1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding systems in which DNA
affects phenotype.Describe each process separetly .
2) Describe, in your own words, evolution and how it produces and redistributes variation?
explian each of the four merchanisms of evolution separately.
3) Explain (from an evoluionary point of view) why tuberculosis was not eradicated after the
discovery of antibiotics. What is the current status of tuberculosis treatment? and why are there
increasing problems with treating tuberculosis in different regions of the worldd?
Solution
1.Like every operating things have there specific sequences,our DNA too has a specific sequence
which are called as \'code\'.It is said as \'genetic code\' because it contains all the infoormation of
our genes(characterstics) of our ancestors.These genetic codes are further translated into proteins
by living cells in our body.
Three coding systems in which DNA affects phenotype are:
(i)Mutation-The mutations are called mismatches beacause they are positions ehere the
nucleotide that is inserted into the daughter polynucleotide doesnot match,by base pairing the
nucleotide at corresponding position in the template DNA.If in case the mismatch is obtained
inside the daughter double helix then one of its granddaughter molecules produced during the
next round of DNAreplication will carry a permanent double stranded version of the mutation.
(ii)DNA repair-Every day the genomes face a lot of damages and that doubles when the errors
that occur when the genome replicates.These damages need efficient repair systems.The repair
systems will help the genome to maintain its essentiality of the cellular functions.
(iii)Recombination-The genomes will undergo very slight changes,if the recombination wont
occur.The several accumulation of mutations over a span of time will result in small scale
alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome.But the role of recombination is to
restructing the genome.
2.A period or process by which a living organism goes through different variations since ages is
called as evolution.
Production is something that is produced to come in use of human.The nature starts producing its
raw material into an useful way so that humans can sustain in the present environment.
Redistribution occurs in evolution to achieve greater social equality.This particular thing helps in
distributing all types of genes in order to sustain in the environment.
THe four mechanisms are:
(i)Natural selection-Natural selection is the idea that only the strong can survive.This means that
each generation must pass on anew trait.For example giraff having longer neck. This makes it
easier to reach to the leaves on the top of the tree.But before,the ancestors of giraff were not
having longer necks.
(ii)Geographical isolation-ex-storm,The isolation of the species may led to adapting to different
environments due to geographical isolation.
(iii)Mutation-In whicch a particular phenotype is favour.
Life-Span Human Development 9th Edition Sigelman Solutions ManualTimothyPadilla
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Life-Span Human Development 9th Edition Sigelman Solutions Manual
Life-Span Human Development 9th Edition Sigelman Solutions ManualTimothyPadilla
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Life-Span Human Development 9th Edition Sigelman Solutions Manual
Natural selection script and answer keyAdam Simpson
Today I’m talking to Doctor James Smith, who will be discussing the subject of natural selection. Dr. Smith, can you please explain what it’s all about?
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Name __________________________________________Date ___________.docxrosemarybdodson23141
Name __________________________________________ Date _______________
Chapter 5 Reading Questions
1. Explain the biological significance of the Dung of the Devil.
Extracts from the plant have strong antiviral properties that are very helpful for fighting disease.
2. Give 2 reasons conservation of biodiversity may be beneficial to our health.
There may be some organisms that can provide health benefits, such as the Dung of the Devil. Also, greater biodiversity allows for greater stabilization of the climate, which is necessary for our well-being.
3. Give 3 examples of how natural substances have been used to treat disease.
The rosy periwinkle is used to treat childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. The mayapple is the source of two anti-cancer drugs. Other medicines come from invertebrates such as sponges, corals, and sea squirts.
4. Which has more biodiversity a carefully tended lawn or a small plot of untended land? Explain.
A small plot of untended land has greater biodiversity, since there is a greater variety of species there than on the well-kempt and uniform lawn.
5. Define species.
A species is a group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in terms of characteristics, and that can breed with each other.
6. Approximately how many species have scientists named? How many species are estimated to live on Earth?
About 2 million have been named, and about 10 million are thought to live on Earth.
7. Compare and contrast species richness and species evenness. Use an example to explain.
Species richness – the number of species in a given area, such as a pond or a tree
Species evenness – the proportion of the number of species in an ecosystem
Two communities may have an equal species richness, but one community may be dominated by one species, while the other may have an equal number of each species.
8. How are species phylogenies determined?
They are determined by the similarity of different species (morphology and behavior)
9. List the classification system from the most broad to the most specific.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
10. Speciation is an example of microevolution or macroevolution? Explain.
Speciation is an example of macroevolution. Both result in the creation of new species. Microevolution is small-scale changes in a species that may eventually result in speciation.
11. Explain 2 ways mutations may occur. Are they good or bad? Explain.
Mutations may occur by UV radiation. It can also occur through mistakes made while DNA is copied.
12. Explain how recombination occurs.
It is the switching of one small part of a chromosome with another during meiosis.
13. Give 2 examples of how humans are purposefully or inadvertently directing evolution of organisms.
The breeding of plants and animals for human use is done purposefully. The evolution of weeds after being sprayed with herbicides is inadvertent.
