EDT 323 Course Outline on Intranet and Internet

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INTRANET AND INTERNET (EDT 323)
Prof. GAMBARI, Amosa Isiaka
Dean, School of Science & Technology Education
Federal University of Technology, Minna
E-mail: gambari@futminna.edu.ng

COURSE OUTLINE
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Week Topic Remark
1. Computer Network Lecture Presentation
2. Internet Lecture Presentation
3. Intranet Lecture Presentation
4. Extranet Lecture Presentation
5. Educational Resources on the Internet Lecture Presentation
6. Internet Information Resources Lecture Presentation
7. Connecting to the Internet Practical
Demonstration
8. Electronic Mails Practical
Demonstration
9. Teleconferences Practical
Demonstration
10. Web 3.0 Technologies Practical
Demonstration
11 Test & Revision
12-13 Examination

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RULES AND REGULATION

RULES AND REGULATION
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I. Attendance is mandatory.
II. Lateness will not be tolerated.
III. Participation in the Class activities and discussion
compulsory.
IV. CA = Class Quiz + Presentation = 40%.
V. Examination by E-exam = 60%

INTRODUCTION
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The interconnectivity among various computers is described as
networking. This arrangement provides scores of educational
resources for your teaching and learning activities. The network s are
of three folds-Local Area Network, Metropolitan Area Network, Wide
Area Network and International Network (Internet). In this Unit, you will
learn about the use of network and Internet in the teaching and
learning. You will equally be exposed to some terminologies related to
Networks and Internet.

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COMPUTER NETWORK

COMPUTER NETWORK
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Computer network consists of two or more computers that are
linked in order to share resources such as printers and CD-ROMs,
exchange files, or allow electronic communications. It may also be
defined as a collection of resources among themselves. The
computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone
lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. The
computers can be geographically located anywhere. Connection
can through a copper wire, fiber optics, microwaves, infrared or
satellite.

COMPUTER NETWORK
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ADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
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I. Speed: Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and
transferring files. Without a network, files are shared by copying
them to floppy disks or any other storage medium, then copying
the files to one or more computers. This method of transferring
files is very time-consuming.
II. Cost: Integrated software that may be used on a network are now
available at considerable savings as compared to buying
individually licensed copies. Besides monetary savings, sharing a
program on a network allows for easier use of program by
multiple users simultaneously.
III. Security: Files and programs on a network can be well secured. .
Also, passwords can be established for specific directories to
restrict access to authorized users.

Cont..
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IV. Centralized Software Management: One of the greatest benefits
of installing a network is the fact that all of the software can be
loaded on one computer (the file server). This eliminates the need
to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on
stand-alone computers throughout the organization.
V. Resource Sharing: Sharing of resources is another area in which a
network exceeds stand – alone computer. Most organization
cannot afford enough laser printers, fax machines, modems,
scanners and CD-ROM players for each computer. However, if
these or similar peripherals are added to an network, they can be
shared by many users.
VI. Electronic Mail: the presence of a network provides the hardware
necessary to install and e-mail system. E-mail aids personal and
professional communication and it facilitates the dissemination of
information within an organization.

Cont..
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VII. Flexible Access: School network for example could allow students
to access their files from computer throughout the school.
Students can begin an assignment in their classrooms, save apart
of it to a public access area of the network, and then go to the
media center after school to finish their work. Students can also
work cooperatively through the network.
VIII.Workgroup Computing: It allows many users to work on a
document or project concurrently. For example, educators located
at various schools within a country could simultaneously
contribute their ideas about new curriculum standards to the
same document and spread sheets.

DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
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i. Expensive to install: although a network will generally save money over
time, the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network
cards, and software are expensive, and the installation may require the
services of a technician.
ii. Require Administrative Time: Proper maintenance of a network requires
considerable time and expertise. Many organizations have installed a
network, only to find that they did not budget for the necessary
administrative support.
iii. Server Breakdown: Although, a server is no more susceptible to failure
than any other computer, when the server goes down, the entire network
may grind to a halt. When this happens, the entire organization may lose
access to necessary programs and data.
iv. Cables May Break: There is the possibility of network cable being
tampered with. Some network configurations are designed to minimize
the inconvenience of a broken cable; with other configurations, one
broken cable can affect the entire network.

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
NETWORKS
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The following are the applications of Computer networks:
a. Resource sharing:
i. Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
ii. Software (application software)
b. Information Sharing:
i. Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases).
ii. Search Capability (WWW)
c. Communication:
i. Email.
ii. Message broadcast
d. Remote computing

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COMPUTER NETWORK HARDWARE
COMPONENTS

COMPUTER NETWORK
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
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Networking hardware includes all computers – servers and
workstations, peripherals, interface cards and other equipment
needed to perform data – processing and communications such as
switches, repeaters, bridges and routers.
The workstations can be of less capacity than the file server, and they
may have additional software on their hard disks. On most networks,
cables are used to connect the computers.

CONT…
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 A File Server: In a typical
network environment, one
computer is designated as the
file server. A file server stands
at the heart of most networks. It
stores all the software that
control the network, as well as
the software that can be shared
by the computers on the
network. Computers connected
to the file server are called
workstations. It controls the
communication of information
between the workstations on a
network.

CONT…
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 Workstations: All of the user computers connected to a network
are called workstations or clients. A typical workstation is a
computer that is configured with a network interface card,
networking software and the appropriate cables. Workstations do
not necessarily need floppy disk drives because files can be saved
on the file server. Almost any computer can serve as a network
workstation.

