Chromosomes occupy preferred positions within the cell nucleus rather than being randomly arranged. Recent advances in 3D imaging technology have revealed that chromosomes interact physically with neighboring chromosomes and genes migrate within the nucleus depending on their function. A chromosome's position can influence whether the genes it carries are active or inactive, providing insights into gene regulation and how some diseases like cancer arise.
Abnormalities 0f mitotis By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS MITOSIS
PHASES OF CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS
SOURCE & REASON OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOSIS IN PLANTS
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMALS & HUMAN BEINGS
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR MITOTIC ABNORMALITY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
This document provides an introduction to apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It discusses how apoptosis is important for homeostasis and shaping tissues during development. Apoptosis is a highly regulated process where cells self-degrade through molecular machinery like caspases. The document outlines the molecular pathways of apoptosis, including the extrinsic, intrinsic, and execution pathways. It also discusses apoptosis in animals, plants, and the roles of autophagy and caspase enzymes.
The document provides an overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis. It discusses that eukaryotic cells pass through several phases (G1, S, G2, M) in the cell cycle. The S phase involves DNA replication, while mitosis (M phase) involves nuclear division and cytokinesis. Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives a full copy of DNA through processes like prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division. The cell cycle and mitosis allow for growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Biotechnology III sem Practical manual MSCW Mysore
This document contains laboratory protocols for experiments in cell biology and genetics. It includes procedures for observing mitosis in onion root tip cells using a squash technique, studying meiosis in onion flower bud cells using a permanent slide, examining Barr bodies in human buccal smear cells, and isolating chloroplasts from spinach leaves and mitochondria from yeast cells through differential centrifugation. The document provides detailed methodologies, materials required, and expected observations for each experiment to analyze key cellular processes like the cell cycle, meiosis, and intracellular organelle isolation.
The document discusses the origin of cells. It states that the first cell must have arisen from non-living materials and that all subsequent cells come from pre-existing cells, as demonstrated by Pasteur's experiments. It describes the endosymbiotic theory, which explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells through the engulfment of bacteria that became mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes the similarities in size, structure, DNA, and division of mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacteria.
Abnormalities 0f mitotis By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS MITOSIS
PHASES OF CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS
SOURCE & REASON OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOSIS IN PLANTS
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMALS & HUMAN BEINGS
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR MITOTIC ABNORMALITY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
This document provides an introduction to apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It discusses how apoptosis is important for homeostasis and shaping tissues during development. Apoptosis is a highly regulated process where cells self-degrade through molecular machinery like caspases. The document outlines the molecular pathways of apoptosis, including the extrinsic, intrinsic, and execution pathways. It also discusses apoptosis in animals, plants, and the roles of autophagy and caspase enzymes.
The document provides an overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis. It discusses that eukaryotic cells pass through several phases (G1, S, G2, M) in the cell cycle. The S phase involves DNA replication, while mitosis (M phase) involves nuclear division and cytokinesis. Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives a full copy of DNA through processes like prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division. The cell cycle and mitosis allow for growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Biotechnology III sem Practical manual MSCW Mysore
This document contains laboratory protocols for experiments in cell biology and genetics. It includes procedures for observing mitosis in onion root tip cells using a squash technique, studying meiosis in onion flower bud cells using a permanent slide, examining Barr bodies in human buccal smear cells, and isolating chloroplasts from spinach leaves and mitochondria from yeast cells through differential centrifugation. The document provides detailed methodologies, materials required, and expected observations for each experiment to analyze key cellular processes like the cell cycle, meiosis, and intracellular organelle isolation.
The document discusses the origin of cells. It states that the first cell must have arisen from non-living materials and that all subsequent cells come from pre-existing cells, as demonstrated by Pasteur's experiments. It describes the endosymbiotic theory, which explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells through the engulfment of bacteria that became mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes the similarities in size, structure, DNA, and division of mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacteria.
Wiki glossary epigenetic control of gene expressionBárbara Pérez
This document is a glossary defining terms related to epigenetics and gene expression. It defines over 80 key terms concisely, including definitions for adenosine triphosphate, alleles, autosomes, Barr body, bisulfite sequencing, blastocyst, boundary element, central dogma, chromatin, chromosome, cytosine methylation, DNA methylation, epigenetic reprogramming, epigenetics, embryonic stem cells, euchromatin, gene, genomic imprinting, histones, homologous chromosomes, imprinted genes, meiosis, mitosis, mRNA, nucleosome, placenta, and pluripotent cells. The glossary provides succinct yet informative definitions for fundamental concepts in molecular biology
The document discusses different types of microorganisms. It describes that microorganisms are classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes that lack membrane-bound organelles, while Eukarya are eukaryotes that have organelles like the nucleus. The document also discusses key differences between bacterial and archaeal cell structures, as well as characteristics of different bacterial shapes, cell walls, staining, growth cycles, and nutrient requirements.