14. List the 5 key ideas of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
1. Individuals.
Example OneDiscuss how new discoveries in genetics are contr.docxSANSKAR20
Example One
Discuss how new discoveries in genetics are contributing to our understanding of the HIV virus
and how some folks exposed to HIV have been able to escape developing AIDS.
The HIV virus daily infects 14,000 people, however some individuals’ odds of contracting the
virus are very low. Dr. Donald Mosier of the Script Institute was puzzled by this and launched a
genetic study to determine why certain individuals are resistant to the HIV virus. What Dr.
Mosier discovered was the resistant people inherited a deletion mutation that gave them
protection. Within the deletion mutation, the receptor CCR5, is excluded. This deleted section
of the CCR5 receptor functions as a lock, therefore people born with the mutation will not get
the HIV virus. Those individuals that are homozygous – have two copies of the same deletion
gene, are immune to the virus and are protected. Individuals that are heterozygous – have two
different genes – have some protection from HIV because their body have half the “locks.” Dr.
Mosier further studied populations and discovered the deleted mutation was higher in certain
parts of the world and among Caucasians.
Explain the genetic connection between phenotype and genotype discovered by Mendel in the
19th century.
Genetics helps to understand human diversity, not only in today’s world but in the past as well.
When studying genetics it is important to understand the relationship between phenotype and
genotype. A phenotype is defined as an observable physical characteristic whereas a genotype
is the set of specific genes an organism carries (Allen, Anton, Stanford 60). In the video lesson,
Anne Stone commented the phenotype can be impacted by the environment. For example, if
there is not sufficient food or there is disease, this can impact an individual’s height which is a
phenotype. Anthropologist Geneticist Joanna Mountain explained a phenotype can be
“measurements and anything we can describe about a person from appearance to metabolism.”
Utilizing the garden pea plant to conduct his experiment, Gregor Mendel was able to recognize
traits were passed on from parents to offspring. He knew traits were inherited but did not know
how this inheritance worked. Mendel’s Principles of Segregation which states in an organism,
alleles occurs in pairs and when gametes sex cells get produced, alleles separate so each
gamete contains one member of each pair. Further experiments by Mendel lead him to
conclude in a unit of inheritance, meaning offspring received receive genes from each parent.
Theses principles laid the foundation for future scientists to study inheritance.
Vocabulary
Phenotype – observable characteristics; expression of genetic instructions; something you can
measure
Genotype – genetic make-up of an individual; every person has a unique genotype made of
genes inherited from parents
Recessive – a masked trait or covered up
Dominant – mask recessive characteristics
P ...
this ppt traces the evolutionary history of humans and presents the description of evolution on the basis of various theories put forward by various eminent scientists
Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid th.pdfarhamnighty
Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid the man-in-the-middle attack in
key exchange between Alice and Bob.
Solution
In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle attack (often abbreviated MitM,
MiM attack, MitMA or the same using all capital letters) is an attack where the attacker secretly
relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly
communicating with each other. A man-in-the-middle attack can be used against many
cryptographic protocols. One example of man-in-the-middle attacks is active eavesdropping, in
which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between
them to make them believe they are talking directly to each other over a private connection,
when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker. The attacker must be able to
intercept all relevant messages passing between the two victims and inject new ones. This is
straightforward in many circumstances; for example, an attacker within reception range of an
unencrypted Wi-Fi wireless access point can insert himself as a man-in-the-middle.
As an attack that aims at circumventing mutual authentication, or lack thereof, a man-in-the-
middle attack can succeed only when the attacker can impersonate each endpoint to their
satisfaction as expected from the legitimate other end. Most cryptographic protocols include
some form of endpoint authentication specifically to prevent MITM attacks. For example, TLS
can authenticate one or both parties using a mutually trusted certificate authority
Suppose Alice wishes to communicate with Bob. Meanwhile, Mallory wishes to intercept the
conversation to eavesdrop and optionally to deliver a false message to Bob.
First, Alice asks Bob for his public key. If Bob sends his public key to Alice, but Mallory is able
to intercept it, a man-in-the-middle attack can begin. Mallory sends a forged message to Alice
that purports to come from Bob, but instead includes Mallory\'s public key.
Alice, believing this public key to be Bob\'s, encrypts her message with Mallory\'s key and sends
the enciphered message back to Bob. Mallory again intercepts, deciphers the message using her
private key, possibly alters it if she wants, and re-enciphers it using the public key Bob originally
sent to Alice. When Bob receives the newly enciphered message, he believes it came from Alice.
