Week 14 Notes
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This document summarizes notes on human heredity and genetics. It discusses [1] human chromosomes including karyotypes, autosomal and sex chromosomes; [2] transmission of human traits such as dominant/recessive alleles; and [3] some common human genetic disorders like sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington's disease. It also provides an overview of the human genome project, which aimed to identify all human genes, and methods to study and manipulate DNA.
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Offical registration form temp
The 1st Annual Kevin R. Freeman Memorial Scholarship Golf Tournament will be held on May 21, 2012 at Casperkill Country Club Golf Course in Poughkeepsie, NY. The tournament will begin with a driving range opening at 7AM and registration/breakfast starting at 8AM, with a shotgun start at 9AM. The $125 entry fee covers driving range access, green fees, a cart, breakfast, lunch and dinner. Entries are due by April 20, 2012 and should be mailed to the provided address. The tournament format is 4 person teams, and the cancellation policy is outlined. An entry form is provided to register individual players or full teams.
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Chapter 14 cornell notes
Human heredity is determined by chromosomes, which are structures in the nucleus that contain genetic information passed down between generations. A karyotype maps out a person's entire set of chromosomes and can be used to identify genetic disorders. Traits are transmitted through dominant and recessive alleles, codominant alleles, sex-linked inheritance, and X chromosome inactivation. Common genetic disorders include sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington's disease, which result from changes in single genes. Some genetic mutations can provide advantages, like resistance to malaria. The human genome project worked to sequence and identify all human genes to further understand genetic inheritance and open up possibilities for new treatments.
Chapter 14 cornell notes
Human heredity is determined by chromosomes, which are structures in the nucleus that contain genetic information passed down between generations. A karyotype maps out a person's entire set of chromosomes and can be used to identify genetic disorders. Traits are transmitted through dominant and recessive alleles, codominant alleles, sex-linked inheritance, and X chromosome inactivation. Some genetic disorders, like sickle cell disease and cystic fibrosis, are caused by mutations in single genes, while others like Huntington's disease involve repetitive sequences in DNA. The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence and identify all human genes to better understand genetic disorders and advantages.
genome organization described in a lucid fashion
The document discusses genomic structures and functions. It describes that genomes contain DNA and can be linear or circular. It also summarizes that gene expression is tightly regulated through various mechanisms like promoters, enhancers, and methylation. The document concludes by noting that genetic disorders can be caused by changes in chromosome structure or number.
Human genome project
The document discusses the human genome project, which aimed to sequence the entire human genome and identify all human genes. It provides background on the human genome, describing its size, number of genes, and chromosomes. It details the goals and milestones of the human genome project from 1986 to 2003. Vectors like yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were used to clone large fragments of DNA for sequencing.
Human genome project (2) converted
The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA. It originally aimed to map the over three billion nucleotides contained in the human genome. The finished human genome is a mosaic assembled from sequencing a small number of individuals. The project has provided insights into human genetics and disease research.
Biology Finals Study Guide
- Cells face difficulties as they increase in size, including placing more demands on DNA and less efficient nutrient/waste transport. If a cell grows too large without its DNA increasing, an "information crisis" will occur.
- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and found in the early embryo, while adult stem cells are multipotent and found in adult tissues where they generate specialized cell types.
- DNA carries genetic information through genes located on chromosomes. During cell division, chromosomes with one set from each parent separate and cells receive a complete set, maintaining genetic integrity.
Human genome project
The document discusses the human genome project and genome sequencing techniques. It provides details on the salient features of the human genome, goals and milestones of the human genome project. It describes yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which are vectors used for cloning large fragments of genomic DNA. The key differences between YACs and BACs are that YACs can accommodate larger DNA fragments but are less stable than BACs.
MolecularGeneticsUnit4-1_000.pptx
The document provides a history of genetics, beginning with early ideas about inheritance and selective breeding. Major milestones include Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859, Mendel's laws of inheritance in 1866, and the discoveries that DNA is the genetic material and determines its 3D structure. In the 20th century, knowledge advanced with linkage of genes to chromosomes in 1910, discovery that mutations cause genetic change in 1926, and determining the DNA structure and genetic code in 1953 and 1966. Current understanding is that DNA sequences encode instructions to build organisms, with genes expressing via transcription and translation, and inheritance of alleles explaining variation.