This document summarizes recent evidence that the arrangement of chromosomes, gene loci, and nuclear bodies within the cell nucleus is not random but rather exhibits spatial organization that influences gene expression and nuclear processes. Techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromosome conformation capture have provided insights into the positioning of chromosomes and genes relative to nuclear landmarks. Chromosomes occupy distinct territories within the nucleus and preferentially localize near the nuclear interior or periphery depending on their gene content. Association with nuclear subcompartments such as the nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, nucleoli, and polycomb bodies can impact the transcriptional state of genes and chromatin domains. Advances in genome-wide and time-lapse imaging approaches are helping to further characterize nuclear organization
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts about cells. It begins by defining a cell and describing the main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. It then discusses the main components of cells, including the cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, cell wall, extracellular matrix, and cell junctions. For each topic, it provides brief explanations and examples. Interactive questions are included throughout to test understanding. The goal is to introduce the fundamental building blocks and structures that make up prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
bacteria reproduce by binary fission , which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. it occurs through formation of the Z ring that recruits additional proteins to form the septa ring.
Molecular different between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Henrietta Lacks' immortal HeLa cells are used widely in medical research to study cancer, viruses, and other cell processes. Cells reproduce through mitosis, which duplicates DNA and divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis maintains the chromosome number while meiosis halves it, producing gametes for sexual reproduction. Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions, mixing parental chromosomes and alleles in offspring.
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its components, and the mitotic stage where the cell divides.
2) Mitosis involves the equal separation of chromosomes into two daughter nuclei, followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm.
3) Cell cycle progression is regulated by both internal and external signals, such as cyclins and growth factors, to ensure DNA replication and cell division occur at the proper times.
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes that protect genetic material during cell division. As cells divide, telomeres slowly shorten due to the inability of DNA replication to fully copy chromosome ends. Eventually telomeres become so short that cells can no longer divide, leading to cellular aging. In most human cells, the enzyme telomerase is turned off, contributing to telomere shortening with each cell division. However, telomerase is active in approximately 90% of cancer cells, allowing them to divide indefinitely and overcome the natural limits of cellular replication. Telomere shortening may promote cancer by causing chromosome instability when telomeres become dysfunctional. Maintaining telomere length through telomerase
Theories regarding origin of Mitochondria and ChloroplastsGuttiPavan
The document summarizes the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. It states that mitochondria likely evolved from aerobic prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells, eventually becoming specialized organelles. Similarly, chloroplasts may have evolved from photosynthetic prokaryotes that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells already containing mitochondria. This endosymbiotic theory was first proposed by Lynn Margulis and has received significant evidentiary support.
Aim1: To study the method of genome identification through ENSEMBL browser.
Aim2: To study the method of genome identification through VISTA.
Aim3: To study the method of genome identification through UCSC Genome Browser.
Aim4: To study the method of genome and amino acid sequences through UCSC Genome Browser.
This document discusses characterization of stem cells. It describes stem cell characteristics like being undifferentiated, capable of self-renewal, and having potential to differentiate. Key methods of characterization discussed are genetic analysis like karyotyping and SNP analysis, proteomic analysis of cell surface markers and transcription factors using flow cytometry and FACS, and morphological analysis. Characterization is important for applications like regenerative medicine, drug testing, and disease modeling.
Cell division is essential but must be controlled. There are two phases of cell division - interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the non-dividing phase where the cell grows and carries out normal functions. Mitosis is the dividing phase where the nucleus divides into two identical daughter nuclei through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. Chromosomes condense through supercoiling during mitosis. Cyclins control progression through the cell cycle. Mutations from mutagens can lead to cancer development if they occur in oncogenes and are not repaired. Smoking strongly correlates with increased lung cancer rates, with a lag time between smoking and cancer development
The document describes the intracellular organization of a liver cell (hepatocyte). It includes a table showing the relative volumes occupied by major intracellular compartments, including the cytosol (54% of cell volume), mitochondria (22%), rough endoplasmic reticulum (9%), and nucleus (6%). It notes that the endoplasmic reticulum forms a single large compartment, while the Golgi apparatus is organized into discrete stacked cisternae.
This document provides an overview of a course on cytology and cell physiology. It discusses the basic structure and functions of cells, including the evolution of the cell theory and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Theories on the origin of life and cells are presented, including the serial endosymbiosis theory. Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are described. The document concludes with assessments for the course.
The document summarizes the replication process of DNA and viruses. It describes how DNA replicates semi-conservatively to produce two identical copies. Viruses like bacteriophage T4 and plant virus TMV are then discussed, with T4 exhibiting a lytic cycle where it hijacks the host cell to produce new virus particles that ultimately burst the cell, while TMV has an RNA genome and protein coat. The stages of viral replication including attachment, penetration, replication of the genome, and assembly of new virus particles are also outlined.
Comparative cytology provides evidence that all living organisms are related. All cells share fundamental components and processes, such as a DNA-RNA-protein system, double-layered lipid membranes, and utilizing the glycolytic pathway. These universal cellular features demonstrate the interconnectedness of biological forms. Genetics also provides evidence of evolution through heredity and variation. Recombination during hybridization creates new genetic combinations, while mutations introduce novel genetic material. Artificial selection in domesticated plants and animals mirrors the effects of natural selection in producing a diversity of varieties adapted for different purposes from common ancestors.
1) Mice lacking the inhibitory synapse cell adhesion molecule neuroligin 2 (NL2) were found to exhibit increased anxiety-like behavior.