1. Alice sends a message to Bob, which is intercepted by Mallory:
Alice \"Hi Bob, it\'s Alice. Give me your key.\" Mallory Bob
2. Mallory relays this message to Bob; Bob cannot tell it is not really from Alice:
Alice Mallory \"Hi Bob, it\'s Alice. Give me your key.\" Bob
3. Bob responds with his encryption key:
Alice Mallory [Bob\'s key] Bob
4. Mallory replaces Bob\'s key with her own, and relays this to Alice, claiming that it is Bob\'s
key:
Alice [Mallory\'s key] Mallory Bob
5. Alice encrypts a message with what she believes to be Bob\'s key, thinking tha.
X mun( oomiB9@@e SolutionAnswerThe image represents the.pdfarhamnighty
X mun( oomiB9@@e
Solution
Answer:
The image represents the heart, the aorta and pulmonary vein have been labeled.
The function of aorta and pulmonary vein have been discussed below:
Aorta:
The artery is the main artery of the body. It begins at the top of the left ventricle of the heart. The
aortic valve opens and close in response to each heart beat to facilitate unidirectional flow of
blood.
Structurally, it consists of 3 layers: intima (inner layer), media (middle layer) and advetitia (outer
layer)
The main function of aorta is carrying oxygen rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary vein:
These are large blood vessels that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drains the
oxygenated blood into the laft atrium of the heart.
The structure of pulmonary have consists of the same 3 layers found in arteries, i.e, tunica
externa/advetitia (thick layer of connective tissue), tunica media (smooth muscles) and tunica
intima (endothelial cells). They contain valves to facilitate unidirectional blood flow..
More Related Content
Similar to 1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdf
Natural selection script and answer keyAdam Simpson
Today I’m talking to Doctor James Smith, who will be discussing the subject of natural selection. Dr. Smith, can you please explain what it’s all about?
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Name __________________________________________Date ___________.docxrosemarybdodson23141
Name __________________________________________ Date _______________
Chapter 5 Reading Questions
1. Explain the biological significance of the Dung of the Devil.
Extracts from the plant have strong antiviral properties that are very helpful for fighting disease.
2. Give 2 reasons conservation of biodiversity may be beneficial to our health.
There may be some organisms that can provide health benefits, such as the Dung of the Devil. Also, greater biodiversity allows for greater stabilization of the climate, which is necessary for our well-being.
3. Give 3 examples of how natural substances have been used to treat disease.
The rosy periwinkle is used to treat childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. The mayapple is the source of two anti-cancer drugs. Other medicines come from invertebrates such as sponges, corals, and sea squirts.
4. Which has more biodiversity a carefully tended lawn or a small plot of untended land? Explain.
A small plot of untended land has greater biodiversity, since there is a greater variety of species there than on the well-kempt and uniform lawn.
5. Define species.
A species is a group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in terms of characteristics, and that can breed with each other.
6. Approximately how many species have scientists named? How many species are estimated to live on Earth?
About 2 million have been named, and about 10 million are thought to live on Earth.
7. Compare and contrast species richness and species evenness. Use an example to explain.
Species richness – the number of species in a given area, such as a pond or a tree
Species evenness – the proportion of the number of species in an ecosystem
Two communities may have an equal species richness, but one community may be dominated by one species, while the other may have an equal number of each species.
8. How are species phylogenies determined?
They are determined by the similarity of different species (morphology and behavior)
9. List the classification system from the most broad to the most specific.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
10. Speciation is an example of microevolution or macroevolution? Explain.
Speciation is an example of macroevolution. Both result in the creation of new species. Microevolution is small-scale changes in a species that may eventually result in speciation.
11. Explain 2 ways mutations may occur. Are they good or bad? Explain.
Mutations may occur by UV radiation. It can also occur through mistakes made while DNA is copied.
12. Explain how recombination occurs.
It is the switching of one small part of a chromosome with another during meiosis.
13. Give 2 examples of how humans are purposefully or inadvertently directing evolution of organisms.
The breeding of plants and animals for human use is done purposefully. The evolution of weeds after being sprayed with herbicides is inadvertent.
14. List the 5 key ideas of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
1. Individuals.
Example OneDiscuss how new discoveries in genetics are contr.docxSANSKAR20
Example One
Discuss how new discoveries in genetics are contributing to our understanding of the HIV virus
and how some folks exposed to HIV have been able to escape developing AIDS.
The HIV virus daily infects 14,000 people, however some individuals’ odds of contracting the
virus are very low. Dr. Donald Mosier of the Script Institute was puzzled by this and launched a
genetic study to determine why certain individuals are resistant to the HIV virus. What Dr.
Mosier discovered was the resistant people inherited a deletion mutation that gave them
protection. Within the deletion mutation, the receptor CCR5, is excluded. This deleted section
of the CCR5 receptor functions as a lock, therefore people born with the mutation will not get
the HIV virus. Those individuals that are homozygous – have two copies of the same deletion
gene, are immune to the virus and are protected. Individuals that are heterozygous – have two
different genes – have some protection from HIV because their body have half the “locks.” Dr.
Mosier further studied populations and discovered the deleted mutation was higher in certain
parts of the world and among Caucasians.
Explain the genetic connection between phenotype and genotype discovered by Mendel in the
19th century.
Genetics helps to understand human diversity, not only in today’s world but in the past as well.