Pertemuan 1. history of genetics
1. Genetics has a long history dating back to early animal and plant domestication where selective breeding was used to develop desirable traits.
2. Modern genetics was established in the mid-19th century through Mendel's work on inheritance in pea plants. Major advances in the 20th century included discovering that genes are located on chromosomes and determining the DNA structure.
3. Recent milestones include cloning DNA molecules and sequencing entire genomes, advancing basic research and medical applications. New techniques also raise ethical issues requiring consideration.
Genes and heredity for class 9th
This document provides an overview of genes and heredity. It defines heredity as the passing of traits from parents to offspring via genetic information. A gene is the basic unit of heredity that determines characteristics and is made up of DNA. DNA is found in the cell nucleus and mitochondria, takes the form of a double helix, and contains genetic code in the form of four chemical bases. Genes are packaged into thread-like chromosomes that are found in the nucleus, with humans having 46 total chromosomes in diploid cells. The genotype refers to an organism's full genetic makeup, while the phenotype describes observable traits influenced by both genes and environment. Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance through his experiments with
Pertemuan 2. history of genetics Bu Rani Wulandari
1. The document discusses the history and key discoveries in genetics, including Mendel's work on inheritance in pea plants in the mid-1800s.
2. Major milestones include discoveries about DNA as the genetic material in the mid-1900s, and the sequencing of the human genome in 2001.
3. Genetics has advanced our understanding of heredity and molecular processes through analyzing mutants, mapping genes, and determining gene products and regulation.
3.2 chromosomes
Chromosomes are linear DNA molecules found in eukaryotes that are associated with histone proteins and carry genetic information. Prokaryotes like bacteria have a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are usually diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome, while gametes like eggs and sperm are haploid with one copy. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species but can vary between species. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome.
Numbers in Life: A Statistical Genetic Approach
In this paper, we briefly reviewed the numbers in life from a statistical genetic approach. The human genome comprises of 6 billion chemical bases of DNA. The DNA encodes 30,000 genes. It consists of two parts; the nuclear genome; which consists of 3,200,000,000 nucleotides of DNA, divided into 24 linear molecules, the shortest 50,000,000 nucleotides in length and the longest 260,000,000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome and the mitochondrial genome; which contains approximately 16,600 base pairs encoding 37 genes. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes. However, the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of a person with Down syndrome is 47. The DNA of any two people on Earth is 99.6 percent identical, the 0.4 percent variation represents about 20 million base pairs. Almost all 98 percent of the human DNA is noncoding, while in bacteria, only 2% of the genetic material does not code for anything.
Chapter14worksheets
The document provides an overview of three lessons on human heredity:
1) Human Chromosomes - It describes karyotypes, patterns of inheritance including dominance and sex-linked traits. Pedigrees are used to study human traits.
2) Human Genetic Disorders - Genetic disorders have a molecular basis when changes in DNA alter proteins and phenotypes. Examples include sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington's disease. Chromosomal disorders like Down syndrome can occur from nondisjunction.
3) Studying the Human Genome - The final lesson likely discusses the Human Genome Project which sought to sequence the entire human genome to better understand human genetics.
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdf
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding systems in which DNA
affects phenotype.Describe each process separetly .
2) Describe, in your own words, evolution and how it produces and redistributes variation?
explian each of the four merchanisms of evolution separately.
3) Explain (from an evoluionary point of view) why tuberculosis was not eradicated after the
discovery of antibiotics. What is the current status of tuberculosis treatment? and why are there
increasing problems with treating tuberculosis in different regions of the worldd?
Solution
1.Like every operating things have there specific sequences,our DNA too has a specific sequence
which are called as \'code\'.It is said as \'genetic code\' because it contains all the infoormation of
our genes(characterstics) of our ancestors.These genetic codes are further translated into proteins
by living cells in our body.
