Internet and Intranet

1. INTERNET AND
INTRANET
(EDT 323)
PROF. GAMBARI, AMOSA ISIAKA

2. COURSE OUTLINE
Week Topic Remark
1. Computer Network Lecture Presentation
2. Internet Lecture Presentation
3. Intranet Lecture Presentation
4. Extranet Lecture Presentation
5. Educational Resources on the Internet Lecture Presentation
6. Internet Information Resources Lecture Presentation
7. Connecting to the Internet Practical Demonstration
8. Electronic Mails Practical Demonstration
9. Teleconferences Practical Demonstration
10. Web 3.0 Technologies Practical Demonstration
11 Test & Revision
12-13 Examination

3. RULES AND REGULATION
(i) Attendance is mandatory
(ii) Lateness will not be tolerated
(iii) Participation in the Class activities
and discussion compulsory
(iv) CA = Class Quiz + Presentation = 40%
(v) Examination by E-exam = 60%

4. WEEK ONE: COMPUTER NETWORKS
• The interconnectivity among various computers is described as
networking. This arrangement provides scores of educational
resources for your teaching and learning activities. The network s are
of three folds-Local Area Network, Metropolitan Area Network,
Wide Area Network and International Network (Internet). In this
Unit, you will learn about the use of network and Internet in the
teaching and learning. You will equally be exposed to some
terminologies related to Networks and Internet.

5. COMPUTER NETWORK
Computer network consists of two or more computers that are linked in
order to share resources such as printers and CD-ROMs, exchange files, or
allow electronic communications. It may also be defined as a collection of
resources among themselves. The computers on a network may be linked
through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light
beams. The computers can be geographically located anywhere.
Connection can through a copper wire, fiber optics, microwaves, infrared
or satellite.

7. ADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
(i) Speed: Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and
transferring files. Without a network, files are shared by copying them to
floppy disks or any other storage medium, then copying the files to one or
more computers. This method of transferring files is very time-consuming.
(ii) Cost: Integrated software that may be used on a network are now
available at considerable savings as compared to buying individually
licensed copies. Besides monetary savings, sharing a program on a
network allows for easier use of program by multiple users
simultaneously.
(iii) Security: Files and programs on a network can be well secured. . Also,
passwords can be established for specific directories to restrict access to
authorized users.

8. PROBLEMS AND DISADVANTAGES OF E-LEARNING
• (iv) Centralized Software Management: One of the greatest benefits of
installing a network is the fact that all of the software can be loaded on
one computer (the file server). This eliminates the need to spend time
and energy installing updates and tracking files on stand-alone
computers throughout the organization.
• (v) Resource Sharing: Sharing of resources is another area in which a
network exceeds stand – alone computer. Most organization cannot
afford enough laser printers, fax machines, modems, scanners and CD-
ROM players for each computer. However, if these or similar peripherals
are added to an network, they can be shared by many users.

9. CONT…
• (vi) Electronic Mail: the presence of a network provides the hardware
necessary to install and e-mail system. E-mail aids personal and
professional communication and it facilitates the dissemination of
information within an organization.
• (vii) Flexible Access: School network for example could allow students to
access their files from computer throughout the school. Students can
begin an assignment in their classrooms, save apart of it to a public access
area of the network, and then go to the media centre after school to finish
their work. Students can also work cooperatively through the network.
• (viii) Workgroup Computing: It allows many users to work on a document or project
concurrently. For example, educators located at various schools within a country could
simultaneously contribute their ideas about new curriculum standards to the same document
and spread sheets.

10. DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
• (i) Expensive to install: although a network will generally save money over
time, the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network cards,
and software are expensive, and the installation may require the services of a
technician.
• (ii) Require Administrative Time: Proper maintenance of a network requires
considerable time and expertise. Many organizations have installed a network,
only to find that they did not budget for the necessary administrative support.
• (iii) Server Breakdown: Although, a server is no more susceptible to failure
than any other computer, when the server goes down, the entire network may
grind to a halt. When this happens, the entire organization may lose access to
necessary programs and data.
• (iv) Cables May Break: There is the possibility of network cable being
tampered with. Some network configurations are designed to minimize the
inconvenience of a broken cable; with other configurations, one broken cable
can affect the entire network.

11. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
• The following are the applications of Computer networks:
• (a) Resource Sharing
• (i) Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
• (ii) Software (application software)
• (b) Information Sharing
• (i) Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
• (ii) Search Capability (WWW)
• (c) Communication
• (i) Email
• (ii) Message broadcast
• (d) Remote computing

12. CONT…
• Computer Network Hardware Components
• Networking hardware includes all computers – servers and workstations,
peripherals, interface cards and other equipment needed to perform data –
processing and communications such as switches, repeaters, bridges and routers.
• The workstations can be of less capacity than the file server, and they may have
additional software on their hard disks. On most networks, cables are used to
connect the computers.

13. A FILE SERVER
• A File Server: In a typical network
environment, one computer is designated as
the file server. A file server stands at the heart
of most networks. It stores all the software that
control the network, as well as the software
that can be shared by the computers on the
network. Computers connected to the file
server are called workstations. It controls the
communication of information between the
workstations on a network.

14. WORK STATION
• Workstations: All of the user computers connected to a network are called
workstations or clients. A typical workstation is a computer that is
configured with a network interface card, networking software and the
appropriate cables. Workstations do not necessarily need floppy disk drives
because files can be saved on the file server. Almost any computer can serve
as a network workstation.
• Network Interface Card: It provides the physical connection between the
network and the computer workstation. Network interface cards are a
major factor in determining the speed and performance of a network. The
three most common network interface connections are Ethernet cards, Local
talk connectors, Token ring cards.
•
• Hubs: When connecting the computers together on a network, they are not
plugged into each, instead each computer plugs into a separate device
called a hub.

15. CONT…
• Switches: A switch is simply a more sophisticated type of
hub. Switches are more efficient and faster than hub.
• Repeaters: A signal loses strength as it passes along a
cable over long distances. Repeaters help to overcome
this problem. A good example of repeaters is step -up
transformer used to solve voltage drop problem.
• Bridges: A bridge is a device that allows you to segment
a large network into two smaller, more efficient networks.
The bridge manages the traffic on both sides of the
network in order to maintain optimum performance.
• A Router: A router translates information from one
network to another; it is similar to a super intelligent
bridge. It selects the best path to route a message to
prevent head-on collisions.

16. COMPUTER NETWORK CABLING
• Cable is the medium through which
information usually moves from one
network device to another. The types of
cables used for network depends on
network’s topology. The following are
types of cables used in networks and
other ICT installations:
• (a) Coaxial Cable
• (b) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable;
and
• (c) Fiber Optic Cable

17. TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
The three basic types of networks include: Local Area Network (LAN),
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN).

18. (A)LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• Local Area Network is that is confined to a relatively small area. It is
generally limited to geographic area such as an office or offices within a
building. Rarely are LAN computer more than a mile apart (100 meters
to 3 kilometers). Since it is restricted in size, that means their
• data transmission time can be known in advance, and the network
management would be easier. LAN provide: Cost reductions through
sharing of information and databases, resources and network services;
Increased information exchange between different departments in an
organization, or between individuals; Improve the community security;
Increasing number and variety of intelligent data terminals, PCs and
workstations.

19. CHARACTERISTICS OF LAN
• (i) A Local Area Network (LAN) is a collection of networking
equipment located geographically close together. E.g. Single room,
Campus etc.
• (ii) Data transferred in high speed which ranges from 100 Mbps to
gigabit for system development and have a low implementation cost.
• (iii) Upper limit: 10 km; Lower limit: 1 km.
• (iv) Twisted pair cable or Co-axial cable connects the plug in cards to
form a network.
• (v) Designed to share resources between PCs and workstation such as
hardware or data.

20. CONT…
• Wireless LANs
• Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are
wireless. Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared light
beams, or lasers to communicate between the workstations and the file
servers or bubs.

21. CONT…
A work to internet connections would most likely require broadcast
network (LAN) with a connection to the internet (Packet switched
network).

22. CONT…

23. MERITS OF LAN
• The following are the merits of Local Area network:
• (i) Resource Sharing: Computer resources like printers, modems,
DVD-Rom drives and hard disks can be shared with the help of local
area networks. This will reduce cost of hardware purchases.
• (ii) Software Applications Sharing: It is cheaper to use same software
over network instead of purchasing separate licensed software for each
client in a network.
• (iii) Easy and Cheap Communication: Data and messages can easily be
transferred over networked computers.

24. CONT…
(iv) Centralized Data: The data of all network
users can be saved on hard disk of the server
computer. This will help users to use any
workstation in a network to access their data.
Because data is not stored on workstations
locally.
(v) Data Security: Since, data is stored on server
computer centrally, it will be easy to manage data at
only one place and the data will be more secure too.
(vi) Internet Sharing: Local Area Network
provides the facility to share a single internet
connection among all the LAN users. In Net Cafes,
single internet connection sharing system keeps the
internet expenses cheaper.

25. DEMERITS OF LAN
(i) High Setup Cost: Although the LAN will save cost over time due to
shared
computer resources but the initial setup costs of installing Local Area
Networks is high.
(ii) Privacy Violations: The LAN administrator has the rights to check
personal data files of each and every LAN user. Moreover he can check
the internet history and computer use history of the LAN users.
(iii) Data Security Threat: Unauthorized users can access important
data of an organization if centralized data repository is not secured
properly by the LAN administrator.