When studying genetics it is important to understand the relationship between phenotype and
genotype. A phenotype is defined as an observable physical characteristic whereas a genotype
is the set of specific genes an organism carries (Allen, Anton, Stanford 60). In the video lesson,
Anne Stone commented the phenotype can be impacted by the environment. For example, if
there is not sufficient food or there is disease, this can impact an individual’s height which is a
phenotype. Anthropologist Geneticist Joanna Mountain explained a phenotype can be
“measurements and anything we can describe about a person from appearance to metabolism.”
Utilizing the garden pea plant to conduct his experiment, Gregor Mendel was able to recognize
traits were passed on from parents to offspring. He knew traits were inherited but did not know
how this inheritance worked. Mendel’s Principles of Segregation which states in an organism,
alleles occurs in pairs and when gametes sex cells get produced, alleles separate so each
gamete contains one member of each pair. Further experiments by Mendel lead him to
conclude in a unit of inheritance, meaning offspring received receive genes from each parent.
Theses principles laid the foundation for future scientists to study inheritance.
Vocabulary
Phenotype – observable characteristics; expression of genetic instructions; something you can
measure
Genotype – genetic make-up of an individual; every person has a unique genotype made of
genes inherited from parents
Recessive – a masked trait or covered up
Dominant – mask recessive characteristics
P ...
this ppt traces the evolutionary history of humans and presents the description of evolution on the basis of various theories put forward by various eminent scientists
Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid th.pdfarhamnighty
Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid the man-in-the-middle attack in
key exchange between Alice and Bob.
Solution
In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle attack (often abbreviated MitM,
MiM attack, MitMA or the same using all capital letters) is an attack where the attacker secretly
relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly
communicating with each other. A man-in-the-middle attack can be used against many
cryptographic protocols. One example of man-in-the-middle attacks is active eavesdropping, in
which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between
them to make them believe they are talking directly to each other over a private connection,
when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker. The attacker must be able to
intercept all relevant messages passing between the two victims and inject new ones. This is
straightforward in many circumstances; for example, an attacker within reception range of an
unencrypted Wi-Fi wireless access point can insert himself as a man-in-the-middle.
As an attack that aims at circumventing mutual authentication, or lack thereof, a man-in-the-
middle attack can succeed only when the attacker can impersonate each endpoint to their
satisfaction as expected from the legitimate other end. Most cryptographic protocols include
some form of endpoint authentication specifically to prevent MITM attacks. For example, TLS
can authenticate one or both parties using a mutually trusted certificate authority
Suppose Alice wishes to communicate with Bob. Meanwhile, Mallory wishes to intercept the
conversation to eavesdrop and optionally to deliver a false message to Bob.
First, Alice asks Bob for his public key. If Bob sends his public key to Alice, but Mallory is able
to intercept it, a man-in-the-middle attack can begin. Mallory sends a forged message to Alice
that purports to come from Bob, but instead includes Mallory\'s public key.
Alice, believing this public key to be Bob\'s, encrypts her message with Mallory\'s key and sends
the enciphered message back to Bob. Mallory again intercepts, deciphers the message using her
private key, possibly alters it if she wants, and re-enciphers it using the public key Bob originally
sent to Alice. When Bob receives the newly enciphered message, he believes it came from Alice.
1. Alice sends a message to Bob, which is intercepted by Mallory:
Alice \"Hi Bob, it\'s Alice. Give me your key.\" Mallory Bob
2. Mallory relays this message to Bob; Bob cannot tell it is not really from Alice:
Alice Mallory \"Hi Bob, it\'s Alice. Give me your key.\" Bob
3. Bob responds with his encryption key:
Alice Mallory [Bob\'s key] Bob
4. Mallory replaces Bob\'s key with her own, and relays this to Alice, claiming that it is Bob\'s
key:
Alice [Mallory\'s key] Mallory Bob
5. Alice encrypts a message with what she believes to be Bob\'s key, thinking tha.
X mun( oomiB9@@e SolutionAnswerThe image represents the.pdfarhamnighty
X mun( oomiB9@@e
Solution
Answer:
The image represents the heart, the aorta and pulmonary vein have been labeled.
The function of aorta and pulmonary vein have been discussed below:
Aorta:
The artery is the main artery of the body. It begins at the top of the left ventricle of the heart. The
aortic valve opens and close in response to each heart beat to facilitate unidirectional flow of
blood.
Structurally, it consists of 3 layers: intima (inner layer), media (middle layer) and advetitia (outer
layer)
The main function of aorta is carrying oxygen rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary vein:
These are large blood vessels that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drains the
oxygenated blood into the laft atrium of the heart.
The structure of pulmonary have consists of the same 3 layers found in arteries, i.e, tunica
externa/advetitia (thick layer of connective tissue), tunica media (smooth muscles) and tunica
intima (endothelial cells). They contain valves to facilitate unidirectional blood flow..
Which of these is not a way for a cell to obtain nutrients and other.pdfarhamnighty
Which of these is not a way for a cell to obtain nutrients and other molecules from its
extracellular environment Pinocytosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport None of these
Solution
Answer:
None of these.