2) While these NL2-deficient mice appeared to have a decrease in the density of inhibitory synaptic puncta, electron microscopy revealed no actual change in inhibitory synapse numbers.
3) This suggests that NL2 deletion impairs the function of inhibitory synapses without decreasing their numbers, and this decrease in inhibitory synaptic function correlates with increased anxiety in the mice.
The document discusses CodersTrust, a global framework that aims to democratize access to tech-based education and entrepreneurship in emerging markets. CodersTrust works as a funding platform where students can receive financial study aid to cover living and education expenses. In exchange, students repay a portion of their earnings from online workplaces once employed. The organization piloted in Bangladesh and connects students to online work and educational opportunities to improve wages and economic prospects over time.
Cronología de la Cohetería, el Vuelo y la Exploración Espacial: 1806 - 8 de O...Champs Elysee Roldan
Cronología de la Cohetería, el Vuelo y la Exploración Espacial.
Por: Campo Elías Roldán
Ingeniero Mecánico U.de.A.
SOCIEDAD JULIO GARAVITO PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA ASTRONOMIA
INGES AEROSPACE (INGENIERÍA ESPECIALIZADA AEROESPACIAL.)
INCAES AEROSPACE (INGENIERÍA DE CAMPO AEROESPACIAL)
1806 – 8 de Octubre: Primer Uso a Gran Escala de Cohetes por los Británicos
Wiki glossary epigenetic control of gene expressionBárbara Pérez
This document is a glossary defining terms related to epigenetics and gene expression. It defines over 80 key terms concisely, including definitions for adenosine triphosphate, alleles, autosomes, Barr body, bisulfite sequencing, blastocyst, boundary element, central dogma, chromatin, chromosome, cytosine methylation, DNA methylation, epigenetic reprogramming, epigenetics, embryonic stem cells, euchromatin, gene, genomic imprinting, histones, homologous chromosomes, imprinted genes, meiosis, mitosis, mRNA, nucleosome, placenta, and pluripotent cells. The glossary provides succinct yet informative definitions for fundamental concepts in molecular biology
The document discusses different types of microorganisms. It describes that microorganisms are classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes that lack membrane-bound organelles, while Eukarya are eukaryotes that have organelles like the nucleus. The document also discusses key differences between bacterial and archaeal cell structures, as well as characteristics of different bacterial shapes, cell walls, staining, growth cycles, and nutrient requirements.
This document summarizes recent evidence that the arrangement of chromosomes, gene loci, and nuclear bodies within the cell nucleus is not random but rather exhibits spatial organization that influences gene expression and nuclear processes. Techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromosome conformation capture have provided insights into the positioning of chromosomes and genes relative to nuclear landmarks. Chromosomes occupy distinct territories within the nucleus and preferentially localize near the nuclear interior or periphery depending on their gene content. Association with nuclear subcompartments such as the nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, nucleoli, and polycomb bodies can impact the transcriptional state of genes and chromatin domains. Advances in genome-wide and time-lapse imaging approaches are helping to further characterize nuclear organization
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts about cells. It begins by defining a cell and describing the main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. It then discusses the main components of cells, including the cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, cell wall, extracellular matrix, and cell junctions. For each topic, it provides brief explanations and examples. Interactive questions are included throughout to test understanding. The goal is to introduce the fundamental building blocks and structures that make up prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
bacteria reproduce by binary fission , which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. it occurs through formation of the Z ring that recruits additional proteins to form the septa ring.
Molecular different between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Henrietta Lacks' immortal HeLa cells are used widely in medical research to study cancer, viruses, and other cell processes. Cells reproduce through mitosis, which duplicates DNA and divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis maintains the chromosome number while meiosis halves it, producing gametes for sexual reproduction. Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions, mixing parental chromosomes and alleles in offspring.
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its components, and the mitotic stage where the cell divides.
2) Mitosis involves the equal separation of chromosomes into two daughter nuclei, followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm.
3) Cell cycle progression is regulated by both internal and external signals, such as cyclins and growth factors, to ensure DNA replication and cell division occur at the proper times.
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes that protect genetic material during cell division. As cells divide, telomeres slowly shorten due to the inability of DNA replication to fully copy chromosome ends. Eventually telomeres become so short that cells can no longer divide, leading to cellular aging. In most human cells, the enzyme telomerase is turned off, contributing to telomere shortening with each cell division. However, telomerase is active in approximately 90% of cancer cells, allowing them to divide indefinitely and overcome the natural limits of cellular replication. Telomere shortening may promote cancer by causing chromosome instability when telomeres become dysfunctional. Maintaining telomere length through telomerase
Theories regarding origin of Mitochondria and ChloroplastsGuttiPavan
The document summarizes the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. It states that mitochondria likely evolved from aerobic prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells, eventually becoming specialized organelles. Similarly, chloroplasts may have evolved from photosynthetic prokaryotes that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells already containing mitochondria. This endosymbiotic theory was first proposed by Lynn Margulis and has received significant evidentiary support.
Aim1: To study the method of genome identification through ENSEMBL browser.
Aim2: To study the method of genome identification through VISTA.
Aim3: To study the method of genome identification through UCSC Genome Browser.
