cotton varieties to
overcome this problem. Yaseen and Rao (2002)
indicated that cotton yield decreased considerably
when irrigation was not applied at any critical growth
stage. Krieg (1997) indicated that water stress
reduced crop growth rate by reducing size and
number of leaves and photosynthesis. The decrease in
seed cotton yield is mainly due to the reduction in
number of bolls under water stress (Pettigrew, 2004;
Imran, 2012). Availability of variation in cotton
germplasm for moisture stress condition and its
genetic basis is essential for breeding cotton material
having water stress tolerance following conventional
breeding methods. In the previous studies, varied
genotypic responses to water stress conditions, and
the characters are under polygenic control, and these
results indicated improvement in the potential of
upland cotton to cope with less moisture supply may
be possible.
Drought is yield limiting factor, its intensity is
important because even moderate water stress
decrease growth and yield of seed cotton (Heatherly
et al., 1977). Stress tolerance is genetically controlled
and linked with different physiological and
morphological characters of crop plants (Singh,
2004). The present study was planned to examine the
genetic basis of water stress tolerance of twenty five
genotypes using indices of water stress. The relative
data were analyzed following simple genetic model
(Hayman, 1954 a, b; Jinks, 1954).
Material and methods
The present investigations were carried out on the
genetic basis of drought tolerance in upland
cotton in the Department of Plant Breeding and
Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad.
The climatic data were obtained from Agromet
Bullet in Agriculture Meterology Cell, Department
of crop physiology, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Graph of meteorological data for cotton
growing period in 2010.
3. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Kamaran et al.
Page 3
Development of plant material in glasshouse
Five varieties of upland cotton namely MNH-512,
Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78, were
grown in earthen pots with 30 cm height and 35
cm upper diameter. Nine kg soil was filled in
these pots. Soil analyses were done before filling
in the pots. The soil pH (8.4), EC (1.2 dS/m),
organic matter (1.42%), saturation percentage
(31%), phosphorous (28.9 ppm) and potassium
(135 ppm) were noted. Seeds were soaked for eight
hours before sowing. Four seeds were sown 2 cm
deep in each pot and later on at two true leaf
stage, the plants were thinned.
The parents were grown under day length of 14
hours, natural light (PAR raged 1400-1600 µmol
m-2 s-1 at noon) and 65-80 % humidity, under
optimum temperature throughout the growing
period. Water was applied to the earthen pots at
the rate of 1400 mL per pot daily during peak
flowering period and on alternate days during off-
peak flowering period. The period from 50 to 70
days after sowing was considered as peak
flowering period. At peak flowering stage these
varieties were crossed in diallel fashion. At
maturity, seed cotton of ten direct, ten indirect
hybrids and five parents were collected. This
experiment was terminated after 120 days, and
these crosses were ginned and seeds collected
separately.
Assessment of the F1 hybrids in the field
The seeds of 20 F1 crosses and their parents were
planted in two sets in water stressed conditions in the
field during June 2010 in triplicate randomized
complete block design. In each replication, there
were 10 plant spaced 30 cm within row and 75 cm
between the rows. No irrigation was applied
throughout the growth period of entries tested
under drought conditions. At the maturity eight
middle plant were measured for plant height, number
of bolls, boll weight, leaf area index, yield per plant
and ginning percentage. Leaf area index (LAI)),
ginning percentage and water stress tolerance was
calculated by given below formula.
Statistical analysis
Portioned analysis of variance (Steel et al., 1997) was
performed on the data for all the characters in the
order to see whether the genotypic differences are
significant or non-significant. Only significant
genotypic differences allowed use of Hayman-Jinks
additive dominance model for genetic analysis of the
data.
Results
Responses of 20 F1 hybrids and their parents to water
stress conditions were compared with that of
controlled conditions, and this is called relative water
stress tolerance. Partitioned analysis of variance was
performed for the mean squares on different plant
characters. The results showed significant differences
among the 25 genotypes for all the characters
measured under stressed and non-stressed conditions
showing that genotypes performed differently under
stress conditions.