All the mentioned process involves in obataining the nutrients and other molecules from its
extracellular environment, so the answer is none of these..
Which of the following receptors is most likely to exhibit tonic adap.pdfarhamnighty
Which of the following receptors is most likely to exhibit tonic adaptation? olfactory
nociceptors thermoreceptors pacinian gustatory True or False - Otoliths can only detect
rotational acceleration, they cannot provide information about the relative position of the head in
space True False Which membrane is responsible for our ability to detect pitch due to its
structure of being narrow and stiff on one end and wide and flexible on the other? basilar
membrane tympanic membrane tutorial membrane vestibular membrane The Insane Clown
Posse Why do humans begin needing reading glasses around the age of 45? the zonular fibers
attached to the lens lose their elasticity and can no longer flatten the lens as needed cone cells
within the fovea begin dying off and cannot be replaced the lens becomes inflexible and can no
longer get as spherical as needed to focus on nearby objects the lens becomes cloudy and no
longer allows the proper amount of light through it parents just really want to embarrass their
kids when they are ordering food in a public restaurant A person born with a mutation which
prevented their body from making retinal would likely experience which of the following? they
would suffer from myopia and only be able to see objects that were very to them they would not
be able to transition from bright rooms to dark rooms as well as person with functional retinal
would be able to they would have enhanced night vision because their retina would be unable to
absorb excess light their photoreceptors would respond as if there were in constant bright light
their photoreceptors would respond as if they were in constant darkness
Solution
16. Tonic receptors adapt slowly to a stimulus and continue to produce action potentials over the
duration of the stimulus. In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus.
In contrast, phasic receptors adapt rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very
quickly and then stops. It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus.
An example of a tonic receptor is pain receptor. Therefore option (b) nociceptors is most likely
to exhibit tonic adaptation. Once it gets stimulated, it sends a signal along the nerves to the brain
as long as the pain stimulus continues.
Odor, touch, temperature, taste all are examples of phasic receptors. Pacinian corpuscles are
sensitive to vibration and pressure and an example of phasic receptors.
17. The Vestibular system is the sensory system in mammals that provides the contribution to the
sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of balance and coordinated movement.
The \"Otolithic organs\" in the human ear are the utricle and saccule.
The Otolith organs sense gravity and linear acceleration such as from due to initiation of
movement in a straight line. Persons or animals without otolith organs or defective otoliths have
poorer abilities to sense motion as well as orientation to gravity.
The Otolith membrane serves.
Which of the following is not a contribution of Robert Koch and his .pdfarhamnighty
Which of the following is not a contribution of Robert Koch and his associates?
A. Safe drinking water
B. Size exclusion filters
C. Semi-solid media and pure culture
D. Sterilization of medical equipment
E. Mycobacterium as the causative agent of tuberculosis
Solution
A. Safe drinking water ----> A contribution of Robert Koch
B. Size exclusion filters ----> Not a contribution of Robert Koch
C. Semi-solid media and pure culture ----> A contribution of Robert Koch
D. Sterilization of medical equipment ----> A contribution of Robert Koch
E. Mycobacterium as the causative agent of tuberculosis ----> A contribution of Robert Koch
Koch’s postulations (by Robert Koch) are the criteria developed to establish between the
microbe and disease. His concept of “one microbe, one disease” became most famous during the
19th century.
Robert Koch played a key role in understanding the mechanism of spread of diseases,
particularly, the communicable diseases. His postulations are very helpful in controlling the
spread of communicable disease and in the identification of causative organism..
When RNA from a specific strain of TMV is mixed with coat protein fro.pdfarhamnighty
When RNA from a specific strain of TMV is mixed with coat protein from the same strain,
infectious virions are formed Select all that apply. It self-assembles spontaneously without the
input of energy or information A hybrid virus is also avirulent Its DNA is completely covered
with a coat protein All necessary information is present in the DNA All necessary information
is present in the RNA and/or pretoms. All necessary protein units are present
Solution
The correct options are it self-assembles spontaneously without the input of energy or
information and All necessary information is present in the RNA and/or proteins.
TMV virions self-assemble spontaneously without the input of energy or information and all the
information, which are required to direct their assembly that already present in RNA and/or
proteins..
What are the sources of Ductility for structures What is more du.pdfarhamnighty
What are the sources of Ductility for structures? What is more ductile indeterminate or
determinate structures?
What are the sources of Ductility for structures? What is more ductile indeterminate or
determinate structures?
Solution
Ductility is a measure of a material\'s ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before
rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile
test
Sources of Ductility for structures
High degrees of ductility occur due to metallic bonds, which are found predominantly in metals
and leads to the common perception that metals are ductile in general. In metallic bonds valence
shell electrons are delocalized and shared between many atoms. The delocalized electrons allow
metal atoms to slide past one another without being subjected to strong repulsive forces that
would cause other materials to shatter.