Aim4: To study the method of genome and amino acid sequences through UCSC Genome Browser.
This document discusses characterization of stem cells. It describes stem cell characteristics like being undifferentiated, capable of self-renewal, and having potential to differentiate. Key methods of characterization discussed are genetic analysis like karyotyping and SNP analysis, proteomic analysis of cell surface markers and transcription factors using flow cytometry and FACS, and morphological analysis. Characterization is important for applications like regenerative medicine, drug testing, and disease modeling.
Cell division is essential but must be controlled. There are two phases of cell division - interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the non-dividing phase where the cell grows and carries out normal functions. Mitosis is the dividing phase where the nucleus divides into two identical daughter nuclei through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. Chromosomes condense through supercoiling during mitosis. Cyclins control progression through the cell cycle. Mutations from mutagens can lead to cancer development if they occur in oncogenes and are not repaired. Smoking strongly correlates with increased lung cancer rates, with a lag time between smoking and cancer development
The document describes the intracellular organization of a liver cell (hepatocyte). It includes a table showing the relative volumes occupied by major intracellular compartments, including the cytosol (54% of cell volume), mitochondria (22%), rough endoplasmic reticulum (9%), and nucleus (6%). It notes that the endoplasmic reticulum forms a single large compartment, while the Golgi apparatus is organized into discrete stacked cisternae.
This document provides an overview of a course on cytology and cell physiology. It discusses the basic structure and functions of cells, including the evolution of the cell theory and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Theories on the origin of life and cells are presented, including the serial endosymbiosis theory. Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are described. The document concludes with assessments for the course.
The document summarizes the replication process of DNA and viruses. It describes how DNA replicates semi-conservatively to produce two identical copies. Viruses like bacteriophage T4 and plant virus TMV are then discussed, with T4 exhibiting a lytic cycle where it hijacks the host cell to produce new virus particles that ultimately burst the cell, while TMV has an RNA genome and protein coat. The stages of viral replication including attachment, penetration, replication of the genome, and assembly of new virus particles are also outlined.
Comparative cytology provides evidence that all living organisms are related. All cells share fundamental components and processes, such as a DNA-RNA-protein system, double-layered lipid membranes, and utilizing the glycolytic pathway. These universal cellular features demonstrate the interconnectedness of biological forms. Genetics also provides evidence of evolution through heredity and variation. Recombination during hybridization creates new genetic combinations, while mutations introduce novel genetic material. Artificial selection in domesticated plants and animals mirrors the effects of natural selection in producing a diversity of varieties adapted for different purposes from common ancestors.
1) Mice lacking the inhibitory synapse cell adhesion molecule neuroligin 2 (NL2) were found to exhibit increased anxiety-like behavior.
2) While these NL2-deficient mice appeared to have a decrease in the density of inhibitory synaptic puncta, electron microscopy revealed no actual change in inhibitory synapse numbers.
3) This suggests that NL2 deletion impairs the function of inhibitory synapses without decreasing their numbers, and this decrease in inhibitory synaptic function correlates with increased anxiety in the mice.
The document discusses CodersTrust, a global framework that aims to democratize access to tech-based education and entrepreneurship in emerging markets. CodersTrust works as a funding platform where students can receive financial study aid to cover living and education expenses. In exchange, students repay a portion of their earnings from online workplaces once employed. The organization piloted in Bangladesh and connects students to online work and educational opportunities to improve wages and economic prospects over time.
Cronología de la Cohetería, el Vuelo y la Exploración Espacial: 1806 - 8 de O...Champs Elysee Roldan
Cronología de la Cohetería, el Vuelo y la Exploración Espacial.
Por: Campo Elías Roldán
Ingeniero Mecánico U.de.A.
SOCIEDAD JULIO GARAVITO PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA ASTRONOMIA
INGES AEROSPACE (INGENIERÍA ESPECIALIZADA AEROESPACIAL.)
INCAES AEROSPACE (INGENIERÍA DE CAMPO AEROESPACIAL)
1806 – 8 de Octubre: Primer Uso a Gran Escala de Cohetes por los Británicos
Cronología de la Coheteria, el Vuelo y la Exploración Espacial:1804 - William...Champs Elysee Roldan
Este documento presenta una cronología de los principales hitos en el desarrollo de la cohetería, el vuelo y la exploración espacial. Comienza describiendo cómo William Congreve describió los principios de la cohetería en 1804, basándose en los cohetes utilizados por los indios en Mysore en 1792. Congreve diseñó un cohete de 14 kg con un alcance de 1.829 metros. A mediados de 1806, el Arsenal de Woolwich había producido más de 13.000 cohetes según el diseño de Congreve de 14
- The document provides an update on the Eastern Academic Scholars' Trust (EAST) project, which aims to analyze over 20 million monographs held by participating libraries to make retention commitments and reduce unnecessary duplication.
- Major milestones since July 2014 include BLC becoming the host institution, requesting formal commitments from libraries, and submitting iterative proposals to the Mellon Foundation for anticipated funding.
- The goals of EAST are to analyze collections, design a validation study, secure retention commitments, finalize policies and business model, and explore relationships with other shared print programs.
- Collection analysis will be conducted by Sustainable Collections Services and compare holdings of 40 participating libraries. Retention commitments will be for a minimum of 15 years.