CONT…
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 Network Interface Card: It provides the physical connection
between the network and the computer workstation. Network
interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and
performance of a network. The three most common network
interface connections are Ethernet cards, Local talk connectors,
Token ring cards.
 Hubs: When connecting the computers together on a network, they
are not plugged into each, instead each computer plugs into a
separate device called a hub.
 Switches: A switch is simply a more sophisticated type of hub.
Switches are more efficient and faster than hub.
 Repeaters: A signal loses strength as it passes along a cable over
long distances. Repeaters help to overcome this problem. A good
example of repeaters is step -up transformer used to solve voltage
drop problem.

CONT…
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 Bridges: A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large
network into two smaller, more efficient networks. The bridge
manages the traffic on both sides of the network in order to
maintain optimum performance.
 A Router: A router translates information from one network to
another; it is similar to a super intelligent bridge. It selects the best
path to route a message to prevent head-on collisions.

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
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 The three basic types of networks include: Local Area Network
(LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area
Network (WAN).

A. LOCAL AREA NETWORK
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Local Area Network is that is confined to a relatively small area. It is
generally limited to geographic area such as an office or offices within
a building. Rarely are LAN computer more than a mile apart (100
meters to 3 kilometers). Since it is restricted in size, that means their
data transmission time can be known in advance, and the network
management would be easier. LAN provide: Cost reductions through
sharing of information and databases, resources and network services;
Increased information exchange between different departments in an
organization, or between individuals; Improve the community
security; Increasing number and variety of intelligent data terminals,
PCs and workstations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LAN
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I. A Local Area Network (LAN) is a collection of networking
equipment located geographically close together. E.g. Single room,
Campus etc.
II. Data transferred in high speed which ranges from 100 Mbps to
gigabit for system development and have a low implementation
cost.
III. Upper limit: 10 km; Lower limit: 1 km.
IV. Twisted pair cable or Co-axial cable connects the plug in cards to
form a network.
V. Designed to share resources between PCs and workstation such as
hardware or data.

CONT…
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Wireless LANs
 Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are
wireless. Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared
light beams, or lasers to communicate between the workstations and
the file servers or bubs.

CONT…
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Usage of LAN
 A work to internet connections would most likely require broadcast
network (LAN) with a connection to the internet (Packet switched
network).

MERITS OF LAN
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The following are the merits of Local Area network:
I. Resource Sharing: Computer resources like printers, modems,
DVD-Rom drives and hard disks can be shared with the help of
local area networks. This will reduce cost of hardware purchases.
II. Software Applications Sharing: It is cheaper to use same software
over network instead of purchasing separate licensed software for
each client in a network.
III. Easy and Cheap Communication: Data and messages can easily
be transferred over networked computers.
IV. Centralized Data: The data of all network users can be saved on
hard disk of the server computer. This will help users to use any
workstation in a network to access their data. Because data is not
stored on workstations locally.

CONT..
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V. Data Security: Since, data is stored on server computer centrally, it
will be easy to manage data at only one place and the data will be
more secure too.
VI. Internet Sharing: Local Area Network provides the facility to share
a single internet connection among all the LAN users. In Net
Cafes, single internet connection sharing system keeps the internet
expenses cheaper.

DEMERITS OF LAN..
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I. High Setup Cost: Although the LAN will save cost over time due
to shared computer resources but the initial setup costs of
installing Local Area Networks is high.
II. Privacy Violations: The LAN administrator has the rights to check
personal data files of each and every LAN user. Moreover he can
check the internet history and computer use history of the LAN
users.
III. Data Security Threat: Unauthorized users can access important
data of an organization if centralized data repository is not
secured properly by the LAN administrator.

DEMERITS OF LAN..
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IV. LAN Maintenance Job: Local Area Network requires a LAN
Administrator. Because, there are problems of software
installations or hardware failures or cable disturbances in Local
Area Network. A LAN Administrator is needed at this full time
job.
V. Covers Limited Area: Local Area Network covers a small area like
one office, one building or a group of nearby buildings.
VI. If the file server develops a serious fault, all the users are affected,
rather than just one user in the case of a standalone machine

LAN TOPOLOGIES
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Topology refers to the physical arrangement of network
components (cables, computers & other peripherals) and media within
a network structure. There are four primary kinds of LAN topologies:
linear bus, tree, star, and ring.

(I) Linear Bus Topology
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A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a
terminator at each end. All nodes (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) and connected to the linear cable. All nodes are connected
to a single communication line that carries messages in both directions.
Ethernet and local Talk networks use a linear bus topology. A bus
technology called Ethernet has become the industry standard for local-
area networks.

CONT..
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ADVANTAGES
The following are the advantages of Linear Bus Topology:
a. Easy to connected a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
b. Requires less cable length than a star topology.
DISADVANTAGES
The following are the disadvantages of Linear Bus Topology:
a. Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
b. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
c. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
d. Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

(II) STAR TOPOLOGY
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A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub or concentration.
This is a configuration that centres around one node to which all others
are connected and through which all messages are sent.
The star topology reduces the chance of
network failure by connecting all of the
systems to a central hub. This central
hub rebroadcasts all transmissions
received from any peripheral node to
all peripheral nodes on the network,
sometimes include the originating node
All peripheral node may thus
communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the
central node only. The failure of a transmission line linking any
peripheral node from all others, but the rest of the systems will be
unaffected.

CONT..
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Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator
before continuing to its destination. The hub or concentrator
manages and controls all functions of the network. This
configuration is common with twisted pair cable; however, it can
also be used with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable.