Statically indeterminate structures are over-restrained in the sense that there are more force
unknowns than available equilibrium equations. This situation happens when:
In other words, Indeterminate structures have more members and/or support reactions than
required for static stability.
The advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate structures include the
following:
Therefore,determinate structures is more ductile..
What are some examples of self love in Pride and PrejudiceSolut.pdfarhamnighty
What are some examples of self love in Pride and Prejudice?
Solution
1. Mr. Darcy exhibites \"self love\" when he selflessly pays the dowry for Elizabeth\'s sister so
that she could marry Mr. Wickham and save the Bennett family\'s reputation. Additionally Mr.
Darcy endeavors to keep his good deed a secret. 2. Elizabeth Bennett too exhibites \"self love\"
when she fiercely defends her family to Mr. Darcy when he asks her to marry him (the first time)
and then strongly crtizeses Elizabeth\'s family\'s economic situation and social standing. Her
family values and pride run so strong that she gives up complete financial security to defend her
family..
Using the phylogenetic tree shown, state the basal taxon Using the p.pdfarhamnighty
Using the phylogenetic tree shown, state the basal taxon Using the phylogenetic tree shown
state the shared ancestral character for the entire group except for the lancelet State the number
of monophyletic groups in the phylogenetic tree shown above Using the phylogenetic tree
shown, which of the following represents a paraphyletic group Turtle + Leopard + common
ancestor that possessed an amniotic egg Turtle + Leopard + Salamander + common ancestor that
possessed four walking legs Salamander + Turtle + common ancestor that possessed four
walking legs Salamander + Turtle + Leopard + Tuna + common ancestor that possessed hinged
jaws All of the species combined (except for the Lancelet) + common ancestor that possessed a
vertebral column What general affect do mutations have on organisms Mutations are generally
positive or neutral and rarely negative Mutations are generally negative or positive; rarely neutral
Mutations really don\'t have a pattern Mutations are almost always positive, rarely neutral or
negative, e Mutations are generally either neutral or negative, rarely positive Which of the
following may be defined as \"the ability to survive and reproduce\" and is measured on a scale
that goes from 0-1 Fitness Adaptation Survivability Allele frequency Selectivity One of the
spider species I work on is in the genus \"liocranids\" and the species name is \"unicolor.\" State
the appropriate binomial for this species
Solution
Qn 3 Lancelet
Qn 4 The shared ancestral character for the entire group except Lancelet is that they all have
backbone or vertebral column.
Qn 5 There is just one monophyletic group in this. It is Salamander, turtle and leopard.
Qn 6 Option d
Qn 7 Option e Mutations are generally either neutral or negative, rarely positive.
Qn 8 Option a The ability to survive and reproduce is called
fitness.
Qn 9 Binomial name is Liocranoides unicolor..
Use attached Table A-2 for Normal Distribution to find the critical .pdfarhamnighty
Use attached Table A-2 for Normal Distribution to find the critical z value for Right-Tailed test
with significance level = 0.10.
Solution
Follow the steps:
1. Subtract alpha from 0.05 (given, right tailed test). 0.5-0.15=0.35.
2. In the z table find z score corresponding to 0.35. It is 1.04 (Look at area mean and z)..
Based on the data provided through the U.S. Department of the Treasu.pdfarhamnighty
Based on the data provided through the U.S. Department of the Treasury, is the public debt of the
U.S. government increasing or decreasing? What impact will this trend have on the budget of the
federal government and on the U.S. economy as a whole? PLEASE BE SPECIFIC
Solution
As per the data provided or accessed through the US Department of the Treasury, the public debt
of US government is increasing.
For instance, total public debt of US government in 2012 was $15.5 trillion which increased to
$18.2 trillion in 2015 and is expected to increase to $20.6 trillion in 2019.
Rising public debt of US government implies rising debt-servicing obligations of the US
government.
In other words, interest payment obligations of US government will rise.
With US economy, still, not fully recovered from 2007-2009 recession and government spending
already on a high, this increase in interest payments or debt servicing obligations will keep the
budget of federal government in deficit in coming time period as well.
This deficit will induce the US government to borrow more. This will displace the private
borrowings and there by private investment. If government utilizes the additional borrowings for
productive purposes then loss due to displacement of private investment can be minimized and
US economy as a whole will grow.
However, as stated above, rising public debt indicates that interest payment obligations will also
rise. Interest payments are generally non-developmental in nature. So, good part of additional
borrowings will go towards such endeavors and this coupled with displacement of private
borrowings and investment will slow down the growth of US economy..
Trace the major historical developments of hospitals in the United S.pdfarhamnighty
Trace the major historical developments of hospitals in the United States.
Identify the major historical events of hospitals in a country outside of the United States.
Compare and contrast the history of both countries\' hospitals, and discuss which one you feel
has evolved to more effectively provide patient care.
Be sure to provide rationale for your choice of which hospital more effectively provides care.