Adequacy of additive-dominance model to the F1
data sets
In order to know how precise the indices of water
stress tolerance based upon various plant
characters of Gossypium hirsutum L. Adequacy of
the additive-dominance model and validity of
some of the assumptions underlying the genetic
model are usually tested by joint regression
analysis (b), of the data. The results of the test are
presented in Table 1. The regression coefficients
(b) of all the characters, described above, deviated
significantly from zero but not from unity. This
property of the regression line indicated the
4. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Kamaran et al.
Page 4
presence of intra-allelic interaction (dominance),
and independent distribution of the genes among
the parents for the traits, and the genes were
independent in action. Further unit slope of
regression lines (b) for all the characters
suggested that all the assumptions underlying the
additive-dominance model were met as suggested
by Hayman, (1954a).
Table 1. Component of variation in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).
Components
No of Bolls Boll Weight
Yield per
plant
Plant
Height
Leaf Area
Index
Ginning %
D = additive Variance 7.18±0.2 95.07±2.9 27.6±3.8 2.58±0.97 1.65±0.12 7.93±0.22
H1= dominance Variance -12.53±0.56 -3.73±7.84 -15.07±10.5 -13.9±2.64 -0.59±0.34 -4.73±0.59
H2= proportion of positive and
negative genes in the parents
-9.6±0.51 -3.98±7.11 -6.2±9.5 -9.42±2.39 -0.42±0.31 -3.3±0.54
F = relative frequency of
dominant and recessive alleles
in the parents
-4.93±0.52 0.66±7.25 -15.9±9.7 -7.91±2.44 -0.5±0.31 -1.6±0.55
E= environmental variance 6.6±0.34 10.78±1.18 16.4±1.5 8.09±0.39 0.53± 3.2 2.7±9.06
√ H1/D = degree of dominance 0.98 0.19 0.74 2.32 0.61 0.77
H2 / 4H1 = proportion of genes
with positive and negative
effects in parents
0.19 0.26 0.1 0.16 0.18 0.17
[√4DH1 + F] / [√4DH1-F] =
proportion of dominant and
recessive genes in the parents
0.58 1.03 0.43 0.20 0.58 0.76
Heritability (ns) 0.57 0.82 0.54 0.34 0.68 0.67
Estimation of components of variation in various
plant characters measured under water stress
condition
The estimation of components of variation in the all
components was made in the Table 1. The results
showed that D was positive (P ≤ 0.05) for all seed
cotton yield components. Similarly H1 and H2 were
non-significant (P > 0.05) for all studied characters.
The extent of D was greater than those of H1 and H2
suggesting that additive gene affect appeared to be
important for controlling number of bolls, boll
weight, yield per plant, plant height, leaf area index
and ginning percentage. The degree of dominance
√H1/D was less than unity, thus showing partial
dominance of genes and this was verified by the slope
of regression line for boll weight, yield per plant, leaf
area index and ginning percentage. While for number
of boll and plant height, it was almost equal to one
and more than one thus showed complete dominance
and over dominance respectively. The genes were
unequally distributed for number boll, plant height,
leaf area index and ginning percentage as their
magnitudes H1 is not equal to H2 with low ratio of
H2/4H1 (0.19) for number of bolls, H2/4H1 (0.16) for
plant height, H2/4H1 (18) for leaf area index and H1 is
greater H2 and the ratio of H2/4H1 is (0.17) for
ginning percentage respectively. Whilst gene were
equally distributed for boll weight and yield per plant
with ratio of H2/4H1 (0.1) and H2/4H1 (0.26)
respectively. The negative value of F supported by low
ratio of [√4DH1+F] / [√ 4DH1-F] for number of bolls
(0.58), yield per plant(0.43), plant height (0.20), leaf
area index (0.58) and ginning percentage (0.78)
which indicated the presence of recessive genes in the
parents controlling the characters. While the positive
F value of boll weight (1.03) showed that the
dominant genes were more significant in the parents.
Due to the presence of additive gene in the genetic
control the estimate of narrow sense heritability for
number of bolls, boll weight, yield per plant, plant
5. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Kamaran et al.