26. DEMERITS OF LAN
(iv) LAN Maintenance Job: Local Area Network requires a LAN
Administrator. Because, there are problems of software installations or
hardware failures or cable disturbances in Local Area Network. A LAN
Administrator is needed at this full time job.
(v) Covers Limited Area: Local Area Network covers a small area like
one office, one building or a group of nearby buildings.
(vi) If the file server develops a serious fault, all the users are affected,
rather than just one user in the case of a standalone machine

27. LAN TOPOLOGIES
Topology refers to the physical arrangement of network
components (cables, computers & other peripherals) and media
within a network structure. There are four primary kinds of
LAN topologies: linear bus, tree, star, and ring.

29. CONT…
• Topology refers to the physical arrangement of network components
(cables, computers & other peripherals) and media within a network
structure. There are four primary kinds of LAN topologies: linear bus,
tree, star, and ring.

30. LINEAR BUS TOPOLOGY
• A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a
terminator at each end. All nodes (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) and connected to the linear cable. All nodes are
connected to a single communication line that carries messages in
both directions. Ethernet and local Talk networks use a linear bus
topology. A bus technology called Ethernet has become the industry
standard for local-area networks.

31. ADVANTAGES
• The following are the advantages of Linear Bus Topology:
• (a) Easy to connected a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
• (b) Requires less cable length than a star topology.

32. DISADVANTAGES
• (a) Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable
• (b) Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
• (c) Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts
down.
• (d) Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large
building.

33. STAR TOPOLOGY
• A star topology is designed with each node (file server,
workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a
central network hub or concentration. This is a
configuration that centres around one node to which all
others are connected and through which all messages are
sent.
• The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by
connecting all of the systems to a central hub. This central
hub rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any
peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network,
sometimes include the originating node. All peripheral
node may thus communicate with all others by
transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only.
The failure of a transmission line linking any peripheral
node from all others, but the rest of the systems will be

34. CONT…
Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator before
continuing to its destination. The hub or concentrator manages and
controls all functions of the network. This configuration is common
with twisted pair cable; however, it can also be used with coaxial
cable or fiber optic cable.

35. ADVANTAGES
• (a) Easy to install and wire.
• (b) No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices
DISADVANTAGES
• (a) Requires more cable lengths than a linear topology
• (b) If the Hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
• (c) More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost
of the concentrators.

36. TREE TOPOLOGY
A Tree topology combines characteristics of
linear bus and star topologies. It is a
configuration that connects all nodes in a
closed loop on which messages travel in one
direction. It consists of groups of star-
configured workstations connected to a
linear bus backbone cable. Tree topology
allows for the expansion of an existing
network, and enables organizations to
configure a network to meet their needs.

37. TREE TOPOLOGY
• Advantages
• The following are the advantages of Tree Topology:
• (a) Point-to-point wiring for individual segment
• (b) Supported by several hardware and software vendors
•
• Disadvantages
• The following are the disadvantages of Tree Topology:
• (a) Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling
used
• (b) If the backbone lines breaks, the entire segment goes down.
• (c) More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies

38. RING TOPOLOGY
• Ring topology consists of a series of repeaters
connected to one another by unidirectional
transmission links to form a single closed loop.
Each station on the network connects to the
network at a repeater.

39. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network usually
spanning a campus or a city. They typically use wireless infrastructure or
optical fiber connections to link their sites. A Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN) is a network that is utilized across multiple buildings and
commonly used in school campuses or large companies with multiple
buildings. It is larger than a LAN, but smaller than a WAN. It also used to
mean the interconnection of several LANs by bridging them together. This
sort of network is also referred to as a campus network. For instance, FUT
Minna may have a MAN that joins together many of its LANs situated
within each department.

41. CHARACTERISTICS OF MAN
• The following are the characteristics MAN:
• (i) A metropolitan area network (MAN) is similar to a local area
network (LAN) but spans an entire city or campus. MANs are
formed by connecting multiple LANs. Thus, MANs are larger than
LANs but smaller than wide area networks (WAN).
• (ii) It may be a single network such as cable television network
available in many cities.
• (iii) MANs are extremely efficient and provide fast communication
via high speed carriers, such as fiber optic cables.

43. CONT…
• Merits of MAN
• The following are the merits MAN:
• (i) It provides a good back bone for a large network and provides greater access
to WANs.
• (ii) The dual bus used in MAN helps the transmission of data in both direction
simultaneously.
• (iii) A MAN usually encompasses several blocks of a city or an entire city.
•
• Demerits of MAN
• The following are the demerits MAN:
• (i) More cable required for a MAN connection from one place to another.
• (ii) It is difficult to make the system secure from hackers and industrial espionage
(spying) graphical regions.

44. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)is a computer network covering a wide
geographical area. This is different from MAN or LANs. This is the
Network that spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is
called WAN (Wide Area Network). The best example of a WAN is the
Internet. A Wide Area Network is a network spanning a large
geographical area of around several hundred miles to across the
globe. It may be privately owned or leased. It is also called
“enterprise networks” if they are privately owned by a large
company. It can be connected through cable, fiber or satellite>
However, it is typically slower and less reliable than a LAN. The
services include internet, Intranet, etc.

45. CHARACTERISTICS OF WAN
• The following are the characteristics of WAN:
• (i) Network that provides long distance transmission of data, voice, image, and video
information over large geographical areas that may comprise a country, a continent.
• (ii) Range: Beyond 100 km.

46. TECHNOLOGY USED IN WAN
• The following are the technology used in WAN:
• (i) ISDN (Integrated service digital network) 2 types
• • Basic Rate Interface
• • Primary Rate Interface
• (ii) Frame Relay
• (iii) Switched multimegabit data service (SMDS).
• (iv) Synchronous optical network (SONET)
• (v) High data link controlled (HDLC)
• (vi) Synchronous data link control (SDLC)

48. MERITS OF WAN
• The following are the merits of WAN:
• (i) Covers a large geographical area so long distance business can
connect on the one network.
• (ii) Shares software and resources with connecting workstations.
• (iii) Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone else on the
network. These messages can have pictures, sounds or data included
with them (called attachments).
• (iv) Expensive things (such as printers or phone lines to the
internet) can be shared by all the computers on the network without
having to buy a different peripheral for each computer.
• (v) Everyone on the network can use the same data. This avoids
problems where some users may have older information than
others.

49. DEMERITS OF WAN
• The following are the demerits of WAN:
• (i) Need a good firewall to restrict outsiders from entering and
disrupting the network.
• (ii) Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow and complicated.
The bigger the network the more expensive it is.
• (iii) Once set up, maintaining a network is a full-time job which
requires network supervisors and technicians to be employed.
• (iv) Security is a real issue when many different people have the
ability to use information from other computers. Protection against
hackers and viruses adds more complexity and expense.

50. DEMERITS OF WAN
• The main difference between a MAN and a WAN is that the WAN
uses Long Distance Carriers. Otherwise the same protocols and
equipment are used as a MAN.

53. WEEK TWO
INTERNET
• Introduction
• The internet (also called International network) is a
global collection of many different type of computers
and computer networks that are linked together. It can
also be called a network connection of many computer
network based on a common addressing system and
communications protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Just as a telephone
enables you talk to someone on the other side of earth
who also has a phone, the internet enable a person to
exchange information with another computers and
computer user anywhere in the world. Some call the
internet superhighway. As a road allows travel through
different parts of a country, so the internet allows
information to travel through different interconnected
computer network.

54. ORIGIN AND DESIGN OF INTERNET
The idea of the internet began as an experiment by the United
State of America (USA) Department of Defense on the 1960’s with the
primary goal of helping scientist and researchers from widely
dispersed (remote) areas to work together by sharing scarce and
expensive computers and their files. This need for Internet arose when
it became apparent that there was a need for a bomb proof
communications system during the cold war of the mid 60’s. A concept
was designed to link computers together throughout the US with such
a system in place, large sections of the country are reached and
massages could still got through.

55. CONT
• The internet was actually an emergency communications system
operation by the military department of defense’s Advanced Research
Project Agency (ARPA). The whole operation was referred to as
ARPANET. In time ARPANET computers were installed at every
university in the U.S. that had defense related funding. The original
motive behind ARPANET, was to build a network capable of carrying
military and government information from one point to another during
any nuclear war the project, which was initiated in 1968, soon went
wider than its original scope to become a project for building a large-
scale network called, the internet that we have today.

56. CONT
• Gradually, the Internet had gone from a military pipe-line to a
communication tool for scientists. As more scholars came online, the
administration of the system was transferred from ARPA to the
National Science Foundation. Years later, business began using the
Internet and the administrative responsibilities were once again
transferred. Today the internet has turned the whole world into a global
village as far as information in all aspect of human endeavour is
concerned.

57. RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET
• Internet offers a collection of information of information with topic
ranging from business to science and technology. It also possesses
materials on arts and research material for students, entertainment,
sports, shopping, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, and maps. In addition, it
offers other services and resources such as:
• (i) E-mail
• (ii) World Wide Web
• (iii) Web Search Engine
• (iv) Usenet
• (v) Anonymous FTP
• (vi) File Transfer Protocol(FTP)
• (vii) Internet Relay Chat

58. COMPOSITION OF INTERNET
The following are the composition of Internet:
(i) A community of people: who use and develop the network.
(ii) A collection of resources: that can be reached from those
networks.
(iii) A setup to facilitate collaboration: Among the members of the
research and educational communities world wide. The connected
networks use the TCP/IP protocols:

59. INFORMATION SERVICES
Internet offers a collection of information with topic ranging from
business to science and technology. It also possesses material on arts and
research material for students, entertainment, sports, shopping, dictionaries,
encyclopaedias, and maps. In addition, it offers other services and resources.
• (i) E-mail (Electronic Mail): E-mail is a common resources provided by
internet. It is a worldwide system for sending and receiving messages
through electronic system. E- mail is like the way you send a written latter
to somebody you know through the post- office system. E-mails are letters
that can be sent through the internet and can arrive almost instantly and
without cost. E-mails are an essential part of every company and every
person who needs to communicate with people that live far away from
them.

60. CONT…
• (ii) File Transfer Services: You can transfer files from one computer to
another using the Internet. File transfer means uploading a file to a server or
downloading a file from a server. File transfer services use the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP), which is an Internet protocol that helps to upload and
download files. FTP is commonly used to download files to a personal
computer from other servers on the Internet.
• (iii) Search Engines: A search engine is a program that allows you to search
for a particular set of words specified by you, on the Internet. A user interface
is provided where a user can enter the word or the phrase that has to be
searched. The search engine tries to locate the keyword in a large data source
and returns the result of the search. Google, Yahoo, are commonly used
search engines.

61. CONT…
• (iv) Communication – MSN, Skype, Yahoo: Messenger services provide a
real breakthrough in communication today. Their use has managed to
minimize distances and offer the chance to people who have friends and
families living far away from them communicate easily and cheap. These
messenger services can be downloaded through their respective websites and
as soon as the program is on the hard drive you can add people’s email
addresses or usernames and see them. Messenger services offer instant
messaging along with audio and video conferencing. Microphones and
cameras can be attached on the computer and people can instantly and live
conference with others for no extra cost.

62. CONT…
(v) Chat Rooms – The Mirc: Chat rooms are being used from
people for communicating with individuals from all over the
world. Chat rooms offer the most widely used technology for
meeting people that belong to your own network of interests. The
mIRC is the most popular program that includes chat rooms and
teenagers are the most frequent age class to use it. The use of mIRC
is easy and anonymity is well preserved since you are only asked to
use a username to join.

63. CONT…
(vi) Social Networking Sites: Social Networking Sites are websites through
which people can create a personal profile of themselves so that other
members of this website can contact them should they like their profile. Social
Networking sites are offered for creating friendships, relationships and
acquaintanceships. Those websites are very popular and allow you to include
pictures of yourself and other personal information. In addition, people can
use these websites to express the view they have for themselves and request
for people that share the same interests as them.
(vii) Downloading Services: Downloading services are offered either
through websites or through peer to peer programs and allow people to
download music, movies or programs on to their computer. Peer to peer
programs have the form of a mIRC program through which people that are
connected at the same time can share music, video or program files that
already have on their computer.

64. INTERNET APPLICATIONS
• (i) Research: The internet is provided with special tools that assist
in searching for information. Users can make research on the
following: companies producing a product, information for
projects, excerpts from journals etc.
• (ii) Business Connection: Business connections can now be done
with anyone or any company in any part of the world through the
use of internet, contact such and then proceed to make arrangement
for order and payment.

65. CONT…
(iii) Registration and checking of results: Most examination
bodies now make their candidates to register through the completion
of forms on the internet, Results after examination can also be
checked on the Internet. Example is West African Examination
Council (WAEC), National Examination Council (NECO) and Joint
Admission and Matriculations Council (JAMB).
(iv) Education: Several learning material are available on the
internet. Some software companies offer training on their products
via the internet. Likewise, some educational institutions are doing
the same.

66. CONT…
• (v) Advertising: Organisation advertises their products on the
internet. This can be done by having a web-site. Prospective customers
can visit the site to view the product. Online transmission of
programmes- the invention of internet has made it possible to watch
entertainment and religious programmes live.
• (vi) Library: The electronic libraries are of utmost importance for
University students looking for scientific information for their courses.

67. CONT…
• (vii)Internet Bank: The advanced technologies of the internet
managed to free people from the hassles of losing an enormous
amount of time waiting in the line to be served at the bank
branches. Internet banking is the easy way of dealing with bank
transactions safely and quickly. Internet banking offers a wide
range of transactions that can be done including bill payments
and transfers. Internet banking is convenient also in that it is
available twenty-four hours a day.

68. CONT…
• (viii) International Market: The Internet enables you to buy
anything you need from the comfort of your own house. Many
supermarkets take online orders and deliver the stock within the
day at your doorstep. Many consumer stores offer online
purchases about almost anything you can imagine (shoes, clothes,
apparel, accessories). Online shopping can save you time and
money since it offers a wide range of specials in much cheaper
prices than what you will find in the actual stores.

69. BENEFITS OF INTERNET
• The following are the benefits of Internet:
(i) The Internet (R) Evolution: The available material, programs, websites
and other services of the internet are multiplied every day, revolutionizing the
technology being used. The most important aspect of the Internet evolution
however, is that its exponential growth allows it to ease and transform people’s
life and increase their knowledge.
(ii) The Preciousness of Time: The appearance of the Internet saving matter
came as a life saver for many tasks that would take days to complete before. The
ability of the internet to store materials, its ability to calculate instantly almost
anything, and its worldwide application databases had made tasks much easier
and less time consuming in almost every industry on the planet.

70. CONT..
(iii) The Unemployment Agent: Another benefit that the internet has
brought into our lives is that ever since the internet has been introduced, new
areas of jobs and careers have opened up to the public. Web designing,
computer technician and programmer, are among the many that are found at
their peak demand for employers. Almost every company nowadays, needs to
have a website that promotes its products and patents that web designers are
among the most highly requested professionals needed. Furthermore,
consultants, sellers, dealers and all sorts of professionals are needed to
promote and help people over the internet. Housewives, mothers and disabled
people, can now have a chance to work from their house and earn money that
would otherwise be difficult to obtain.

71. CONT
• (iv) The Treasure Bank: The biggest benefit of the internet can be found in the
educational sector. Educators can obtain learning material from it, prepare courses
online and deliver audio/visual information to students. For instructors it is a valuable
source for referencing material and enhancing the knowledge of their students. The
Internet provides a great place for conferencing and collaborating with students from
all over the world. Students can search for information regarding their school courses
via electronic libraries who offer a great variety of journals and scientific articles. The
resources available over the net cover almost every aspect of the school curriculum and
students have a valuable machine for enhancing their knowledge and expanding their
assigned work.
• Other Benefits
• The following are other benefits of Internet:
• (i). You can create a website on the internet for yourself or your business.
• (ii). You can search for information on any topic dealing with humanity and nature.

72. CONT
• (iii). You can carry out research project.
• (iv). You can apply for admission, scholarship or employment with any
institution that is hooked to the internet in any part of the world.
• (v). You can carry out business transactions with any company that is
hooked to the internet. You can also advertise your business.
• (vi). You can choose or make friends from any part of the world.
• (vii). You can play games, watch latest films and musical videos.
• (viii). You can read current news on the internet from international
media organization
• (ix). You can send and receive e-mail text messages
• (x). You can have live chat and take part in discussion group with any
body/group in any part of the world.

73. ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET RESOURCES
• The Internet resources have enormous advantages and below are
some of the advantages of the resources.
• (i). With the INTERNET, communication has become cheaper and
quicker. For example to send a letter to the US from Nigeria, takes
two weeks and to receive a letter from that end, also takes another
two weeks and at different prices depending on the method used in
sending the mail. Today, with the INTERNET, it takes just minutes if
not seconds, to send and receive a mail and at an affordable price.

74. CONT
• (ii). Products and services advertisement is now cheaper and
affordable with the advent of the INTERNET. What you pay for
advertisement and publicity on the INTENET is not only cheaper but
also the advert and publicity carried on the INTERNET, reaches a large
audience than adverts and publicity carried by newspaper, radio and
television stations.
• (iii). Now with the INTERNET, people don’t consider how far away
other people are from them any longer. This is because the INTERNET
has closed the distance between people of different continents of the
world and thus making the entire world a global village.

75. CONT
• (iv). With the INTERNET, trade and commerce all over the world has
entered a booming era. With the INTERNET, import and export
procedures are made easy as things like Proforma Invoice, Bill of lading,
Price list and Funds transfer can now be provided electronically on the
INTERNET.
• (v). With the INTERNET, you can have access to information whose
source you don’t know. With the help of a special tool(search engine), the
INTERNET will check its electronic directory and display the sources,
locations or addresses from where you can get what you want.
• (vi). With the INTERNET, better education and training for everybody
across the globe is guaranteed. For example, an expert can train a
number of participants on how to use the computer at their different
locations once they are linked to the INTERNET. Lectures and teachers
can now have access to educational materials easily on the INTERNET.