CONT..
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ADVANTAGES
The following are the advantages of Star Topology:
a. Easy to install and wire.
b. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing
devices.
DISADVANTAGES
The following are the disadvantages of Star Topology:
a. Requires more cable lengths than a linear topology.
b. If the Hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
c. More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of
the concentrators.

(III) TREE TOPOLOGY
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A Tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star
topologies. It is a configuration that connects all nodes in a closed
loop on which messages travel in one direction. It consists of groups
of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone
cable. Tree topology allows for the expansion of an existing network,
and enables organizations to configure a network to meet their
needs.

(IV) RING TOPOLOGY
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Ring topology consists of a series of repeaters connected to one
another by unidirectional transmission links to form a single closed
loop. Each station on the network connects to the network at a
repeater.

B. METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK (MAN)
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network
usually spanning a campus or a city. They typically use wireless
infrastructure or optical fiber connections to link their sites. A
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that is utilized across
multiple buildings and commonly used in school campuses or large
companies with multiple buildings. It is larger than a LAN, but smaller
than a WAN. It also used to mean the interconnection of several LANs
by bridging them together. This sort of network is also referred to as a
campus network. For instance, FUT Minna may have a MAN that joins
together many of its LANs situated within each department.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAN
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The following are the characteristics MAN:
I. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is similar to a local area
network (LAN) but spans an entire city or campus. MANs are
formed by connecting multiple LANs. Thus, MANs are larger than
LANs but smaller than wide area networks (WAN).
II. It may be a single network such as cable television network
available in many cities.
III. MANs are extremely efficient and provide fast communication via
high speed carriers, such as fiber optic cables.

CONT..
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Merits of MAN
The following are the merits MAN:
i. It provides a good back bone for a large network and provides
greater access to WANs.
ii. The dual bus used in MAN helps the transmission of data in both
direction simultaneously.
iii. A MAN usually encompasses several blocks of a city or an entire
city.
Demerits of MAN
The following are the demerits MAN:
i. More cable required for a MAN connection from one place to
another.
ii. It is difficult to make the system secure from hackers and
industrial espionage (spying) graphical regions.

C. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
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Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network covering a wide
geographical area. This is different from MAN or LANs. This is the
Network that spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is
called WAN (Wide Area Network). The best example of a WAN is the
Internet. A Wide Area Network is a network spanning a large
geographical area of around several hundred miles to across the globe.
It may be privately owned or leased. It is also called “enterprise
networks” if they are privately owned by a large company. It can be
connected through cable, fiber or satellite> However, it is typically
slower and less reliable than a LAN. The services include internet,
Intranet, etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WAN
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The following are the characteristics of WAN:
I. Network that provides long distance transmission of data, voice,
image, and video information over large geographical areas that
may comprise a country, a continent.
II. Range: Beyond 100 km.

TECHNOLOGY USED IN WAN
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The following are the technology
used in WAN:
i. ISDN (Integrated service digital
network) 2 types
 Basic Rate Interface
 Primary Rate Interface
ii. Frame Relay.
iii. Switched multimegabit data
service (SMDS).
iv. Synchronous optical network
(SONET).
v. High data link controlled
(HDLC).
vi. Synchronous data link control
(SDLC)

WANS IN ACTION: MAKING
INTERNET CONNECTION
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CONT..
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Merits of WAN
The following are the merits of WAN:
i. Covers a large geographical area so long distance business can
connect on the one network.
ii. Shares software and resources with connecting workstations.
iii. Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone else on the network.
These messages can have pictures, sounds or data included with
them (called attachments).
iv. Expensive things (such as printers or phone lines to the internet)
can be shared by all the computers on the network without
having to buy a different peripheral for each computer.
v. Everyone on the network can use the same data. This avoids
problems where some users may have older information than
others.

CONT..
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Demerits of WAN
The following are the demerits of WAN:
i. Need a good firewall to restrict outsiders from entering and
disrupting the network.
ii. Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow and complicated.
The bigger the network the more expensive it is.
iii. Once set up, maintaining a network is a full-time job which
requires network supervisors and technicians to be employed.
iv. Security is a real issue when many different people have the
ability to use information from other computers. Protection
against hackers and viruses adds more complexity and expense.

CONT..
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The main difference between a MAN and a WAN is that the WAN
uses Long Distance Carriers. Otherwise the same protocols and
equipment are used as a MAN.

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WEEK TWO:INTERNET

INTRODUCTION
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The internet (also called International network) is a
global collection of many different type of
computers and computer networks that are linked
together. It can also be called a network connection
of many computer network based on a common
addressing system and communications protocol
called TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol). Just as a telephone
enables you talk to someone on the other side of
earth who also has a phone, the internet enable a
person to exchange information with another
computers and computer user anywhere in the
world. Some call the internet superhighway. As a
road allows travel through different parts of a
country, so the internet allows information to travel
through different interconnected computer
network.

ORIGIN AND DESIGN OF
INTERNET
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The idea of the internet began as an
experiment by the United State of
America (USA) Department of Defense
on the 1960’s with the primary goal of
helping scientist and researchers from
widely dispersed (remote) areas to work
together by sharing scarce and
expensive computers and their files.
This need for Internet arose when it became apparent that there
was a need for a bomb proof communications system during the
cold war of the mid 60’s. A concept was designed to link computers
together throughout the US with such a system in place, large
sections of the country are reached and massages could still got
through.