-
The document promotes the MatureWALK program which aims to help students become leaders, innovators, and experimenters by providing experiences that lead to maturity rather than blindness in career decisions and life. The program invites students to shadow professionals for a short time in order to gain real-world experience and shape a fruitful future. It encourages giving the new generation a chance and believes the program is needed by both students and society.
Future of text analysis forrester briefingStuart Shulman
Dr. Stuart Shulman gave a presentation on the future of text analysis. He discussed how text analysis tools will enable quicker processing and more accurate results through features like advanced search, metadata tagging, and active machine learning. Projects will leverage user credentials to control access and allow for shared analysis across distributed teams. Text from various sources will be imported into a unified repository for eDiscovery and search. DiscoverText was introduced as a tool that incorporates these capabilities.
Citizen Voices in a Networked Age of #BigDataStuart Shulman
A talk prepared for the Citizen Voices Conference sponsored by the World Bank:
http://live.worldbank.org/citizen-voices-conference-webcast-and-live-blog
The document is a resource list compiled by Barbara Ruhs, a supermarket dietitian, containing recommended books, publications, research articles, and other resources related to nutrition and the supermarket industry. It includes lists of books on topics like food marketing and consumer behavior. Sections also provide lists of publications, nutrition labeling systems, store tour materials, industry organizations, and social media resources. The document aims to be a comprehensive guide for those in the supermarket industry.
The document discusses the branding elements for a company called Chocolate Lemon, including its unique name which references two founders, its abstract logo showing chocolate and lemon in a bowl, and its tagline "The best website you've never heard of." The company aims to foster gaming community through hosting local events and covering industry conventions. Competitors like Kotaku and CineMassacre are also analyzed.
This document provides guidance on creating a college support team to help students achieve their academic goals. It recommends that freshmen orient themselves to campus, set goals, take placement tests, register for classes, and utilize tutoring and office hours. It also stresses the importance of identifying one's values and natural skills through aptitude tests to guide goal-setting. Once goals are set, students should build a network of support by identifying people both within and outside of the college community who can help, such as parents, friends, faculty, staff, tutors, student groups, alumni, and community organizations. Creating an effective support system is key to success, but students must also work to help others establish their own support systems to help the community
This document appears to be pages from a child's alphabet workbook. It includes instructions to trace each letter of the alphabet with examples, spaces to practice writing the letters, and prompts to draw pictures starting with each letter. The child traces letters, writes their name and grade, and is congratulated at the end for completing the alphabet book.
- The document provides guidelines for identifying buy and sell setups using FDates (Future Turn Dates) to time the market and anticipate reversals in trend direction.
- It defines key terms like reversal bars, swing tops and bottoms, and explains how to identify when buyers or sellers have control based on highs and lows.
- Buy setups occur when price bars inside an FDate are controlled by sellers and form above the last swing bottom reversal bar. Sell setups occur when price bars inside an FDate are controlled by buyers and form below the last swing top reversal bar.
The document discusses the concept of an "ancient virus world" based on comparative genomic data. It proposes that several genes central to viral replication and structure are shared by many diverse virus groups but are missing from cellular genomes, suggesting these genes evolved prior to cells in a primordial pool of genetic elements from which both viruses and cells descended. This "virus world" concept is linked to models of early evolution involving an extensively recombining precellular gene pool and the origin of eukaryotic cells through archaeal-bacterial symbiosis, providing a coherent picture of the deep evolutionary history of life.
Eden cc mat - social media course 2 Facebook for biz jun 15, 2011ktramble
The document is a presentation on using Facebook for business. It provides statistics on Facebook usage, such as 250 million mobile users and 150 million US users. It explains the key components of Facebook like profiles, pages, and places. It also outlines how to create a Facebook page and setup deals to promote a business. The presentation provides examples of deals from companies like The Gap, Palms Hotel, and McDonalds.
Cell DivisionCell Division in ProkaryotesBinary FissionDefMaximaSheffield592
Cell Division
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Binary Fission
Definition
Bacterial cells divide by a method of asexual reproduction known as binary fission. Fission means splitting. So in the process the genetic material is replicated, the cell grows larger and then splits into two.
Genetic Material of the Bacterial Cell
The genetic information of a bacterial cell exists as a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells; they lack a nucleus. The DNA of the bacterial cell is not surrounded by and enclosed within a nuclear membrane. It lies free within the protoplasm of the bacterial cell. Although the bacterial cell lacks a nucleus, the area of the cell protoplasm where the nucleus is found is called the nucleoid.
Prior to the Division of the Cell the DNA must be Doubled
Prior to the division of the bacterial cell, the DNA must be replicated, producing two copies that can be equally distributed to each of the two daughter cells. Replication of the DNA at a specific site on the DNA molecule called the origin of replication. The replication enzymes copy the DNA of both strands, moving around the circular DNA in both directions simultaneously until a specific site of termination is reached. When these enzymes have proceeded all the way around the circle of DNA, the cell possesses two copies of the genome. These “daughter” genomes are attached side-by-side to the plasma membrane.