Page 5
height, leaf area index and ginning percentage were
0.57, 0.82, 0.54, 0.34, 0.68 and 0.67, respectively.
The relative distribution of the array points along the
regression line indicated the genetic diversity in the
parental lines for number of bolls (Fig. 2). It is shown
that NIAB-78 being closer to the origin had maximum
number of dominant genes, whilst CIM-482 had
maximum number of recessive genes. The varieties
MS-39, MNH-512 and Arizona-6218 have formed an
intermediate group, having both dominant and
recessive genes in equal proportion. An examination
of the distribution of variety points along the
regression line depicted that there was greater
diversity in the parents for boll weight (Fig. 3) it was
shown that Arizona-6218 possessed the greatest
number of dominant genes, whilst varieties MNH-
512, MS-39 and CIM-482 have gained intermediate
position, and in contrast NIAB-78 contained the
maximum number of recessive genes for boll weight.
The relative positions of array points along the
regression line (Fig. 4) indicate that MS-39 carried
more recessive genes for the character, whereas
Arizona-6218 contained more dominant genes for
yield per plant, and varieties MNH-512, CIM-482 and
NIAB-78, appeared to carry both dominant and
recessive genes. The scatter of varieties in fig. 5
revealed that parents differed widely from each other
with respect to the presence of dominant and
recessive genes. Variety MS-39 contained more
number of dominant genes, and in contrast CIM-482
carried more number of recessive genes for the
character. The remaining varieties i.e., MNH-512,
NIAB-78 and Arizona-6218 appeared to carry both
dominant and recessive genes in the heritance of
plant height. It is clear from fig. 6 that parents
differed from each other with respect to the presence
of dominant and recessive genes. Variety NIAB-78
contained the most dominant genes, and CIM-482
had more number of recessive genes for leaf area
index, while the varieties like MS-39, MNH-482 and
Arizona-6218 contained both dominant and recessive
genes. The relative positions of array points along the
regression line in fig. 7 indicate that MS-39 carried
more number of dominant genes, whereas NIAB-78
contained most recessive genes for ginning
percentage. Varieties MNH-512, CIM-482 and
Arizona-6218 are in the mid-way of the two extremes.
Fig. 2. Wr-Vr graph for number of bolls per plant.
Fig. 3. Wr-Vr graph for boll weight.
Fig. 4. Wr-Vr graph for yield per plant.
6. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Kamaran et al.
Page 6
Fig. 5. Wr-Vr graph for plant height.
Fig. 6. Wr-Vr graph for leaf area index.
Fig. 7. Wr-Vr graph for ginning percentage.
Discussion
Irrigation water for the crops including Gossypium
hirsutum L. is becoming a limiting factor for
exploiting their yield potential throughout the world
and for the same reason a research work was carried
out here to study the genetic basis of variation for
water stress tolerance. The expression of water stress
tolerance in a crop species is a complex trait involving
many plant characters, both physiological and
morphological (Ingram and Bartles, 1996; Cushman
and Bohnert, 2000). However, when a specific and
readily quantifiable physiological mechanism
conferring water stress tolerance is not available, it is
suggested that plant material may be evaluated using
other plant characters of agronomic importance
(Turner, 1986). Data on various plant characters
including yield of seed cotton showed drastic effects
of water stress as compared with those assessed in
non-stressed condition. It has been observed that 25
genotypes responded differently to water stress, and
this indicated the existence of significant analysis of
variation in all the plant characters examined in the
present study. Indices of water stress tolerance
(relative stress tolerance) based upon yield of seed
cotton and its components and leaf area index were
analyzed using partitioned analysis of variance which
again provided a clue of the existence of significant
genotypic differences. Indices of water stress
tolerance has previously been used by Iqbal et al.
(2011) from studying the genetic mechanism
controlling water stress tolerance at seedling stage
and at plant maturity. Therefore, the work reported
has found sufficient instructions for the use of indices
of water stress tolerance to study the genetic basis.