CONT..
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The internet was actually an emergency communications system
operation by the military department of defense’s Advanced Research
Project Agency (ARPA).
The whole operation was referred to as ARPANET. In time
ARPANET computers were installed at every university in the U.S.
that had defense related funding.
The original motive behind ARPANET, was to build a network capable
of carrying military and government information from one point to
another during any nuclear war the project, which was initiated in
1968, soon went wider than its original scope to become a project for
building a large-scale network called, the internet that we have today.

CONT..
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Gradually, the Internet had gone from a military pipe-line to a
communication tool for scientists. As more scholars came online,
the administration of the system was transferred from ARPA to
the National Science Foundation.
Years later, business began using the Internet and the
administrative responsibilities were once again transferred. Today
the internet has turned the whole world into a global village as far
as information in all aspect of human endeavour is concerned.

RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET
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Internet offers a collection of information of information with topic
ranging from business to science and technology. It also possesses
materials on arts and research material for students, entertainment,
sports, shopping, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, and maps. In addition,
it offers other services and resources such as:
i. E-mail
ii. World Wide Web
iii. Web Search Engine
iv. Usenet
v. Anonymous FTP
vi. File Transfer Protocol(FTP)
vii. Internet Relay Chat

COMPOSITION OF INTERNET
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The following are the composition of Internet:
i. A community of people: who use and develop the network.
ii. A collection of resources: that can be reached from those
networks.
iii. A setup to facilitate collaboration: Among the members of the
research and educational communities world wide. The
connected networks use the TCP/IP protocols:

INFORMATION SERVICES
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Internet offers a collection of information with topic ranging from business to
science and technology. It also possesses material on arts and research
material for students, entertainment, sports, shopping, dictionaries,
encyclopaedias, and maps. In addition, it offers other services and resources.
i. E-mail (Electronic Mail): E-mail is a common resources provided by
internet. It is a worldwide system for sending and receiving messages
through electronic system. E- mail is like the way you send a written
latter to somebody you know through the post- office system. E-mails
are letters that can be sent through the internet and can arrive almost
instantly and without cost. E-mails are an essential part of every
company and every person who needs to communicate with people that
live far away from them.

CONT..
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ii. File Transfer Services: You can transfer files from one computer
to another using the Internet. File transfer means uploading a file
to a server or downloading a file from a server. File transfer
services use the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), which is an Internet
protocol that helps to upload and download files. FTP is
commonly used to download files to a personal computer from
other servers on the Internet.
iii. Search Engines: A search engine is a program that allows you to
search for a particular set of words specified by you, on the
Internet. A user interface is provided where a user can enter the
word or the phrase that has to be searched. The search engine
tries to locate the keyword in a large data source and returns the
result of the search. Google, Yahoo, MSN, Lycos and Altavista are
commonly used search engines.

CONT..
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iv. Communication – MSN, Skype, Yahoo: Messenger services provide
a real breakthrough in communication today. Their use has
managed to minimize distances and offer the chance to people who
have friends and families living far away from them communicate
easily and cheap. These messenger services can be downloaded
through their respective websites and as soon as the program is on
the hard drive you can add people’s email addresses or usernames
and see them. Messenger services offer instant messaging along
with audio and video conferencing. Microphones and cameras can
be attached on the computer and people can instantly and live
conference with others for no extra cost.

CONT..
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v. Chat Rooms – The Mirc: Chat rooms are being used from people
for communicating with individuals from all over the world. Chat
rooms offer the most widely used technology for meeting people
that belong to your own network of interests. The mIRC is the
most popular program that includes chat rooms and teenagers are
the most frequent age class to use it. The use of mIRC is easy and
anonymity is well preserved since you are only asked to use a
username to join.
vi. Social Networking Sites: Social Networking Sites are websites
through which people can create a personal profile of themselves
so that other members of this website can contact them should
they like their profile. Social Networking sites are offered for
creating friendships, relationships and acquaintanceships. Those
websites are very popular and allow you to include pictures of
yourself and other personal information.

CONT..
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=In addition, people can use these websites to express the view
they have for themselves and request for people that share the
same interests as them.
vii. Downloading Services: Downloading services are offered either
through websites or through peer to peer programs and allow
people to download music, movies or programs on to their
computer. Peer to peer programs have the form of a mIRC
program through which people that are connected at the same
time can share music, video or program files that already have on
their computer.

INTERNET APPLICATIONS
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The following are the Applications of Internet:
i. Research: The internet is provided with special tools that assist in
searching for information. Users can make research on the
following: companies producing a product, information for
projects, excerpts from journals etc.
ii. Business Connection: Business connections can now be done
with anyone or any company in any part of the world through the
use of internet, contact such and then proceed to make
arrangement for order and payment.
iii. Registration and checking of results: Most examination bodies
now make their candidates to register through the completion of
forms on the internet, Results after examination can also be
checked on the Internet. Example is West African Examination
Council (WAEC), National Examination Council (NECO) and
Joint Admission and Matriculations Council (JAMB).

CONT..
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iv. Education: Several learning material are available on the internet.
Some software companies offer training on their products via the
internet. Likewise, some educational institutions are doing the
same.
v. Advertising: Organisation advertises their products on the
internet. This can be done by having a web-site. Prospective
customers can visit the site to view the product. Online
transmission of programmes- the invention of internet has made
it possible to watch entertainment and religious programmes live.
vi. Library: The electronic libraries are of utmost importance for
University students looking for scientific information for their
courses.
vii. Internet Bank: The advanced technologies of the internet
managed to free people from the hassles of losing an enormous
amount of time waiting in the line to be served at the bank
branches.