76. DISADVANTAGES OF USING THE INTERNET
• The advantages in using the Internet definitely outweigh the disadvantages. Here
are some disadvantages inherent in the use of the INTERNET:
• (i) On the INTERNET, you can access and download data and program files
from a remote computer. The files so copied, if infested with computer viruses
may destroy what you have on your computer. Ensure that you have anti-virus
software installed on your computer before you attempt to download program
and data files from the Internet onto your system.
• (ii) A lot of unwholesome things exist on the INTERNET. The availability of
computer phonographic materials on the INTERNET is one of the unwholesome
things.
• (iii) Once a user understands how to surf the INTERNET efficiently, it becomes
an addictive activity and once it becomes addictive, other activities of the user will
start to suffer.
• (iv) Your privacy could be infringed on as an INTERNET user. An unauthorized
person for example, could read your mail.

77. INTERNET ETHICS AND RULES
• Ethics are a set of moral principles that govern an individual or a group
on what is acceptable behaviour while using a computer. Computer
ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the usage of computers.
One of the common issues of computer ethics is violation of copyright
issues. Duplicating copyrighted content without the author’s approval,
accessing personal information of others are some of the examples that
violate ethical principles.

78. INTERNET ETHICS
• Internet ethics means acceptable behaviour for using internet. We
should be honest, respect the rights and property of others on the
internet. The following are the Internet ethics:
• (i) Acceptance: One has to accept that Internet is not a value free-zone
.It means World Wide Web is a place where values are considered in the
broadest sense so we must take care while shaping content and services
and we should recognize that internet is not apart from universal society
but it is a primary component of it.
• (ii) Sensitivity to National and Local cultures: It belongs to all and
there is no barrier of national and local cultures. It cannot be subject to
one set of values like the local TV channel or the local newspaper We
have to accommodate multiplicity of usage.

79. CONT
• (iii) While using e-Mail and chatting: Internet must be used for
communication with family and friends. Avoid chatting with strangers
and forwarding e-mails from unknown people /strangers. And we must
teach children about risks involved in chatting and forwarding e-mails to
strangers.
• (iv) Pretending to be someone else: We must not use internet to fool
others by pretending to be someone else. Hiding our own identity to fool
others in the Internet world is a crime and may also be a risk to others.
It’s our responsibility to teach children the same.
• (v) Avoid Bad language: We must not use rude or bad language while
using e-Mail, chatting, blogging and social networking, We need to
respect their views and should not criticize anyone on the internet and
the same should be taught to children.

80. CONT
• (vi) Hide personal information: We should teach children not to give
personal details like home address, phone numbers, interests,
passwords. No photographs should be sent to strangers and they
should be asked to hide their personal details from strangers because it
might be misused and shared with others without their knowledge.
• (vii) While Downloading: Internet is used to listen and learn about
music. It is also used to watch videos and play games We must not use
it to download them or share copyrighted material. The same should be
taught to children, and they must be aware of the importance of
copyrights and issues of copyright.

81. CONT
• (viii) Supervision: You should know what children are doing on
the internet and the sites they visit on the internet and should check
with whom they are communicating. Restrict them browsing
inappropriate sites. Parental involvement is essential when a child is
using the internet in order to make him follow the rules.
• (ix) Encourage children to use Internet: We must encourage children,
students and others to gain the knowledge from the internet and use it
wisely. Internet is a great tool where we can gather information which
can be used for learning.
• (x) Access to Internet: The internet is a time-efficient tool for everyone
that enlarges the possibilities for curriculum growth. Internet is a useful
tool for developing the skills of distinguishing fact from opinion and
exploring subjectivity and objectivity.

82. OTHER ETHICAL RULES FOR COMPUTER
USERS
• Some of the rules that individuals should follow while using a computer are listed below:
• (i) Do not use computers to harm other users.
• (ii) Do not use computers to steal others information.
• (iii) Do not access files without the permission of the owner.
• (iv) Do not copy copyrighted software without the author’s permission.
• (v) Always respect copyright laws and policies.
• (vi) Respect the privacy of others, just as you expect the same from others.
• (vii) Do not use other user's computer resources without their permission.
• (viii) Use Internet ethically.
• (ix) Complain about illegal communication and activities, if found, to Internet service
• Providers and local law enforcement authorities.
• (x) Users are responsible for safeguarding their User Id and Passwords. They should not
• write them on paper or anywhere else for remembrance.
• (xi) Users should not intentionally use the computers to retrieve or modify the information of
others, which may include password information, files, etc..

83. NAVIGATING THE WEBSITE
• To open a Web site, you require the Web site address. A Web site address
uniquely identifies a Web site. E.g., the address of the Microsoft site is
www.microsoft.com or www.futminna.edu.ng
• A Web address consists of three or four parts:
• The 1st part depicts the type of service or protocol that you are using on
the Internet such as http or ftp.
• The 2nd part is the name of the network, the company, or the individual,
such as Microsoft or futminna
• The 3rd part depicts the type of organization, such as commercial (com),
educational (edu), government (gov), and net (network)
• To view information on the Internet, you need to first open a Web site

84. CONT
• When you load a Web site, the home page is loaded first. E.g., the home
page address for Microsoft is http://www.microsoft.com or
http://www.futminna.edu.ng
• Some Web addresses may contain the fourth part, which depicts the
country name, such as uk (United Kingdom) or ng (Nigeria)
• The address of a Web site is called its URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
• A hyperlink enables you to navigate to:
• (i) Different location in the same page
• (ii) Different page within the same Web site
• (iii) Page of a different Web site

85. CONT
• You can navigate to the other pages on the site through links on the home
page, which are also known as hyperlinks:
• (i) A hyperlink is a synonym for both link and hypertext link
• (ii) These are graphics, words, or phrases on Web pages that you click to
navigate from one.
• You can navigate from a Web page to another or one site to another
• Note that Text hyperlinks are underlined and usually appear in blue color
• When you click a hyperlink, you can navigate to:
• (i) Different location in the same page
• (ii) Different page within the same Web site
• (iii) Page of a different Web site
•
• In addition, a hyperlink enables you to download a file, launch an
application, view a video file, or listen to an audio file

86. RISKS OF THE INTERNET USE
• The following are the potential hazards of Internet if not maintained:
• (i) Viruses, Ad Wares and Spywares
• (a) Viruses: Viruses are programs that have the capacity to copy themselves and infect
computers without the knowledge of the user. Viruses transfer to an uninfected computer
through emails, instant messaging programs, and websites or file sharing. Another risk of online
use can be found in emails. Scam emails are emails that someone sends intentionally, with the
purpose of deceiving people and extract from them important information regarding their bank
accounts and passwords. Viruses can sometimes damage the computer. They can insert
themselves on to the computer programs and delete them, crash the computer or format it.
Other forms of viruses can be less threatening but can still create problems to the user since they
can appear to show messages every now and then can use computer memory and freeze the
computer and generally create problems that would make the user unable to work properly on
the computer.
• (b) Ad Wares: Ad wares are small programs that can be downloaded through several other
programs and websites that collect data from a person’s computer with purposes of advertising
and researching.
• (c) Spywares: Spywares are some other form of programs that insert themselves on the
computer and monitor the usage and take up computer memory resulting in lowering the
normal performance of the computer.

87. CONT
• (ii) Scam E-Mails
• These emails can be very dangerous. Most of the senders make them appear as coming from ones bank
or from a legitimate source and ask for personal information, pin numbers, passwords with the
purpose of taking money off people’s accounts. Other emails present themselves in the form of
winning some kind of lottery and take you through a process to receive your price. Eventually, these
people end up taking a lot of money from you for arranging to give you the big prize and you end up
with nothing but loss.
• (iii) The Invisible Enemy
• Despite email deception, human deception is also possible over the net and especially among
youngsters through the social networking sites and the mIRC. Social networking sites and the mIRC
are the number one cause of losing anonymity and human deception. On social networking sites on
the one hand, people use their pictures and create a profile of them. Some people are being honest, and
may really be looking for someone interesting to meet, but others can provide fake information
deceiving people and sometimes even seducing them. People on these sites and on mIRC may not be
the ones they are presenting themselves to be, and may be criminals that are out there looking for
victims. Most of the times however, deceivers, are people who do not feel comfortable about
themselves and present their profile as they wished they were. Eventually, when one gets to meet these
people, especially when faceless love is involved, people might get seriously hurt and affected by the
whole story.

88. CONT
• Social networking sites allow for photos of their members to be uploaded, and for
those who put real photos, anonymity is gone. From the minute these photos are
uploaded on the web, anyone can take them and use them in every way they may
like. This can create serious problems and caution is really needed for preserving
the anonymity especially with strangers. In addition, through the internet racists
and drug dealers have found their place. Limited control is exercised over the
content that is published on the internet resulting in allowing some people to
promote racism and drugs.
• (iv) The Crime
• The internet crime has become a major issue from the media since many people
are seen to use child pornography over the internet. Youngsters are usually
uncontrolled in viewing these sexually explicit and illegal materials.
• The most serious form of risk one can face on the internet is crime. Internet crime
has been portrayed through the internet many times. Child pornography and
pedophilia are the harshest forms of internet crime. Mentally disturbed individuals
are seen to abuse children and take pictures and videos with them and publishing
them on the internet.