Solution
Hospitals in the United States emerged in some institutions such as nursing homes giving health
care to poor patients, these institutions could be run by charities and gave care to poor patients,
leprosy patients and retirees, the care was always marginal case and those patients seeking
admission had to prove his moral worth or find a benefactor as well. At the beginning of the 19th
century and for much of the next century many Americans received medical care at home
mostly, as surgical procedures, births and disease treatments. Most of these people belonged to a
rural society and rarely had the opportunity to visit a hospital. Galbraith, (2006)
Charitabletraditionsso rootedin thehealth systemandled to the
developmentmunicipalitiesrequiredcommunity effortto accommodatepatientswith chronic
diseasesanddisabilitiesstripped. In 1736theyfounded acharitablenursinghomeinNewYorkwith
asix-bedroom; thisalmshouselater becameBellevueHospital. That sameyear wasatCharity
HospitalinNewOrleans. In1829 hefounded thehospitalin Tennesseecurrently
theRegionalMedicalCenteratMemphisand also theoldesthospital. Somepowerful institutionsand
multifacetedmunicipalitieswere foundedinthat year. Althoughthe homesfor elderly
peoplewerethe rootsofAmerica\'s hospitals during thecivilwararoundthe 1960s, there were
hospitalswithdoctors, nurses, professional andspecialized departmentsas well
asdifferenttypesofservices. Dueto social developmentafter theCivil War, the industrial
revolution, immigration andadvances in medicine, the development ofhospitalsin the
UnitedStatesincreased. In the early stageandhalf decadesof the 19th centurywasa period
of\"therapeutic pessimism\" wheredoctors could notadequately treatseriousdiseases. Inthe 1880sit
was discoveredtheasepsisand openednew horizonsfor surgery, also began the bacteriological
revolution, medicine grew, gained respectdoctorsand hospitalsbecame therepresentationof
optimismand authority ofphysicians. Galbraith, (2006)
Today everyhospitalhas itsown tracesandtheir own history,theCambridgeHealth
AllianceinMassachusettsfoundedin 1996, for example, hasrootsinSomervilleHospitalfoundedin
1891,WhiddenHospital(1897)andCambridgeHospital(1917).Another
exampleofKansasUniversityHospitalcurrent, which is due toKansasUniversity School of
Medicine(1880)andBellHospitalEleanorTaylor(1906). Once established
andstaffedbytraineddoctorsand nurses, hospitalsbothpublic andnonprofithospitals, became the
keyto expandthe medical culture. In1920sthehospitalwas wherepeoplehadthe hope thathis
illnesswas treatedand even cured, thenonprofitinstitut.
The role of Ca2+ in the control of muscle contraction is to1. caus.pdfarhamnighty
The role of Ca2+ in the control of muscle contraction is to
1. cause depolarization of the T tubule system.
2. initiate changes in protein conformation that expose myosin-binding sites on actin.
3. change the conformation of myosin heads, thus causing microfilaments to slide past each
other.
Solution
Answer 2. initiate changes in protein conformation that expose myosin-binding sites on actin.
The outflow of calcium allows the myosin heads access to the actin cross-bridge binding sites,
permitting muscle contraction..
The following data. recorded in days, represent the length of time to.pdfarhamnighty
The following data. recorded in days, represent the length of time to recovery for patients
randomly treated with one of two medications to clear lip severe bladder infections. Assume that
the data come from normal populations with equal variance. Test the hypothesis that the two
population means are the same against the alternative that the first mean is smaller. Use 5% and
1% significance levels.
Solution
H0= The 2 population means are the same.
H1= The first mean is smaller.
Suppose that A and B are in DSPACE(n). Prove that the following lang.pdfarhamnighty
Suppose that A and B are in DSPACE(n). Prove that the following languages are also in
DSPACE(n):
AB,AB,AB
Solution
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
if(a[i]>0)
if(d[i]>0)
printf(\" + \");
else if(d[i]<0)
printf(\" - \");
else
printf(\" \");
printf(\"%dx^%d\",d[i],i-1);
}
getch();
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct polynomial Polynomial;
void init_poly(Polynomial *p)
void print_poly(Polynomial *p)
p->coefficient[p->order--] = 0;
}
void r_print_differential_poly(Polynomial *p)
}
int main(void).
Some new protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 are not .pdfarhamnighty
Some new protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 are not including any kind of error
detection scheme on the data portion of the packet. What significance does this trend indicate
Solution
To some degree, the protocols are relying on the better transmission qualities of modern media,
such as fibre-optic cable. Also the protocols are relying on higher layer protocols to take care of
error detection and correction.
Selection of favorite fruits and responses of orange, grape, apple, .pdfarhamnighty
Selection of favorite fruits and responses of orange, grape, apple, kiwi or other many were
recorded are
1- Probability distribution
2- Binomial distribution
3- Poisson distribution
4- none
Solution
In the probability distribution probability is associated with each possible outcome of the random
variable. So it is not a probability distribution. Since Binomial and Poisson distribution also
probability distribution so it is not binomial and Poisson. Hence, option 4 is correct..