Simple additive-dominance model appeared to be
adequate for analyzing all the plant characters
measured in the present study, and in all these cases
genes acted additively with varying degree of
dominance. It is noted that trend of dominance in
case of number of bolls, boll weight and yield of seed
cotton, were towards the parents with decreasing the
characters, whilst the negative sign of ‘h’ for plant
height and leaf area index is good indication of the
potential of plant material and provided hope for
7. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Kamaran et al.
Page 7
bringing further improvement under water stress
conditions. Results regarding leaf area index in the
analysis of variance suggested that additive variation
was more important for the character. Narrow leaf
varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress
tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and
MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to
water stress. Thus clearly, leaf area may be used as a
tool for the selection of genetic material having
tolerance for water stress. It is encouraging that
inheritance of leaf area index was controlled by the
genes affecting additively, and genetic components
showed partial dominance in the inheritance of the
character. The estimate of narrow sense heritability
for leaf area index was 0.68. The previous studies
showed that high estimates of h2
ns, 0.82 and mode of
gene action proposed that it was possible to improve
drought tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L)
by single plant selection in later segregating
generations (Iqbal et al. 2011).
When a lot of germplasm is available for screening
against any stress condition, a rapid and efficient
technique should be used for the identification of
variation present in the material. The relative values
of 20 F1 hybrids and their five parents grown under
water stressed and controlled conditions in the field
were examined for six morphological characters. This
method distinguished tolerant and susceptible
genotypes. Previously, scientists had studied growth
of cotton to moisture stress (Radin and Ackerson,
1981; Loffroy et al., 1983; Ball et al., 1994). In the
present study, both additive and dominance
properties of the genes appeared to be important for
the variations in the characters related to water stress
tolerance, the genes acting additively showed the
predominance influence on the genetic control of all
these traits. It was also studied that water stress
tolerance cannot be credited to a single genotype due
to its dominance for a single trait; therefore different
parameters were required for evaluation (Al-
Hamdani and Barger, 2003). It has been suggested
that taller varieties with narrow leaves were found
most suitable for water stress environment. The
present results revealed that although plant height,
leaf area index, seed cotton yield, and its components
were reduced due to adverse effects of water stress,
genotypes responded differently and some of the
families like NIAB-78 × NIAB-78, CIM-482 × CIM-
482, NIAB-78 × Arizona-6218, CIM-482 × Arizona-
6218 and NIAB-78 × MS-39 showed have less indices
for water stress tolerance while all the other families
have greater values. It was also found that all the
characters measured under water stress and
controlled conditions, thereby meaning water stress
tolerance, were largely influenced by additive genes.
The previous work on water stress tolerance in cotton
indicated significant variation in material tested
under control and water stressed conditions
(McMichael and Quisenberry, 1991; Ullah et al.,
2008).
In the present study it may be revealed that variation
for water stress tolerance may be present in the
cotton germplasm, and these variations were
measured by genetic analysis of morphological
characters finally, suggesting that all the characters
studied were genetically controlled. These studies
further concluded that morphological traits were
controlled largely by additive genes. However, careful
examination would be helpful in isolating suitable
drought tolerant plants, based upon the heritability
estimate.
Conclusion
Cotton production is mainly affected by several
environmental constraints and water stress is the
major constraint in Pakistan. From this experiment it
may be concluded that drought has drastic effect on
morphological traits and found to be genetically
controlled. Further it was revealed that water stress
tolerance was polygenic complex trait and governed
by additive gene action. In case of number of bolls,
boll weight, yield of seed cotton and ginning out turn,
trend of dominance was towards the decreasing
characters. Negative sign of ‘h’ for plant height, leaf
area index and fiber fineness gave an indication of
potential of plant material for further improvement.
Narrow sense heritability for all the characters
studied was very high suggesting single plant
8. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Kamaran et al.
Page 8
selection in later segregating generation. Assessment
of genotypic responses to water stress in G. hirsutum
is helpful to the breeders for comparing the potential
of varieties/lines of cotton to drought tolerance. The
information derived from these studies may be used
to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could
give economic yield in water stressed conditions of
cotton belt.
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