CONT..
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=Internet banking is the easy way of dealing with bank
transactions safely and quickly. Internet banking offers a wide
range of transactions that can be done including bill payments
and transfers. Internet banking is convenient also in that it is
available twenty-four hours a day.
vii. International Market: The Internet enables you to buy
anything you need from the comfort of your own house.
Many supermarkets take online orders and deliver the stock
within the day at your doorstep. Many consumer stores offer
online purchases about almost anything you can imagine
(shoes, clothes, apparel, accessories). Online shopping can
save you time and money since it offers a wide range of
specials in much cheaper prices than what you will find in the
actual stores.

BENEFITS OF INTERNET
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The following are the benefits of Internet:
i. The Internet (R) Evolution: The available material, programs,
websites and other services of the internet are multiplied every
day, revolutionizing the technology being used. The most
important aspect of the Internet evolution however, is that its
exponential growth allows it to ease and transform people’s life
and increase their knowledge.
ii. The Preciousness of Time: The appearance of the Internet saving
matter came as a life saver for many tasks that would take days to
complete before. The ability of the internet to store materials, its
ability to calculate instantly almost anything, and its worldwide
application databases had made tasks much easier and less time
consuming in almost every industry on the planet.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 68
iii. The Unemployment Agent: Another benefit that the internet has
brought into our lives is that ever since the internet has been
introduced, new areas of jobs and careers have opened up to the
public. Web designing, computer technician and programmer, are
among the many that are found at their peak demand for
employers. Almost every company nowadays, needs to have a
website that promotes its products and patents that web
designers are among the most highly requested professionals
needed. Furthermore, consultants, sellers, dealers and all sorts of
professionals are needed to promote and help people over the
internet. Housewives, mothers and disabled people, can now
have a chance to work from their house and earn money that
would otherwise be difficult to obtain.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 69
iv. The Treasure Bank: The biggest benefit of the internet can be
found in the educational sector. Educators can obtain learning
material from it, prepare courses online and deliver audio/visual
information to students. For instructors it is a valuable source for
referencing material and enhancing the knowledge of their
students. The Internet provides a great place for conferencing and
collaborating with students from all over the world. Students can
search for information regarding their school courses via
electronic libraries who offer a great variety of journals and
scientific articles. The resources available over the net cover
almost every aspect of the school curriculum and students have a
valuable machine for enhancing their knowledge and expanding
their assigned work.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 70
Other Benefits
The following are other benefits of Internet:
i. You can create a website on the internet for yourself or your
business.
ii. You can search for information on any topic dealing with
humanity and nature.
iii. You can carry out research project.
iv. You can apply for admission, scholarship or employment with
any institution that is hooked to the internet in any part of the
world.
v. You can carry out business transactions with any company that is
hooked to the internet. You can also advertise your business.
vi. You can choose or make friends from any part of the world.
vii. You can play games, watch latest films and musical videos.

ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
RESOURCES
jharun@utm.my 71
The Internet resources have enormous advantages and below are
some of the advantages of the resources.
i. With the INTERNET, communication has become cheaper and
quicker. For example to send a letter to the US from Nigeria, takes
two weeks and to receive a letter from that end, also takes another
two weeks and at different prices depending on the method used
in sending the mail. Today, with the INTERNET, it takes just
minutes if not seconds, to send and receive a mail and at an
affordable price.
ii. Products and services advertisement is now cheaper and
affordable with the advent of the INTERNET. What you pay for
advertisement and publicity on the INTENET is not only cheaper
but also the advert and publicity carried on the INTERNET,
reaches a large audience than adverts and publicity carried by
newspaper, radio and television stations.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 72
iii. Now with the INTERNET, people don’t consider how far away
other people are from them any longer. This is because the
INTERNET has closed the distance between people of different
continents of the world and thus making the entire world a global
village.
iv. With the INTERNET, trade and commerce all over the world has
entered a booming era. With the INTERNET, import and export
procedures are made easy as things like Proforma Invoice, Bill of
lading, Price list and Funds transfer can now be provided
electronically on the INTERNET.
v. With the INTERNET, you can have access to information whose
source you don’t know. With the help of a special tool(search
engine), the INTERNET will check its electronic directory and
display the sources, locations or addresses from where you can
get what you want.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 73
vi. With the INTERNET, better education and training for everybody
across the globe is guaranteed. For example, an expert can train a
number of participants on how to use the computer at their
different locations once they are linked to the INTERNET.
Lectures and teachers can now have access to educational
materials easily on the INTERNET.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING THE
INTERNET
jharun@utm.my 74
The advantages in using the Internet definitely outweigh the
disadvantages. Here are some disadvantages inherent in the use of the
INTERNET:
i. On the INTERNET, you can access and download data and
program files from a remote computer. The files so copied, if
infested with computer viruses may destroy what you have on
your computer. Ensure that you have anti-virus software installed
on your computer before you attempt to download program and
data files from the Internet onto your system.
ii. A lot of unwholesome things exist on the INTERNET. The
availability of computer phonographic materials on the
INTERNET is one of the unwholesome things.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 75
iii. Once a user understands how to surf the INTERNET efficiently, it
becomes an addictive activity and once it becomes addictive,
other activities of the user will start to suffer.
iv. Your privacy could be infringed on as an INTERNET user. An
unauthorized person for example, could read your mail.