Three coding systems in which DNA affects phenotype are:
(i)Mutation-The mutations are called mismatches beacause they are positions ehere the
nucleotide that is inserted into the daughter polynucleotide doesnot match,by base pairing the
nucleotide at corresponding position in the template DNA.If in case the mismatch is obtained
inside the daughter double helix then one of its granddaughter molecules produced during the
next round of DNAreplication will carry a permanent double stranded version of the mutation.
(ii)DNA repair-Every day the genomes face a lot of damages and that doubles when the errors
that occur when the genome replicates.These damages need efficient repair systems.The repair
systems will help the genome to maintain its essentiality of the cellular functions.
(iii)Recombination-The genomes will undergo very slight changes,if the recombination wont
occur.The several accumulation of mutations over a span of time will result in small scale
alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome.But the role of recombination is to
restructing the genome.
2.A period or process by which a living organism goes through different variations since ages is
called as evolution.
Production is something that is produced to come in use of human.The nature starts producing its
raw material into an useful way so that humans can sustain in the present environment.
Redistribution occurs in evolution to achieve greater social equality.This particular thing helps in
distributing all types of genes in order to sustain in the environment.
THe four mechanisms are:
(i)Natural selection-Natural selection is the idea that only the strong can survive.This means that
each generation must pass on anew trait.For example giraff having longer neck. This makes it
easier to reach to the leaves on the top of the tree.But before,the ancestors of giraff were not
having longer necks.
(ii)Geographical isolation-ex-storm,The isolation of the species may led to adapting to different
environments due to geographical isolation.
(iii)Mutation-In whicch a particular phenotype is favour.
introduction, terms, mendelian law, chromosome,karyotyping-Dr.Gourav
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living organisms. Some key events in genetics include Mendel discovering the principles of heredity in 1865 and Watson and Crick determining the structure of DNA in 1953. In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Important parts of chromosomes include the centromere and telomeres. Karyotyping involves analyzing an individual's chromosomes to detect abnormalities. Lyon's hypothesis explains X chromosome inactivation in females.
Human genome project
The document summarizes the human genome project. It discusses that the goal of the project was to map all the genes in the human DNA and determine the sequence of the 3 billion nucleotide base pairs. It was a large international project started in 1990 involving many universities. Some key milestones were determining the genes and their sequences, improving data analysis tools, and addressing ethical issues. The project provided benefits like understanding disease and developing personalized medicine. However, it also raised social issues regarding privacy of genetic data and potential discrimination. The sequencing revealed there are around 30,000 genes but many functions are still unknown. Future challenges include determining non-coding DNA and gene functions.
Bioinformatics sequencing excercise. Sequencing the human genome sta.pdf
Bioinformatics sequencing excercise. Sequencing the human genome started with how many
base pairs? Where are all of those base pairs located? Sequencing that many base pairs was and
still is not feasible. So what did scientists do to begin the international effort to sequence the
genome? What two processes were used to sequence the human genome? What is the difference
between the two processes? Sequencing of the genome helps to know the sequence of the genes
and mapping is to identify location of genes and distance between genes on the chromosomes.
Who was the director of the International Human Genome Sequencing Project? Why is this
process call hierarchical clone by clone sequencing? The DNA is split up into fragments ready
for sequencing. What is the Golden Tiling Path? Where does it fit into the process on the
illustration of the hierarchical clone by clone sequencing process. What is the purpose of using
BACs in the sequencing process? How long are the sequences carried by each BAC clone?
What is un
Solution
1) The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and aimed in sequencing all three billion base
pairs. The genome was broken into 150,000 base pairs in length and then ligated and cloned into
BAC
2) The nucleotides Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and cytosine are located in the DNA in the
nucleus. Mitochondria and chloroplast also carry genetic material as plasmid hence they are self
replicating.
3) The DNA was cut into fragments of 150,000 base pairs and ligated into BAC. They created a
shortgun and assembled and sequenced it.
5)Francis Collins is the director of NHGRI
9) 150,000 base pairs are present in one BAC. it takes about 20,000 different BAC clones to
contain the 3 billion pairs.