89. CONT
• The anonymity that most of the times the internet brings, make it really hard to
understand when new person to meet has something like this in mind. Child
pornography and pedophilia are considered serious crimes and are being dealt from
the police with severe punishment. The media has played an important role in alerting
parents about this dangerous risk, and helped parents in taking seriously the need for
control of children’s online activities.
• (v) Internet Health Hazard
• Excessive use of the internet can become addictive and cause mental health problems
as well as physical ones. Unfortunately, it has been shown that the internet can become
a form of addiction. Excessive usage of the internet can result in problems such as
headaches and bone aches. An excessive use of the internet can seriously affect a
person’s mental health by depriving him/her from having a normal social cycle of
friends and by making them not wanting to go out and have some exercise and fun. A
person can become anti-social and depressed and can be seriously deprived of its
capacity to live life properly. Just like everything in life, the internet needs to be used
only for a certain amount of time every day, to allow people not to overload.

90. SUMMARY
• • Internet is a Global network of computers which may be server or client
that exchanges information.
• • It can be defined as a "network of networks" which can be linked through
copper wires, wireless connections, and other technologies.
• • This is the world-wide network of computers accessible to anyone who
knows
• their Internet Protocol (IP) address.
• • The Internet is a worldwide system of computer networks.
• • Users can obtain information about any subject or topic by connecting to
the
• Internet
• • The network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large
number of computer networks.
• • Internet is a Network of Networks

91. CONT
• • No one owns the Internet
• • Every person who makes a connection owns a slice of the Internet.
• • There is no central administration of the Internet.
• • The Internet was first known as ARPANET and was started by the
U.S. government in 1969 -Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
• • The World Wide Web (WWW) also called the Web is a subset of the
Internet
• • The Web is a series of interconnected servers that support specially
formatted documents
• • The Internet is used today in diverse field -business, entertainment,
education, communication, medicine, defence, engineering, and sports.

92. CONT
• • The WWW also called the Web is a subset of the Internet
• • The Internet and the World Wide Web are often used synonymously
but they are different.
• • Electronic mail (e-mail) exchanges of messages between two
computers by telecommunication is known as e-mail
• • E-mail was one of the first services that were used for communicating
over the Internet
• • E-mail messages can contain text, graphics, or a combination of both
• • There are a number of Web sites on the Internet that provide free e-
mail services -Gmail, Hotmail and Yahoo
• • The user is asked to register at the site and an e-mail account is
created for the user
• • An e-mail address is also allocated to the user
• • Using the e-mail account you can access your e-mail from anywhere
in the world

93. COMMON INTERNET SERVICES AND
WHEN TO USE THEM
Web Terminology To Use
Get a file from another computer on the Internet FTP
Send a file to another computer on the Internet FTP
View files in a directory in a computer on another
network
Telnet
Correspond with a particular person on the Internet E-mail
Correspond with a group of people interested in a
similar topic
Newsgroups
View documents on the Internet World Wide Web
Search for information on the Internet Search Engine

94. WEEK THREE
INTRANET
• What is Intranet?
• The term Intranet is derived from two words: ‘Intra’ which means within and
‘net’ which means group of interconnected computers. It is a private computer
network that uses Internet protocols and network connectivity to securely share
any part of an organization's information or operational systems with its
employees. In short, an intranet is private network, similar to the Internet and
using the Internet.
• A private TCP/IP internetwork within an organization that uses Internet
technologies such as Web servers and Web browsers for sharing information
and collaborating. Intranets can be used to publish company policies and
newsletters, provide sales and marketing staff with product information,
provide technical support and tutorials, and just about anything else you can
think of that fits within the standard Web server/Web browser environment.

95. CONT
• Intranet Web servers differ from public Web servers in that the public
must have the proper permissions and passwords to access the
intranet of an organization. Intranets are designed to permit users
who have access privileges to the internal LAN of the organization.
Within an intranet, Web servers are installed in the network.
• Browser technology is used as the common front end to access
information on servers such as financial, graphical, or text-based data.

96. CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRANET
• (i) It delivers collaboration and coordination to employees around the clock
• (ii) Communication system designed by technical staff
• (iii) Focus is the message, not the media
• (iv) Normally runs in a client/server environment and a local area network
configuration
• (v) Separated from other networks by firewalls, a means of preventing
unauthorized access to the company’s internal data or leaks of sensitive
• company information
• (vi) Internal company network that uses Internet standards (HTML, HTTP &
TCP/IP protocols) & software.
• (vii) Accessed only by authorized persons, especially members or employees of
the organization
• (viii) Intranet = Network + Information Resource + Information Services

97. INTRANET SECURITY
• Two levels of Security required:
• (i) Internal Security: It can be imposed by Public Key Security &
Encryption Key.
• (ii) External Security: Through Firewall.
•
• What is Firewall?
• (i) Security device located between firm’s internal network (intranet) &
external network (internet).
• (ii) Regulates access into & out of a company’s network based on a set
of rules.
• Note: Needs to be upgraded from time to time to check latest potential
security problems.

98. ACCESS TO INTRANET
• The following are the way of accessing Intranet:
• (i) Employee telephone directory
• (ii) Human resource policies
• (iii) Support information and
• (iv) Knowledge base
•
• Reasons for Using Intranet
• The following are the major treasons for using Intranet:
• (i) Employee productivity
• (ii) Cost saving
• (iii) Knowledge management
• (iv) e-commerce
• (v) Customer management improvements

99. STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INTRANET
• The following are strategic significance of Intranet:
• (i) A cost-effective way of distributing information throughout an
organization
• (ii) Links employees and managers around the clock and automates a lot
of intraorganizational traffic
• (iii) Makes it possible for a company to gain better access to its primary
resource - the knowledge and experience of decision makers
• (iv) Enables easier integration of processes

100. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK

101. APPLICATIONS OF INTRANET
• The following are the applications of Intranet:
• (i) Sharing of company policies/rules & regulations
• (ii) Sharing of information of common interest
• (iii) Access product & customer data
• (iv) Launching of personal/departmental home pages
• (v) Submission of reports
• (vi) Corporate telephone directories

102. BENEFITS OF INTRANETS
• (i) Workforce productivity: Intranets can help users to locate and view information
faster and use app. relevant to their roles and responsibilities. With the help of a web
browser interface, users can access data held in any database the organization wants to
make available, anytime and - subject to security provisions – from anywhere within the
company workstations, increasing employees' ability to perform their jobs faster, more
• accurately, and with confidence that they have the right information. It also helps to
improve the services provided to the users.
• (ii) Communication: Intranets can serve as powerful tools for communication within an
organization, vertically and horizontally. From a communications standpoint, intranets
are useful to communicate strategic initiatives that have a global reach throughout the
organization. The type of information that can easily be conveyed is the purpose of the
initiative and what the initiative is aiming to achieve, who is driving the initiative, results
• achieved to date, and who to speak to for more information. By providing this
information on the intranet, staff has the opportunity to keep up-to-date with the strategic
focus of the organization.

103. CONT
• (iii) Cost-effective: Most organizations have already established TCP/IP
networks, and the incremental infrastructure cost of adding Web servers
to the network is well within even
• (iv) Low maintenance: With information residing in only one place -
the Web server - it is relatively easy and affordable to add new
information or to update existing information and make it instantly
available.

104. ADVANTAGES OF INTRANET
• The following are the advantages Intranet:
• (i) Fast, easy, low-cost to implement
• (ii) Based on open standards
• (iii) Connectivity with other systems
• (iv) Easy to learn and use
• (v) Hypertext links
• (vi) Access to internal and external information
• (vii) Improves communication

105. DISADVANTAGES OF INTRANET
Management
problem
Fear of sharing information and the loss of
control
Limited bandwidth for the business
Security
problem
Unauthorized access
Abuse of access
Denial of service
Productivity
problem
Information overload lowers productivity
Hidden or unknown complexity and costs
The following are the disadvantages of Intranet:

106. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN INTERNET AND
INTRANET
• The following are the similarities between Internet and Intranet:
• (i) Intranet uses the internet protocols such as TCP/IP and FTP.
• (ii) Intranet sites are accessible via the web browser in a similar way as
websites in the internet. However, only members of Intranet network can
access intranet hosted sites.
• (iii) In Intranet, own instant messengers can be used as similar to yahoo
messenger/gtalk over the internet.

107. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTERNET AND
INTRANET
The following are the difference between Internet and Intranet:
(i) Internet is general to PCs all over the world whereas Intranet is specific to
few PCs.
(ii) Internet provides a wider and better access to websites to a large
population, whereas Intranet is restricted.
(iii) Internet is not as safe as Intranet. Intranet can be safely privatized as per
the need.

108. S/No Internet Intranet
1 Internet is wide network of
computers and is open for all.
Intranet is also a network of
computers designed for a
specific group of users.
2 Internet itself contains a large
number of intranets.
Intranet can be accessed from
Internet but with restrictions.
3 The number of users who use
internet is Unlimited.
The number of users is limited.
4 The Visitors traffic is unlimited. The traffic allowed is also
limited.
5 Internet contains different source of
information and is available for all.
Intranet contains only specific
group information.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTERNET AND INTRANET

109. Therefore the Internet is an open, public space,
while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An
intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but it is
protected by a password and accessible only to
authorized users.