jharun@utm.my
76
INTERNET
ETHICS AND RULES

INTERNET ETHICS AND RULES
jharun@utm.my 77
Ethics are a set of moral principles that govern an individual or a group
on what is acceptable behaviour while using a computer. Computer
ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the usage of computers. One
of the common issues of computer ethics is violation of copyright issues.
Duplicating copyrighted content without the author’s approval, accessing
personal information of others are some of the examples that violate
ethical principles.
INTERNET ETHICS
Internet ethics means acceptable behaviour for using internet. We should
be honest, respect the rights and property of others on the internet. The
following are the Internet ethics:
i. Acceptance: One has to accept that Internet is not a value free-zone
.It means World Wide Web is a place where values are considered in
the broadest sense so we must take care while shaping content and
services and we should recognize that internet is not apart from
universal society but it is a primary component of it.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 78
ii. Sensitivity to National and Local cultures: It belongs to all and
there is no barrier of national and local cultures. It cannot be
subject to one set of values like the local TV channel or the local
newspaper We have to accommodate multiplicity of usage.
iii. While using e-Mail and chatting: Internet must be used for
communication with family and friends. Avoid chatting with
strangers and forwarding e-mails from unknown people
/strangers. And we must teach children about risks involved in
chatting and forwarding e-mails to strangers.
iv. Pretending to be someone else: We must not use internet to fool
others by pretending to be someone else. Hiding our own identity
to fool others in the Internet world is a crime and may also be a
risk to others. It’s our responsibility to teach children the same.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 79
v. Avoid Bad language: We must not use rude or bad language
while using e-Mail, chatting, blogging and social networking, We
need to respect their views and should not criticize anyone on the
internet and the same should be taught to children.
vi. Hide personal information: We should teach children not to give
personal details like home address, phone numbers, interests,
passwords. No photographs should be sent to strangers and they
should be asked to hide their personal details from strangers
because it might be misused and shared with others without their
knowledge.
vii. While Downloading: Internet is used to listen and learn about
music. It is also used to watch videos and play games We must
not use it to download them or share copyrighted material. The
same should be taught to children, and they must be aware of the
importance of copyrights and issues of copyright.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 80
viii. Supervision: You should know what children are doing on the
internet and the sites they visit on the internet and should check
with whom they are communicating. Restrict them browsing
inappropriate sites. Parental involvement is essential when a child
is using the internet in order to make him follow the rules.
ix. Encourage children to use Internet: We must encourage children,
students and others to gain the knowledge from the internet and
use it wisely. Internet is a great tool where we can gather
information which can be used for learning.
x. Access to Internet: The internet is a time-efficient tool for
everyone that enlarges the possibilities for curriculum growth.
Internet is a useful tool for developing the skills of distinguishing
fact from opinion and exploring subjectivity and objectivity.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 81
OTHER ETHICAL RULES FOR COMPUTER USERS
Some of the rules that individuals should follow while using a
computer are listed below:
i. Do not use computers to harm other users.
ii. Do not use computers to steal others information.
iii. Do not access files without the permission of the owner.
iv. Do not copy copyrighted software without the author’s
permission.
v. Always respect copyright laws and policies.
vi. Respect the privacy of others, just as you expect the same from
others.
vii. Do not use other user's computer resources without their
permission.
viii. Use Internet ethically.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 82
ix. Complain about illegal communication and activities, if found, to
Internet service.
x. Providers and local law enforcement authorities.
xi. Users are responsible for safeguarding their User Id and
Passwords. They should not write them on paper or anywhere
else for remembrance.
xii. Users should not intentionally use the computers to retrieve or
modify the information of others, which may include password
information, files, etc..

jharun@utm.my
83
NAVIGATING THE WEBSITE

NAVIGATING THE WEBSITE
jharun@utm.my 84
To open a Web site, you require the Web site address. A Web site
address uniquely identifies a Web site. E.g., the address of the
Microsoft site is www.microsoft.com or www.futminna.edu.ng
A Web address consists of three or four parts:
The 1st part depicts the type of service or protocol that you are using
on the Internet such as http or ftp.

The 2nd part is the name of the network, the company, or the
individual, such as Microsoft or futminna

The 3rd part depicts the type of organization, such as commercial
(com), educational (edu), government (gov), and net (network)

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 85
To view information on the Internet,
 you need to first open a Web site
 When you load a Web site, the home page is loaded first. E.g., the
home page address for Microsoft is http://www.microsoft.com or
http://www.futminna.edu.ng
 Some Web addresses may contain the fourth part, which depicts
the country name, such as uk (United Kingdom) or ng (Nigeria)
 The address of a Web site is called its URL (Uniform Resource
Locator)
A hyperlink enables you to navigate to:
i. Different location in the same page.
ii. Different page within the same Web site
iii. Page of a different Web site