Chromosomal Aberration
This document discusses chromosomal aberrations, which are abnormalities in human chromosomes that can cause genetic disorders and developmental issues. It defines two main types: numerical aberrations such as aneuploidy where the wrong number of chromosomes are present, and structural aberrations like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations that change the structure of chromosomes. Some specific chromosomal disorders are described like Cri-du-chat syndrome caused by deletions on chromosome 5. The causes of aberrations include radiation, spontaneous DNA breaks, and chemicals. Methods to detect aberrations include cytogenetic testing and karyotyping. Clinical effects can include birth defects, intellectual disabilities, growth issues, and some cancers.
Chromosomes and genes(DNA & RNA)
The document discusses chromosomes and genes. It begins by explaining that chromosomes are structures found in cell nuclei that carry genetic information. Each chromosome contains many genes. The number of chromosomes varies by species. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Each chromosome contains hundreds or thousands of genes that play roles in development and function. Missing or extra chromosomes can have serious health consequences.
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The document provides information about preparing for an upcoming Chapter 14 exam on Tuesday and discusses blood types. Students are advised to study their notes, worksheets, labs, and in groups to adequately prepare for the exam. It also lists the main blood types (A, B, AB, and O), mentions there are four alleles for the blood type gene, and provides a brief explanation of antigens, antibodies, and how blood typing works using serum reactions to identify blood types.
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Natural selection and evolution are closely related concepts in biology. Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, while evolution refers to changes in populations over many generations as a result of natural selection. While natural selection drives evolutionary change, evolution encompasses broader changes in the genetic makeup of populations and the emergence of new species over time.
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Week 14 Notes
- 1. Friday, February 10, 2012 Chapter 14 Human Heredity Notes 9:55 AM fo How many genes do humans I. Human Chromosomes have? Approx. 22,400 A. Karyotypes 1. Sex Chromosomes What is a Karyotype? An image 2. Autosomal Chromosomes of a human’s entire set of chromosomes What are autosomal cells? Body cells. What are sex cells? Sperm, eggs Why do you need a sex cell? 23(sperm) = 23(egg) = 46 23 pairs only 22 are numbered. rd How many chromosomes do 22 are autosomal chromosomes 23 is you need? 46 the sex chromosomes How many chromosomes do B. Transmission of Human Traits autosomal cells have? 46 1. Dominant and Recessive Alleles 2. Codominant and multiple Alleles How many chromosomes does a sex cell have? 23 What is it called when more autosomal cells are made? Mitosis 3. Sex-linked Inheritance What is it called when more sex 4. X-Chromosome Inactivation cells are made? Meiosis C. Human Pedigrees What is sickle cell disease? II. Human Genetic Disorders (more common in Africans and A. From Molecule to Phenotype(looks) Asians) 1. Disorders Caused by Individual Sickle Cell disease is a disorder Genes where your red blood cells a. Sickle Cell Disease harden and become shaped b. Cystic Fibrosis irregularly. Can damage blood c. Huntington’s disease flow (capillaries) Chromosomes(protein and DNA) made up of genes, genes made up of pure DNA Genome – all of a living things genes Karyotype – an image of a human’s entire set of chromosomes Alleles – 2 alleles make up a genes asasdsad
- 2. 2. Genetic Advantages What is Cystic Fibrosis? a. Malaria and Sickle Cell Disease (more common in europeans) (sickle cell prevents Malaria) b. Typhoid and Cystic Fibrosis Allows chlorine ions into lungs. (CF presents typhoid) Huntington’s Disease B. Chromosomal Disorders Brain malfucntions. Muscle III. Studying the Human Genome spasms. Loss of memory. A. Manipulating DNA (figure 14-11/12) Dillusion. 1. Cutting DNA(restriction enzymes) 2. Seperating DNA (gelelectrophoresis) What is the Human Genome 3. Reading DNA (computers) Project? PCR (poly-chain reaction and polyfication) An International-Collaboration B. The Human Genome Project Project that’s goal was to (started in 1990 completed in 2003) identify all of the human genes. 1. Sequencing and Identifying Genes GenBank all sequence 2. Comparing Sequences International hap-map project began in 2002 (identifying Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SNPs) 3. Sharing Data Bioinformatics (new category of biology called genomics) 4. What We Have Learned 5. New Questions? 6. What’s Next? More sequencing projects. 3billion letters total 3million different between humans