RNA and DNA differRNA and DNA differE-All of these are correct..pdfarhamnighty
RNA and DNA differ
RNA and DNA differ
E-All of these are correct.
which one is it? i was thinking all but i cant tell nucleosides from nucleotides and if that is
differentA-in that RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose.B-in that RNA contains
nucleosides and DNA contains nucleotides.C-in that RNA contains uracil and DNA contains
thymine.D-in that RNA contains ribose and uracil, and DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine.
E-All of these are correct.
which one is it? i was thinking all but i cant tell nucleosides from nucleotides and if that is
different
Solution
D-in that RNA contains ribose and uracil, and DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine.
RNA contains sugar ribose while as DNA contains deoxyribose. RNA contains Uracil instead of
thymine which is found in DNA..
Propose a pathway(s) to explain how the ectoderm and the notochord b.pdfarhamnighty
Propose a pathway(s) to explain how the ectoderm and the notochord block the ability of the
endoderm to express liver-specific genes during liver formation.
Solution
Some endodermal cells lie in the yolk sac of the cell, a subset of which move forward for the
formation of the liver. Fox-A proteins are responsible for the expression of liver-specific genes It
is the thickening of the intestinal rod tissues that is formed from the ectoderm that blocks the
formation of inner organ tissue at the initial stage. Morphogenesis takes place to facilitate gene
expression in the liver. The amniotes hhex and prox1 are responsible for liver gene expression.
The loss of hhex can retard the formation of liver reduce its size.
The mutants from the notochord block the endoderm to express liver-specific at the early stage
liver formation..
Potassium has one electron in its outer shell. Which of the followin.pdfarhamnighty
Potassium has one electron in its outer shell. Which of the following is most likely?
1. It will become positively charged
2. It will become negatively charged
3. It will form a covalent bond
4. None of these is likely to happen, it’s stable as is
Solution
presence of one valence electron in the valence shell the potassium is monovalent and have
positive charge. sodium and potassium metals in general donot form covalent bonds..
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdf
1. 1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding systems in which DNA
affects phenotype.Describe each process separetly .
2) Describe, in your own words, evolution and how it produces and redistributes variation?
explian each of the four merchanisms of evolution separately.
3) Explain (from an evoluionary point of view) why tuberculosis was not eradicated after the
discovery of antibiotics. What is the current status of tuberculosis treatment? and why are there
increasing problems with treating tuberculosis in different regions of the worldd?
Solution
1.Like every operating things have there specific sequences,our DNA too has a specific sequence
which are called as 'code'.It is said as 'genetic code' because it contains all the infoormation of
our genes(characterstics) of our ancestors.These genetic codes are further translated into proteins
by living cells in our body.
Three coding systems in which DNA affects phenotype are:
(i)Mutation-The mutations are called mismatches beacause they are positions ehere the
nucleotide that is inserted into the daughter polynucleotide doesnot match,by base pairing the
nucleotide at corresponding position in the template DNA.If in case the mismatch is obtained
inside the daughter double helix then one of its granddaughter molecules produced during the
next round of DNAreplication will carry a permanent double stranded version of the mutation.
(ii)DNA repair-Every day the genomes face a lot of damages and that doubles when the errors
that occur when the genome replicates.These damages need efficient repair systems.The repair
systems will help the genome to maintain its essentiality of the cellular functions.
(iii)Recombination-The genomes will undergo very slight changes,if the recombination wont
occur.The several accumulation of mutations over a span of time will result in small scale
alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome.But the role of recombination is to
restructing the genome.
2.A period or process by which a living organism goes through different variations since ages is
called as evolution.
Production is something that is produced to come in use of human.The nature starts producing its
raw material into an useful way so that humans can sustain in the present environment.
Redistribution occurs in evolution to achieve greater social equality.This particular thing helps in
distributing all types of genes in order to sustain in the environment.
THe four mechanisms are:
(i)Natural selection-Natural selection is the idea that only the strong can survive.This means that
2. each generation must pass on anew trait.For example giraff having longer neck. This makes it
easier to reach to the leaves on the top of the tree.But before,the ancestors of giraff were not
having longer necks.
(ii)Geographical isolation-ex-storm,The isolation of the species may led to adapting to different
environments due to geographical isolation.
(iii)Mutation-In whicch a particular phenotype is favoured by the environment over another.
(iv)Ecological niche-when an organism in in need of food and shelter it tries to live in that
environment and it starts adjusting itself there.It sometimes has to undergo so many body
changes.
ex-The bark of the trees were previously white but due to the pollution now the bark of the trees
are dark.
3.In the history ,Tuberculosis was one of the dangerous disease and people thought it came from
the pig.Later on,by the scientists the pathogen was diagnosed .Paul Ehrilch discovered a
chemical that could kill the microorganism taht caused Syphillis which could destroy disease
causing microorganisms.
The new era has develpoed three effective agents isiniazid,pyraziamide,rifampicin which have
been very effective.These agents almost kill the bacilli.
Tb have been associated with the spread of HIV infection.