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 86
You can navigate to the other pages on the site through links on the
home page, which are also known as hyperlinks:
i. A hyperlink is a synonym for both link and hypertext link.
ii. These are graphics, words, or phrases on Web pages that you click
to navigate from one.
You can navigate from a Web page to another or one site to another
Note that Text hyperlinks are underlined and usually appear in blue
color.
When you click a hyperlink, you can navigate to:
i. Different location in the same page.
ii. Different page within the same Web site.
iii. Page of a different Web site
In addition, a hyperlink enables you to download a file, launch an
application, view a video file, or listen to an audio file

jharun@utm.my
87
RISKS OF THE INTERNET USE

RISKS OF THE INTERNET USE
jharun@utm.my 88
The following are the potential hazards of Internet if not maintained:
I. Viruses, Ad Wares and Spywares
a. Viruses: Viruses are programs that have the capacity to copy
themselves and infect computers without the knowledge of the
user. Viruses transfer to an uninfected computer through emails,
instant messaging programs, and websites or file sharing. Another
risk of online use can be found in emails. Scam emails are emails
that someone sends intentionally, with the purpose of deceiving
people and extract from them important information regarding
their bank accounts and passwords. Viruses can sometimes
damage the computer. They can insert themselves on to the
computer programs and delete them, crash the computer or
format it.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 89
Other forms of viruses can be less threatening but can still create
problems to the user since they can appear to show messages
every now and then can use computer memory and freeze the
computer and generally create problems that would make the
user unable to work properly on the computer.
b. Ad Wares: Ad wares are small programs that can be downloaded
through several other programs and websites that collect data
from a person’s computer with purposes of advertising and
researching.
c. Spywares: Spywares are some other form of programs that insert
themselves on the computer and monitor the usage and take up
computer memory resulting in lowering the normal performance
of the computer.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 90
II. Scam E-Mails: These emails can be very dangerous. Most of the
senders make them appear as coming from ones bank or from a
legitimate source and ask for personal information, pin numbers,
passwords with the purpose of taking money off people’s
accounts. Other emails present themselves in the form of winning
some kind of lottery and take you through a process to receive
your price. Eventually, these people end up taking a lot of money
from you for arranging to give you the big prize and you end up
with nothing but loss. Scam emails are a real threat for internet
users and one should be really careful with the emails he/she
accepts.
III. The Invisible Enemy: Despite email deception, human deception
is also possible over the net and especially among youngsters
through the social networking sites and the mIRC. Social
networking sites and the mIRC are the number one cause of
losing anonymity and human deception.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 91
=On social networking sites on the one hand, people use their
pictures and create a profile of them. Some people are being
honest, and may really be looking for someone interesting to
meet, but others can provide fake information deceiving people
and sometimes even seducing them. People on these sites and
on mIRC may not be the ones they are presenting themselves to
be, and may be criminals that are out there looking for victims.
Most of the times however, deceivers, are people who do not
feel comfortable about themselves and present their profile as
they wished they were. Eventually, when one gets to meet these
people, especially when faceless love is involved, people might
get seriously hurt and affected by the whole story.
Social networking sites allow for photos of their members to be
uploaded, and for those who put real photos, anonymity is
gone. From the minute these photos are uploaded on the web,
anyone can take them and use them in every way they may like.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 92
iv. The Crime: The internet crime has become a major issue from the
media since many people are seen to use child pornography over
the internet. Youngsters are usually uncontrolled in viewing these
sexually explicit and illegal materials.
The most serious form of risk one can face on the internet is crime.
Internet crime has been portrayed through the internet many
times. Child pornography and pedophilia are the harshest
forms of internet crime. Mentally disturbed individuals are seen
to abuse children and take pictures and videos with them and
publishing them on the internet.
The anonymity that most of the times the internet brings, make it
really hard to understand when new person to meet has
something like this in mind. Child pornography and pedophilia
are considered serious crimes and are being dealt from the
police with severe punishment.


CONT..
jharun@utm.my 93
=The media has played an important role in alerting parents about
this dangerous risk, and helped parents in taking seriously the
need for control of children’s online activities.
v. Internet Health Hazard
Excessive use of the internet can become addictive and cause mental
health problems as well as physical ones. Unfortunately, it has been
shown that the internet can become a form of addiction. Excessive
usage of the internet can result in problems such as headaches and
bone aches. An excessive use of the internet can seriously affect a
person’s mental health by depriving him/her from having a normal
social cycle of friends and by making them not wanting to go out and
have some exercise and fun. A person can become anti-social and
depressed and can be seriously deprived of its capacity to live life
properly. Just like everything in life, the internet needs to be used only
for a certain amount of time every day, to allow people not to
overload.

SUMMARY
jharun@utm.my 95
Internet is a Global network of computers which may be server or
client that exchanges information.
It can be defined as a "network of networks" which can be linked
through copper wires, wireless connections, and other technologies.
This is the world-wide network of computers accessible to anyone
who knows their Internet Protocol (IP) address.
The Internet is a worldwide system of computer networks.
Users can obtain information about any subject or topic by
connecting to the Internet.
The network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large
number of computer networks.
Internet is a Network of Networks
No one owns the Internet
Every person who makes a connection owns a slice of the Internet.
There is no central administration of the Internet.

SUMMARY
jharun@utm.my 96
 The Internet was first known as ARPANET and was started by the
U.S. government in 1969 -Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA)
 The World Wide Web (WWW) also called the Web is a subset of the
Internet.
 The Web is a series of interconnected servers that support specially
formatted documents.
 The Internet is used today in diverse field -business, entertainment,
education, communication, medicine, defence, engineering, and
sports.
 The WWW also called the Web is a subset of the Internet.
 The Internet and the World Wide Web are often used
synonymously but they are different.
 Electronic mail (e-mail) exchanges of messages between two
computers by telecommunication is known as e-mail

SUMMARY
jharun@utm.my 97
E-mail was one of the first services that were used for
communicating over the Internet.
E-mail messages can contain text, graphics, or a combination of
both.
There are a number of Web sites on the Internet that provide free e-
mail services -Gmail, Hotmail and Yahoo.
The user is asked to register at the site and an e-mail account is
created for the user.
An e-mail address is also allocated to the user.
Using the e-mail account you can access your e-mail from anywhere
in the world