110. WEEK THREE
EXTRANET
• What is Extranet?
• Extranet is an intranet for outside authorized users using same internet technologies.
The outside users are trusted partners of the organization who have access to
information of their interest & concern. It is the extend the intranet concept to provide
a network that connects a company’s network to the networks of its business partners,
selected customers, or suppliers.
• Extranets refer to applications and services that are Intranet based, and use extended,
secure access to external users or enterprises. This access is usually accomplished
through passwords, user IDs, and other application level security. An extranet is the
extension of two or more intranet strategies with a secure interaction between
participant enterprises and their respective intranets. Part of a Company's Intranet
that is extended to users outside the company. In its simplest form, a private TCP/IP
network that securely shares information using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
and other Internet protocols with business partners such as vendors, suppliers, and
wholesale customers.

111. CONT
• An extranet is thus a corporate intranet that is exposed over the Internet to certain
specific groups that need access to it. Extranets built in this fashion follow the
client/server paradigm, with Web servers such as Apache.
• Extranets are a powerful tool because they let businesses share resources on their
own private networks over the Internet with suppliers, vendors, business partners,
or customers. Extranets are typically used for supporting realtime supply chains,
for enabling business partners to work together, or to share information such as
catalogs with customers. The power of the extranet is that it leverages the existing
technology of the Internet to increase the power, flexibility, and competitiveness of
businesses utilizing well-known and easily used tools such as Web servers and Web
browsers. Extranets also save companies money by allowing them to establish
business-to business connectivity over the Internet instead of using expensive,
dedicated leased lines. Extranets can also save money by reducing phone and fax
costs.

112. FEATURES OF EXTRANET
• The following are the features of Extranet:
• (i) Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized users using same
internet technology.
• (ii) Inter-organizational information system.
• (iii) enable outsiders to work together with company’s employees.
• (iv) open to selected suppliers, customers & other business partners
• (v) Examples: Dealers/distributors have access to product files such
as:
• (a) product specification,
• (b) pictures,
• (c) images, etc. to answer the queries of the customer.

113. COMPONENTS OF EXTRANETS
• Some basic infrastructure components such as the internet Including:-
(i) TCP/IP protocols,
(ii) E-mail,
(iii) Web-browsers,
(iv) External business partners &
(v) Tele-commuting employees place order, check status & send E-mail.

115. ACCESS TO EXTRANET
• The following are methods of accessing Extranet:
(i) Need to rapidly adapt to change
(ii) Distribute information
(iii) Improve existing information delivery techniques
(iv) Supporting major strategic initiative

116. BENEFITS OF EXTRANET
The following are the benefits of extranet:
(i) Improved quality.
(ii) lower travel costs.
(iii) lower administrative & other overhead costs.
(iv) reduction in paperwork.
(v) delivery of accurate information on time.
(vi) improved customer service.
(vii) better communication.
(vii) overall improvement in business effectiveness.

117. DISADVANTAGES
• The following are the disadvantages of Extranet:
(i) The suppliers & customer who don’t have technical knowledge feel problem.
(ii) Faceless contact.
(iii) Information can be misused by other competitors.
(iv) Fraud may be possible.
(v) Technical Employees are required.
How it is different from Intranets?
• Intranets differ from extranet in that the former are generally restricted to
employees of the organization while extranets may also be accessed by
customers, suppliers, or other approved parties. Extranets extend a private
network onto the Internet with special
• provisions for access, authorization and authentication.

118. TYPES OF EXTRANET
• The following are the types of Extranet:
(i) Public Network Extranet
• This exists when an organization allows the public to access
• its intranet from any public network. Security is an issue in this
configuration, because a public network does not provide any security
protection.
(ii) Private Network Extranet
• Is a private, leased-line connection bet. Two companies that physically
connects their intranets to one another. The single advantage of this is
Security. The single largest drawback is Cost.
(iii) Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• It is a network that uses public networks and their protocols to send sensitive
data to partners, customers, suppliers, and employees by using system called.

119. APPLICATIONS OF EXTRANET
Technology Applications
Secure Electronic Mail B2B Communication
Bulletin Board Subject review & response vehicle, FAQ
Instant Messaging Sales & Customer Support
Document Repository Knowledge management & Customer
support
FTP Customer support, sales support software
development
Mail list Server Broad cash of changes & notification
Calendar Scheduling
Data conferencing &
chat
Electronic Meetings

120. WEEK FOUR
INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES
Introduction
The online revolution has seen the introduction of many new terms and phrases to our
shared vocabularies. While some of these are self-explanatory, many can be somewhat
obscure if you are unfamiliar with them or the context in which they're used. The following
glossary includes many common internet terms along with a brief definition and links to
further reading. The following are some Internet Terminologies:
Modem: A modem is a small device connected to a computer of installed inside it, which
converts the digital signals from your computer into a form that can be sent down a
telephone line.
Internet service provider: An ISP is a company that sells you a connection to the internet.
www (World Wide Web): The world wide web or the web makes looking round the
internet easy. The web consists of screens, each screen is called a page, each page contains
words, pictures and sometimes animation and all kinds of sound and music. In other word,
The World Wide Web consists of all the public Web sites connected to the Internet
worldwide, including the client devices (such as computers and cell phones) that access
Web content. The WWW is just one of many applications of the Internet and computer
networks.

121. CONT
Web: The Web is a series of interconnected servers that support specially formatted
document. This means you can switch from one document to another just by clicking on
marked text.
Server: A server is a program or a computer that responds to requests from other
programs and delivers the requested documents. It is a software program set up for
serving web pages to a user on the same computer or another computer.
Web Server: This is a program that responds to requests from Web browsers to retrieve
resources. It is also used to refer to the computer that runs the server program
Web Site: This is a collection of related files. Each Web site contains a home page, which
is the first document that is displayed on the browser. A site might also contain additional
documents and files. A site is owned and managed by an individual, company or
organization.
Web Browser: this is the software programme that allows you have access to the world
wide web. It displays web pages on the computer screen and allows you to follow hot
links, download information etc. Examples of web browsers are: Microsoft internet
explorer (part of Microsoft windows). Netscape navigator (part of netscape communicator
suite of programmes), opera, neoplanet, and Firefox-Mozilla.

122. CONT
Host: A computer that is used to transfer data on the Internet.
Web Hosting: To store and make web pages available and ready for
inquiries, or a computer that has a consistent connection to the Internet.
SPAM: it is an unsolicited commercial e-mail found in your mail box.
DNS (Domain Name System): is a large database of domain names and
their correspondent Internet (IP Addresses) for example: www.widget.com
corresponds to it's unique number.
LINK: it is a word or phrase emphasized in a hypertext document that acts
as a pointer to related information. Links in a web browser are usually
underlined and are in different colours from the rest of the text.
Search Tools: two main search tools are used in internet. They are Search
Engines and Directories. Though they perform the same operation, they
are created differently.

123. CONT
Search Engines: the search engines is a lot of index of millions of web pages and
their addresses. A programme called robot, spider or crawler visits every link on a
web site, copies the text of the page to its index together with address details. This
process is done frequently to update the index. When a user keys in a request, the
engine list pages that match the request. Population search engines are: Google
(developed by Stanford University), Excite, AltaVista, KotBot and Lycos.
Directories: A directory search for information like search engine. The difference
between it and search engine is that a directory is manually compiled, whereas the
search engine index is created by computer. If a web designer submits the details
of web page to be include in a directory, a short description will be added. This is
reviewed by human editor and examines the web sites. If seen suitable, the details
of the web site will be included in the directory. Known directories are yahoo! and
Look Smart.
Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML): is the language in which the
computerized instructions behind the things you see on the web are written. In
other words, This is the formatting language used to present a Web document.

124. CONT
http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): This is the protocol or set of rules used by web servers.
It is the protocol used on the Web to transfer hypertext documents.
ICON: it is a small abstract graph representation of an objective or idea.
Upload: This refers to sending a file from a personal computer to another computer on the
network.
Download: This refers to receiving a file from another computer on the network to a
personal computer
Protocol: Protocol is a set of rules used for communication between computers.
Telnet - Telnet is a user command and TCP/IP protocol that allows one to remotely access
Host: A computer that is used to transfer data on the Internet.
Webpage: A webpage is what you see in your browser when you are on the internet. Think
of the webpage as a page in a magazine. You may see text, photos, images, diagrams, links,
advertisements and more on any page you view.
Web Hosting: To store and make web pages available and ready for inquiries, or a
computer that has a consistent connection to the Internet.
Domain Name: A domain name is a description or representation of a computer's location
on the Internet. It is usually separated by a dot. For example:
www.comentum.com, sales.comentum.com, joespizza.comentum.com

125. CONT
DNS (Domain Name System): is a large database of domain names and
their correspondent Internet (IP Addresses) for example: www.widget.com
corresponds to it's unique number 207.168.6.12
IP address: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an unique number used to
identify a computer on the Internet.
Hypertext: Hypertext is text on a webpage that links to another document
or webpage. The hypertext link can be as small as a letter or word, or as big
as all the text on the page.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): is a method of transferring files between two
computers on the Internet. To access, upload or download information on a
server computer (or a computer that accesses a server computer), FTP
software makes the information access or transfer possible.
Router: A router or router-modem combination is the hardware device that
acts as the traffic cop for network signals arriving at your home or business
from your ISP. A router can be wired or wireless or both.