Elongation of the Cell and Segregation of DNA to Opposite Ends of the Cell
As the DNA replicates, the cell elongates. The two circular molecules of DNA now separate and move apart toward opposite ends of the cell.
Fission of the Cell into two Daughter Cells
After the DNA molecules have been segregated to opposite ends of the cell, the bacterial cell will divide to form two daughter cells. Then a group of proteins that will operate together to separate the cell into two assemble at the site of separation. A key component of this group of division machinery proteins is the protein FtsZ. FtsZ proteins begin the separation process by forming a ring in the middle of the cell. Other components of the division apparatus then join the FtsZ ring, forming new plasma membrane that separates the cytoplasm into the two cells. This is followed by the formation of cell wall material in the separation zones. The result of the process of binary fission is two cells, each with its own circular, double stranded, DNA molecule.
The cell will now begin to split into two cells by a process called septation. This occurs as a septum forms in the middle of the cell. A protein called FtsZ forms a ring in the middle of the cell. As this process proceeds, the cell lays down new plasma membrane and cell wall materials in the zone between the attachment sites of the two daughter genomes. A new plasma membrane grows between the genomes; eventually, it reaches all the way into the center of the cell, dividing it in two. B ...
This document discusses the process of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. It describes the phases of mitosis (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), the key events that occur in each phase, and how it results in two identical daughter cells. It also discusses the cell cycle and its role in growth, tissue repair, and reproduction. Additionally, it covers the causes of cancer and characteristics of cancer cells. Finally, it provides an example of a research project design for students on the topic of cancer.
This document discusses the process of cell division and cancer. It describes the phases of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is then described in the phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and two daughter cells are formed. Cancer occurs when cells lose cell cycle controls and continue dividing uncontrollably, forming tumors that can metastasize. The document provides an example student research project on cancer that evaluates aspects of design, content, organization, and presentation.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 1.6 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
The document discusses chromosomes and genes. It begins by explaining that chromosomes are structures found in cell nuclei that carry genetic information. Each chromosome contains many genes. The number of chromosomes varies by species. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Each chromosome contains hundreds or thousands of genes that play roles in development and function. Missing or extra chromosomes can have serious health consequences.
DNA
its Discovery
Who Discovered DNA?
Credit for who first identified DNA is often mistakenly given to James Watson and Francis Crick, who just furthered Miescher’s discovery with their own groundbreaking research nearly 100 years later. Watson and Crick contributed largely to our understanding of DNA in terms of genetic inheritance, but much like Miescher, long before their work, others also made great advancements in and contributions to the field.
In 1866, before many significant discoveries and findings, Gregor Mendel was the first to suggest that characteristics are passed down from generation to generation. Mendel coined the terms as recessive and dominant.
In 1869, Friedrich Miescher identified the “nuclein” by isolating a molecule from a cell nucleus that would later become known as DNA.
In 1881, Nobel Prize winner and German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, who is credited with naming DNA, identified nuclein as a nucleic acid. He also isolated those five nitrogen bases that are now considered to be the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U) in case of RNA).
In 1882, Walther Fleming devoted research and time to cytology, which is the study of chromosomes. He discovered mitosis in 1882 when he was the first biologist to execute a wholly systematic study of the division of chromosomes. His observations that chromosomes double is significant to the later discovered theory of inheritance.
In Early 1900s, Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton were independently working on what’s now known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory, or the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Their findings are fundamental in our understanding of how chromosomes carry genetic material and pass it down from one generation to the next.
In 1902, Mendel’s theories were finally associated with a human disease by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, who published the first findings from a study on recessive inheritance in human beings in 1902. Garrod opened the door for our understanding of genetic disorders resulting from errors in chemical pathways in the body.
In 1944, Oswald Avery first outlined DNA as the transforming principle, which essentially means that DNA transform cell properties.
This mitosis Power point will enhance all individuals who were unsure about some of the things in mitosis as they explain the mitosis process very precise.
This document discusses the process of cell division through mitosis and cytokinesis. It begins by explaining how chromosomes form in the cell nucleus and describes the number of chromosomes in human and other organisms. It then provides details about each phase of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The roles and key events of each phase are summarized. The document also discusses the role of cell division in growth, tissue repair and reproduction. It notes some differences between mitosis in somatic and sex cells. Finally, it briefly touches on cancer and how cancer cells differ from normal cells in their uncontrolled growth and ability to invade other tissues.
The document discusses pedigree and genes, including the chance that three children will be heterozygous if their parents are heterozygous for a gene. It then provides information on pedigrees, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed down based on whether alleles are dominant or recessive. The document also discusses chromosomes, including their structure, number and size in different species. It summarizes the early discoveries around chromosomes and genes, including linkage of genes to chromosomes through experiments in fruit flies. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of heredity through pedigrees and genes and their relationship to chromosome structure.
1. The document describes different types of asexual and sexual reproduction in organisms like paramecium, yeast, and hydra.
2. It also summarizes the stages of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle, including interphase and mitosis.
3. Key aspects of chromosomes are explained, such as genes, centromeres, telomeres, and karyotypes. The stages of mitotic cell division and cytokinesis in animal and plant cells are outlined.
1. The document describes different types of asexual and sexual reproduction in organisms like paramecium, yeast, and hydra.