126. CONT
Home Page: A home Page is the main or index page of a web site. For example, if a
user opens Netscape or Internet Explorer and types the URL,
http://www.commentum.com, that would open the home Page of the Commentum
Communications company.
Port: In relationship to the Internet, a Port is a channel that a server software would
listen to, for any inquiries, there are certain standard default channels set for certain
server software. For example, a web server software by default will listen to port 80 for
any inquiry. Web server software can also listen to any other port, for example:
http://www.commentum.com:5000
Baud: Baud is the number of time per second that a modem converts digital signals to
analog sounds, so that it can transfer information over an analog telephone line.
A Bit: Bit is a single digit in the binary numbering system (base 2). For example: 1 is a
bit or 0 is a bit.
A Byte: A Byte generally consists of eight bits.
Firewall: Firewall is a generic term to describe a barrier against destruction. In the
case of computing, a firewall consists of software or hardware that protects
your computer from hackers and viruses.

127. CONT
Blogs: This is a modern online writer's column. Amateur and professional
writers publish blogs on most every kind of topic: their hobby interests in
paintball and tennis, their opinions on healthcare, their commentaries on
celebrity gossip, photo blogs of favorite pictures or tech tips on using
Microsoft Office. Absolutely anyone can start a blog.
Cloud Computing - Cloud computing refers to the use of a network of
remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data.
Cloud computing is an alternative to the established practice of storing and
processing data on a dedicated server or computing machine.
CSS - CSS is an acronym for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a computer
language that tells HTML how a webpage should look (as opposed to what
information is in it).
Download - Downloading refers to copying data from one computer system
to another via a computer network. In general, it refers to copying a file from
a remote server onto a user's local machine. A download can be anything
from a text file to a feature film.

128. CONT
Ecommerce - Ecommerce refers to the buying and selling of items on the internet. Popular
online retailers include Amazon, Etsy, and Ebay.
Encryption and Authentication - Encryption and authentication helps ensure that data
transmitted over the internet remains secure and protected from possible interception.
Authentication ensures that both parties are legitimate, while encryption encodes the data
in such a way that it can not be decoded by an unauthorized third party.
Firewall - A firewall is a piece of software that blocks unwanted traffic a computer and
intranet. Most modern computers come with a firewall already installed, and there are
numerous third party firewall applications available online.
Graymail - Graymail refers to unwanted email messages that do not otherwise meet the
criteria of spam. Typically, graymail consists of emails from entities with whom the user has
registered or signed up for regular email notifications. Graymail often includes newsletters,
mailing lists and membership announcements, and forum updates.
Hashtag - A hashtag (#) is used to label keywords or phrases in a tweet or other social
media message. The use of the tag converts these keywords and phrases into active links to
a dynamic feed which is updated in real time to list all recent post containing the chosen
hashtag. Hashtags are searchable, making it easy for online users to find and monitor
trending topics.

129. CONT
Email - Email, sometimes written as "e-mail," refers to electronic messages sent between
two or more parties. Email normally requires the use of an email service provider such
as Gmail, Outlook, or Yahoo. But some people set up their own email servers.
ISP - ISP is the commonly used acronym for Internet Service Provider, a company that
delivers internet access to subscribing customers.
Malware - Malware is software specifically designed to damage or disrupt a computer
system. There are many different types of malware, but the most common are designed
to access and collect sensitive data or to force access into a protected computer system.
Meta Tag - A meta tag is an HTML tag that contains specific information about a web
page. Meta tags typically contain an abbreviated description of the page's subject matter
and other information. Meta tags are used by search engines to index web pages and
filter online content, and do not appear in the user's browser display.
Name Server - A fundamental part of the Domain Name System (DNS), a name server
is used to translate a website's domain name into an IP address. Put simply, name
servers convert human-readable addresses into computer-readable addresses. For
example, when you type in www.whoishostingthis.com a request is sent to a name
server, which returns the IP address of the site itself.

130. CONT
Network Ports - A network port is a way of telling a computer what kind of process
is being used. For example, port 80 is commonly used for HTML. Similarly, port 21
is used for FTP.
Network Router - A network router connects two or more computers to an internet
connection, allowing multiple users to access the internet and move data between
connected computing devices.
P2P - P2P stands for "peer-to-peer." A P2P network allows two or more computers to
communicate directly without having to use a router or other centralized server.
Phishing - Phishing refers to a type of online scam where criminals pose as
representatives of legitimate businesses or organizations in order to obtain sensitive
user information. Some of the more common phishing scams involve the imitation
of popular websites (Facebook, Amazon, PayPal, etc) by slightly altering the
spelling or structure of the original site's web address. When a user lands on the
false site, either by accident or via an embedded link, they will find a page carefully
constructed to resemble the authentic website destination. Users are then prompted
to enter their personal data, which is ultimately collected by a criminal
organization.

131. CONT
Reciprocal Links - Reciprocal links are mutually agreed upon links between to
websites. For example, site A embeds an active link to site B, which in return
embeds an active link back to site A. Reciprocal links are typically used to establish
a relationship between websites and to boost search engine ranking. As a result of
webmasters using reciprocal links to attempt to manipulate search engine ratings,
Google and other search engines are actively discouraging the use of reciprocal link
building, penalizing websites that abuse them.
SEO - SEO is an acronym for Search Engine Optimization. It is an expansive
endeavor to make web pages rank as highly as possible in search engines.
Social Media - Social Media refers to various websites and applications whose
main purpose is to support and facilitate online social networking. The most
popular examples of social media include Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and
Reddit.
Spam/Spamming - Spam typically refers to unsolicited junk mail and blog
comments. Spam can consist of legitimate advertisements for products and
services, or may be part of an online scamming operation. Spamming refers to the
bulk dissemination of spam posts, or the repetitive posting of spam on public
forums.

132. CONT
Tag - Tags are a formatting tool used in HTML and XML markup languages to
indicate how content will be displayed on a given web page. Tags are commonly
used to indicate headers, fonts, line breaks, tables, etc. For example, if you want a
portion of a sentence to appear emphasized on a web page you would markup the
content as follows: "if you want a portion of a sentence to appear
<em>emphasized</em> on a web page you would markup the content as follows."
Wiki - Derived from the Hawaiian phrase "Wiki Wiki," meaning fast or quick, a wiki
is any website that allows or encourages users to add or modify online content. The
most recognizable example of a wiki is Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia edited
and maintained through the collaborative efforts of the site's visitors.
Zone Files - Zone files are simple text files stored on name servers containing the
identifying data pertaining to specific domain names. Each zone file contains a
complete DNS record of the domain name in question, including a full mapping of
the domain name to its related IP address. Zone files are easily altered or modified,
which can result in a website being rendered unresponsive or redirected to a spam
or malware infected spoofing site. Consequently, zone files need to stored on highly
secure servers.

133. WEEK FIVE
PRACTICAL SESSION
• CONNECTING A COMPUTER TO THE INTERNET
• Before loading a Web site, you first need to connect to the Internet
• To connect to the Internet, you need the following:
• Access to a phone line
• A modem
• A modem is a device that helps the computers to communicate using phone lines
• Computers can interpret digital signals, and phone lines can interpret analog signals
• Modems convert the outgoing digital signals from a computer to analog signals that
can be transmitted via telephone cables
• Modems also convert the analog signals from a phone line to digital signals for a
computer
• The speed of a modem at which the data transfer is done is measured in Kilo bits per
second (Kbps)

134. CONT
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• An Internet account provided by an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• An ISP is an organization that provides users access to the Internet and other related services,
such as hosting a Web site and providing space on the Web server to launch a Web site on the
Internet
• ISP provides users with usernames and passwords, which are required to connect to the
Internet
• Internet Browsers
• A browser is an application that helps you display and interact with the information on the
Internet
• A browser uses HTTP to display information from the Web server
• Mosaic was the first commercially used Web browser
• Today, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Netscape Navigator are the
most popular Web browsers
• Connecting a Computer to the Internet (2)
• Connecting to the Internet enables you to perform operations, such as accessing a Web site,
reading your email, navigating between Web sites, and printing Web pages

135. CONT
• WORKING WITH THE INTERNET EXPLORER
• To open the Internet Explorer, perform the following steps:
1.Select the Programs Internet Explorer command. The Internet Explorer window
is displayed
2.In the Address bar, specify the address or URL of the Web site that you want to
visit
• When specifying the Web address, you don’t need to specify the protocol, such as
http or ftp. The protocol appears automatically
3.Click the Go button or press the Enter key. The home page of the Web site
appears.
• The figure in the next slide is displays (the home page of the MSN site)
• Working with the Internet Explorer (2)

136. Working with the Internet Explorer (2)

137. CONT
• Notice that the mouse pointer changes to a hand when it is moved on a hyperlink. You
can click on a text hyperlink or image hyperlink to display the linked URLs
Displaying and Hiding Toolbars
• To display a toolbar, click View on the menu bar. Select the Toolbars command and
then, the toolbar name, such as Standards Buttons and Address Bar, to display the
toolbar
• To display the Web page in a new window, select the File New Window command
to open a new window
• To stop a Web page from loading, click View on the menu bar. Select the Stop
command
• To refresh the contents of a Web page, click View on the menu bar. Select the Refresh
command to refresh the contents of the Web page
• To view the visited URLs, click the drop-down button of the Address bar
• You can click on the Forward button to go back to the site you were viewing before
using the Back button