2. It also summarizes the stages of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle, including interphase and mitosis.
3. Key aspects of chromosomes are explained, such as genes, centromeres, telomeres, and karyotypes. The stages of mitotic cell division and cytokinesis in animal and plant cells are outlined.
The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence the entire human genome. Over a decade, more than 1,100 scientists from around the world collaborated to decode over 3 billion letters of genetic code. This provided insights into human development and held promise to discover the genetic causes of diseases and develop new treatments. However, the project also raised ethical issues such as potential for genetic discrimination and "designer babies".
The Greek words "Chroma," which means colour, and "Soma," which means body, were combined to create the English word "chromosome." They are distinct cell organelles made of chromatin, the most significant and durable component of the cell nucleus. They have the ability to reproduce themselves. They are important for differentiation, heredity, mutation, and evolution and regulate the structure and metabolism of cells.
General History of Chromosomes
Nuclear filaments were found by W. Hofmeister in the Tradescantia pollen mother cells' nuclei in 1848. W. Flemming conducted the first precise chromosome count in a cell's nucleus in 1882. W. Flemming, Evan Beneden, and E. Strasburger showed in 1884 that the chromosomes double in number during mitosis through longitudinal division. Beneden discovered that each species had a fixed number of chromosomes in 1887. W. Waldeyer first used the term "chromosomes" for the nuclear filaments in 1888. The role of chromosomes in heredity was first proposed by W.S. Sutton and T. Boveri in 1902, and it was later supported by Morgan in 1933.
In viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes, chromosome structures differ.
1. Viral chromosome- In viruses, each chromosome contains a single nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA), which is encased in a protein coat known as the capsid. It could be circular or linear. The term "DNA virus" refers to viruses with DNA as their genetic material, while the term "RNA virus" refers to viruses with RNA as their genetic material. The viral chromosome contains a small amount of genetic material that primarily regulates the generation of additional identical virus particles in the host cell. In RNA viruses, the RNA frequently instructs the host's reverse transcription process to create DNA that is complementary to itself.
The DNA then uses the RNA to create new viral particles by transcribing it. Retroviruses are one type of ribovirus. A retrovirus is what causes AIDS.
2. Prokaryotic chromosomes- A single circular two-stranded DNA molecule found on prokaryotic chromosomes, such as those found in bacteria, is not encased by any membrane. It is in direct contact with the cytoplasm and is protein-free.
Some RNA that seems to form a core encases the bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid. At some point, it is anchored permanently to the plasma membrane. Most bacterial cells also contain some extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that are double stranded and circular but much smaller in size than the main chromosome. Plasmids are the name for them.
The plasmid can appear on its own in the cytoplasm of cells or it can also be discovered in associated with the main chromosomal DNA and is known as an episome.
3. Eukaryotic chromosomes- The nucleus and some other organelles, like mitochondria and plastids, contain the eukaryotic chromosomes. Nuclear and extra nuclear chromosomes are the names given to these chromosomes, respectively.
Double-stranded, linear, long DNA molecules make up nuclear chromosomes. They are
This document provides an overview of cellular biology and the history of cell discovery. It discusses how:
1) Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1663 when examining cork under a microscope.
2) In the 1830s, botanist Schleiden and zoologist Schwann independently developed cell theory, establishing that organisms are composed of distinct cellular units.
3) Advances in microscopy, including electron microscopy in the 1950s, have driven discoveries like DNA structure and greatly increased understanding of cellular structures and functions.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and reduces the chromosome number by half, and Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This allows for genetic variation in the gametes and maintains the chromosome number between generations.
Erwin Chargaff discovered in 1950 that guanine always pairs with cytosine and adenine always pairs with thymine in DNA. He also found that different species have different ratios of these base pairs. In 1953, Rosalind Franklin used x-ray crystallography to take a photo of DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick used Chargaff's rules and Franklin's photo to deduce the double helix structure of DNA. This provided the first understanding of DNA's molecular structure and established it as the molecule responsible for inheritance.
The document summarizes the process of mitosis and cell reproduction. It describes how the nucleus contains chromosomes that carry DNA. During interphase, the cell grows and its DNA is replicated. The cell then enters mitosis, which has four main stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where the chromosomes align and then separate. The separated chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. Finally, cytokinesis occurs where the cell cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.
This document provides information about the Crafoord Prize Symposium on Cell Migration in Health and Disease held September 20-22, 2004 in Lund and Stockholm. The symposium featured talks on integrin cell adhesion molecules, leukocyte traffic control, interstitial fluid pressure and edema, neutrophil apoptosis, and cell adhesion and migration in tumor progression. It also introduces the 2004 Crafoord Laureates, Eugene Butcher and Timothy Springer, and their work elucidating the function of cell adhesion molecules in white blood cells and how they direct movement of cells into tissues, which is important for inflammation and immunity. Butcher's acceptance speech discusses his interest in science from a young age and how he became fascinated by how cells recognize and
The document provides an overview of the history and development of cell theory from its earliest observations in the 1600s to modern understandings. Some key points include:
- Cell theory was first proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, stating that cells are the basic unit of life, organisms are made of cells, and cells only come from preexisting cells.
- Modern cell theory has additional components, such as cells containing genetic material that is passed to daughter cells and all cells having similar composition.
- Cells differentiate based on cues or transcription factors, internally or externally, to determine what type of cell they will become. All cells start as stem cells with flexibility before specializing.
Cells are the fundamental units of life, and all organisms are made up of one or more cells. The document discusses two important cellular components - the nucleus and ribosomes. The nucleus houses most of the cell's DNA and directs protein synthesis. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains chromosomes. The ribosomes use information from DNA to synthesize proteins according to instructions provided by messenger RNA. They assemble in the nucleolus and exit into the cytoplasm to perform protein synthesis.
This document discusses alternatives to antibiotics for controlling infectious diseases in animals through the use of veterinary vaccines. It summarizes that while vaccination has been effective, traditional vaccine formulations have changed little. New technologies in vaccine formulation and delivery, as well as increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis, offer opportunities to develop new vaccines. These include subunit vaccines targeting specific antigens, as well as live attenuated and DNA vaccines. Improved vaccines could help reduce reliance on antibiotics for disease control if used with other intervention strategies.
This document summarizes key considerations for optimizing vaccine development. It discusses the importance of choosing conserved antigen targets, inducing the appropriate T helper cell response based on the pathogen's biology, and in some cases needing to elicit CD8+ T cell responses. The document also notes that central memory T cells may provide the best long-term immune protection compared to effector memory T cells. Developing vaccines requires carefully considering these factors related to antigen selection, immune cell targeting, and memory responses.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by both immune cells like dendritic cells and T cells. While TLRs were traditionally thought to only regulate innate immunity, the document discusses recent evidence that TLRs expressed on T cells can directly modulate adaptive immune responses. TLRs on T cells may function as co-stimulatory molecules that enhance T cell proliferation, survival and cytokine production when activated along with the T cell receptor. The direct involvement of TLRs in T cell immunity suggests they could play a role in autoimmune diseases, infections and graft rejection.
The document discusses how systems biology approaches can help improve vaccine design and testing. Researchers are able to measure immune system responses to potential vaccines at the genetic, protein, and cellular levels. By analyzing these complex data sets, they can identify signature profiles of protective immunity and use them to guide vaccine development. This allows them to quickly evaluate many candidates and focus on improving the most promising ones. The approach has provided insights into why some vaccines like yellow fever are highly effective. Researchers are now applying these methods to develop an HIV vaccine by studying immune responses in monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.
El documento describe los mecanismos del sistema inmunitario. Explica que existen defensas innatas como barreras físicas y químicas, así como defensas internas como la inflamación, las células fagocíticas y las proteínas antimicrobianas. También describe la respuesta inmunitaria específica mediada por los linfocitos B y T, que se caracteriza por su especificidad, memoria y capacidad de distinguir lo propio de lo extraño. Finalmente, explica cómo los linfocitos reconocen antígenos a través
This document proposes a hypothesis for the origin of the three cellular domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It suggests that independent transfers of DNA viruses to existing RNA cells gave rise to the three domains. Each transfer stabilized a different version of the proteins involved in translation. The existence of three different founder DNA viruses also explains why each domain has distinct DNA replication machinery. This model aims to address weaknesses in other models and explain why informational proteins differ across domains.
Este documento describe los procesos de activación y diferenciación de los linfocitos B. Explica que los linfocitos B maduros expresan receptores de membrana que interactúan con antígenos específicos, lo que conduce a su proliferación y diferenciación en células plasmáticas secretoras de anticuerpos o en linfocitos B de memoria. También describe los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes al receptor de células B y la transducción de señales.
Chromosomes occupy preferred positions within the cell nucleus rather than being randomly arranged. Recent advances in 3D imaging technology have revealed that chromosomes interact physically with neighboring chromosomes and genes migrate within the nucleus depending on their function. A chromosome's position can influence whether the genes it carries are active or inactive, providing insights into gene regulation, health, and disease states like cancer.
1) The human eye is an extremely complex organ that was long thought to be irreducibly complex and unable to evolve naturally.
2) Recent research has provided insights into how the eye evolved by comparing eye structures and development across species.
3) Evidence suggests that over 600 million years ago, a simple light-sensing organ evolved in early vertebrate ancestors to detect light and regulate circadian rhythms, before developing into the advanced camera-style eye by around 500 million years ago.
Este documento describe la fisiopatología de las infecciones por adenovirus. Explica que los adenovirus son virus ADN que infectan principalmente el tracto respiratorio superior y otras mucosas, causando enfermedades como rinofaringitis, conjuntivitis y gastroenteritis. Detalla el ciclo replicativo del virus, que incluye unión a receptores celulares, internalización, replicación del ADN en el núcleo y ensamblaje de nuevos viriones. Además, explica los mecanismos de patogénesis, transmisión
El documento describe el experimento de Urey-Miller, en el que se formaron aminoácidos y nucleótidos al someter una mezcla de gases similares a la atmósfera primitiva a descargas eléctricas. Explica cómo la polimerización espontánea de estos compuestos da lugar a polinucleótidos y polipéptidos con enlaces preferentes entre C-G que permiten la autorreplicación. También señala que el apareamiento complementario entre hebras originales y copias posibilita la formación de moléculas particul