138. CONT
• Displaying Web Pages in a New Window
• To display the Web page in a new window, select File New Window
command to open a new window
• You can also open a new window by right-clicking a link and selecting the
Open in New Window option from the shortcut menu
• Stopping Web Pages from Loading
• To stop a Web page from loading, click View on the menu bar. Select the
Stop command. The Web page stops from loading further
• You can also press the Esc key to stop Web page from loading

139. CONT…
Refreshing Web Pages
• There are Web pages on the Internet that are dynamic and the data
displayed on the site might be changing after a specific time period
• To view latest data you will need to fetch the latest copy of the Web page
• Refreshing a Web page means that you can get a new copy of the current
page from the server.
• To refresh the contents of a Web page, click View on the menu bar. Select
the Refresh command to refresh the contents of the Web page.
• You can also press the F5 key to refresh the contents of a Web page

140. CONT…
Displaying Visited URLs Using the Browser Address Bar
• You can view the URLs you visited earlier using the browser address bar
• Click the drop-down button of the Address bar, as shown
Navigating Previously Visited Web Pages
• You can view the recently visited Web pages using the Back button on the
toolbar
• The Forward button is enabled only if you have used the Back button
• You can click on the Forward button to go back to the site you were
viewing before using the Back button

142. CONT …
• You can also view the list of the Web pages that you have visited by
clicking the drop-down arrow against the Back or Forward button as
displayed in the following figure:
Navigating Previously Visited Web Pages
• You can view the recently visited Web pages using the Back button on the
toolbar
• The Forward button is enabled only if you have used the Back button
• You can click on the Forward button to go back to the site you were
viewing before using the Back button

144. CONT…
• You can customize the browser for viewing the Web sites using the Internet Options
dialog box
Deleting Browser History
• You can delete the history of the Web sites that you visited earlier
Deleting Browser History
1. Select the Tools Internet Options command to display the Internet Options
dialog box
2. In the General tab, under the History section, click the Clear History button. This
displays the Internet Options message box
3. Click Yes button to delete the URL history
4. Click OK button to close the Internet Options dialog box.

145. CONT…
• You can customize the browser for viewing the Web sites using the Internet Options
dialog box
Deleting Browser History
• You can delete the history of the Web sites that you visited earlier
Deleting Browser History
1. Select the Tools Internet Options command to display the Internet Options
dialog box
2. In the General tab, under the History section, click the Clear History button. This
displays the Internet Options message box
3. Click Yes button to delete the URL history
4. Click OK button to close the Internet Options dialog box.

147. CONT…
SETTING THE HOMEPAGE FOR A WEB BROWSER
– To set a home page for a Web browser, perform the following steps:
1.Select the Tools Internet Options command. The General tab of the Internet Options dialog
box is displayed.
2.The Home page section of the General tab allows you to:
– Current button: Set the currently displayed page as the hope page
– Default button: Microsoft starting page as the default page
– Blank button: Set a blank page as Home page
– Or you specify a URL of your choice in the Address text box, E.g., http://www.google.com
3.Click the OK button to close the Internet Options dialog box
– Some Web sites take time to load on the Web browser. This delay is due to the fact that
images in a Web page take more time to display than text. To prevent this delay in loading
a Web page, you can stop images from loading. By default, Internet Explorer displays
images within a Web page.
– To stop loading the images, perform the following steps:

148. CONT…
• Controlling the Display of Images in Web Pages
1. Select Tools Internet Options command to display the Internet
Options
2. The Advanced tab, as shown
3. Under Settings section, scroll to Show pictures check box under
Multimedia category
4. Deselect the Show pictures check box to ensure that the browser loads
Web pages without images or pictures within the Web pages. If the Show
pictures check box is selected, the browser displays the images along with
the content of the Web pages.
5. Click OK button to close the Internet Options dialog box. You can
Refresh the page or load a different Web page to see the changes

149. CONT…
• Saving Web Pages as Files
• You can save a Web page for viewing it later without connecting to the Internet. To save
the current Web page, perform the following steps:
1. Select File Save As command to display the Save Web Page dialog box
2. In File name box, use the default file name provided or specify a name
3. Select Save as type drop-down list and the required file type. You can save the file as a
hypertext file using the default file name extension .htm or .html, or you can save it as a text
file with the .txt extension
• When you save a Web page as an HTML file, the graphics, sound, and video are also
saved
• However, when a Web page is saved as a TXT file, only the text in the Web page is saved
• When you save a Web page as an HTML file, the graphics, sound, and video are also
saved
• However, when a Web page is saved as a TXT file, only the text in the Web page is saved.

150. CONT…
Saving Web Pages as Favorites
• You can save Web pages or Web sites as your favorite sites in the Favorites folder
• This folder stores the URL of the Web page and enables you to access the Web page quickly
• In Netscape Navigator, the feature of saving Web pages as favorites is known as saving Web pages
as Bookmarks
1. To save a Web page as a favorite, click Favorites on the menu bar. Select the Add to
Favorites command to display the Add Favorite dialog box
2. To save the current Web page in the Favorites folder, click the OK button
3. You can organize the Web pages in your Favorites folder under different categories for easy
accessibility.
4. Select the Favorites Organize Favorites command to display the Organize Favorites dialog box
Downloading a File from a Web Page (1)
• You can download a file from a Web page
• Downloading enables you to save a program, an audio or video file, or a document from the Web to
your computer
• The following figure displays a download link:

152. CONT…
Downloading a File from a Web Page (1)
To download and save a file from the Web page, do as follows:
1. Right-click on the link of the file
2. Select the Save Target As command to display the Save As dialog box
3. Select the location from the Save in drop down list
4. In the File name box, you can use the default file name provided or
specify a name of your choice and click the Save button.
5. Click the Close button or you can choose to Open Folder to view the file
or execute a program

154. CONT…
• URLs
Copying Content from a Web Page to a Document
• To copy the content of a Web page to a Word document, perform the following steps:
1.Open the Web page and select the Edit Select All command to select the contents of the page
2.Select the Edit Copy command menu to copy the contents on the clipboard
3.Open a new Microsoft Word document
4.Select the Edit Paste command to paste the selected content of the Web page including text,
image, and URLs
• Previewing Web Pages
• Previewing in Internet Explorer uses the WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)
mechanism
• You can preview a Web page by selecting File Print Preview option
• If the information does not appear correctly on the printed page, you can modify the settings of
the page setup.

156. CONT…
• Modifying Page Setup Options
• In Internet Explorer, you can modify the page orientation, set new margins, add information
on the header and footer, and change the size of the paper
• To modify the settings of a Web page, perform the following steps:
1. Click File Page Setup command to display Page Setup dialog box
2. In the Page Setup dialog box, you can:
• Use the Size drop-down list to change the size of the paper, such as Letter, A4, or Executive.
• Use the Source drop-down list to change the source of the paper.
• Use the Header text box to specify the header information and the Footer text box to specify
the footer information.
• Use the Portrait or Landscape radio button under the Orientation section to set the
orientation of the page.
• Use the Left, Top, Right, and Bottom text boxes under the Margins (inches) section to set
different margins for the page.

157. CONT…
• Printing
• To print a Web page:
1. Click File Print command to display the Print dialog box
– The tabs in the Printer window will display depending on the printer
driver being used
2. In the Print dialog box, you can:
– Specify the printer, page range, and number of copies
– Specify the page setup information using the Page Setup tab
– Click the Options tab to display the following dialog box:
– Select the required options to print frames and linked documents.
3. Click the Print button to print the Web page.

158. CONT…
Search Engines
• You can use the Internet to search for information on any topic, such as
education, computer, medicine, and sports
• A search engine comprises a set of programs that include:
• A program that searches all the pages on the Web sites and uses the hypertext
links on each page to discover and read other pages on the site. This program is
called a spider
• A program that creates an index of the pages, which have already been read by
the users
• A program that receives the search request, compares the search entries with the
entries in the index, and returns the results to the Web browser for display
• Popular search engines in the Internet include Google, AltaVista, and Lycos
• Different search engines use different mechanisms to search for information
• For example, using AltaVista search engine, we get the following:

161. CONT…
Searching for Information (1)
• To search for information, use keywords that indicate the topic for which you
want further information
• E.g., for info about routing protocols, you can use the keyword Routing Protocol
1.Open Internet Explorer
2.Type www.altavista.com or other search engine in the Address bar
3.Click Go button to display the home page of the AltaVista search site
4.Specify Routing Protocol in the text box and click the Find button to display the
search results on a Web page, as shown
5.To locate pages that contain the specific keywords only, specify Routing + Protocol
in the text box
6.The search results appear, as shown

163. CONT…
• Note that the search results show links on all protocols and not just routing protocols
• The search engine searches for Web pages that contain either the word “Protocol” or “Routing”
or “Routing Protocol” in the content
7.You can also search for Web pages that contain the exact phrase
• To do this, specify “Routing Protocol” in the text box with opening and closing quotes.
• After the search results appear, you can click the hyperlink to access the corresponding Web
site or page. For example, you click the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) link to
display the Web page containing the required information
• CA
Implementing Security (1)
• Security measures involve
• Data encryption: Involves the translation of data into a form that is illegible without a
deciphering mechanism.
• Passwords: Is a secret word or phrase that gives authorized users access to a particular
program or system.
• A digital certificate is used to identify the person sending the message over the network.