COMMON INTERNET SERVICES
AND WHEN TO USE THEM
jharun@utm.my 98
Web Terminology To Use
Get a file from another computer on the Internet FTP
Send a file to another computer on the Internet FTP
View files in a directory in a computer on another
network
Telnet
Correspond with a particular person on the Internet E-mail
Correspond with a group of people interested in a similar
topic
Newsgroups
View documents on the Internet World Wide Web
Search for information on the Internet Search Engine

jharun@utm.my
99
WEEK FOUR: EXTRANET

INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 100
What is Intranet?
The term Intranet is derived from two words: ‘Intra’ which means
within and ‘net’ which means group of interconnected computers. It is
a private computer network that uses Internet protocols and network
connectivity to securely share any part of an organization's
information or operational systems with its employees. In short, an
intranet is private network, similar to the Internet and using the
Internet.
A private TCP/IP internetwork within an organization that uses
Internet technologies such as Web servers and Web browsers for
sharing information and collaborating. Intranets can be used to
publish company policies and newsletters, provide sales and
marketing staff with product information, provide technical support
and tutorials, and just about anything else you can think of that fits
within the standard Web server/Web browser environment.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 101
Intranet Web servers differ from public Web servers in that the public
must have the proper permissions and passwords to access the
intranet of an organization. Intranets are designed to permit users
who have access privileges to the internal LAN of the organization.
Within an intranet, Web servers are installed in the network.
Browser technology is used as the common front end to access
information on servers such as financial, graphical, or text-based data.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 102
i. It delivers collaboration and coordination to employees around
the clock.Communication system designed by technical staff.
ii. Focus is the message, not the media.
iii. Normally runs in a client/server environment and a local area
network configuration.
iv. Separated from other networks by firewalls, a means of
preventing unauthorized access to the company’s internal data or
leaks of sensitive company information.
v. Internal company network that uses Internet standards (HTML,
HTTP & TCP/IP protocols) & software.
vi. Accessed only by authorized persons, especially members or
employees of the organization
vii. Intranet = Network + Information Resource + Information Services

INTRANET SECURITY
jharun@utm.my 103
Two levels of Security required:
i. Internal Security: It can be imposed by Public Key Security &
Encryption Key.
ii. External Security: Through Firewall.

WHAT IS FIREWALL?
jharun@utm.my 104
i. Security device located
between firm’s internal
network (intranet) & external
network (internet).
ii. Regulates access into & out of
a company’s network based
on a set of rules.
Note: Needs to be upgraded
from time to time to check latest
potential security problems.

ACCESS TO INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 105
The following are the way of accessing Intranet:
 (i) Employee telephone directory
(ii) Human resource policies
(iii) Support information and
(iv) Knowledge base

REASONS FOR USING INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 106
The following are the major reasons for using Intranet:
Employee productivity
Cost saving
Knowledge management
E-commerce
Customer management
improvements

STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF
INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 107
The following are strategic significance of Intranet:
i. A cost-effective way of distributing information throughout an
organization.
ii. Links employees and managers around the clock and automates a
lot of intraorganizational traffic.
iii. Makes it possible for a company to gain better access to its primary
resource - the knowledge and experience of decision makers.
iv. Enables easier integration of processes

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK
jharun@utm.my 108

APPLICATIONS OF INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 109
The following are the applications of Intranet:
Sharing of company policies/rules & regulations
Sharing of information of common interest
Access product & customer data
Launching of personal/departmental home pages
Submission of reports
Corporate telephone directories

BENEFITS OF INTRANETS
jharun@utm.my 110
i. Workforce productivity: Intranets can help users to locate and view
information faster and use app. relevant to their roles and
responsibilities. With the help of a web browser interface, users can
access data held in any database the organization wants to make
available, anytime and - subject to security provisions – from
anywhere within the company workstations, increasing employees'
ability to perform their jobs faster, more accurately, and with
confidence that they have the right information. It also helps to
improve the services provided to the users.
ii. Communication: Intranets can serve as powerful tools for
communication within an organization, vertically and horizontally.
From a communications standpoint, intranets are useful to
communicate strategic initiatives that have a global reach
throughout the organization.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 111
=The type of information that can easily be conveyed is the
purpose of the initiative and what the initiative is aiming to
achieve, who is driving the initiative, results achieved to date, and
who to speak to for more information. By providing this
information on the intranet, staff has the opportunity to keep up-
to-date with the strategic focus of the organization.
iii. Cost-effective: Most organizations have already established TCP/IP
networks, and the incremental infrastructure cost of adding Web
servers to the network is well within even.
iv. Low maintenance: With information residing in only one place - the
Web server - it is relatively easy and affordable to add new
information or to update existing information and make it instantly
available.

ADVANTAGES OF INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 112
The following are the advantages Intranet:
i. Fast, easy, low-cost to implement
ii. Based on open standards.
iii. Connectivity with other systems.
iv. Easy to learn and use.
v. Hypertext links.
vi. Access to internal and external information.
vii. Improves communication

DISADVANTAGES OF INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 113
The following are the advantages Intranet:
Management
problem
Fear of sharing information and the loss of
control
Limited bandwidth for the business
Security
problem
Unauthorized access
Abuse of access
Denial of service
Productivity
problem
Information overload lowers productivity
Hidden or unknown complexity and costs

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN INTERNET
AND INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 114
The following are the similarities between Internet and Intranet:
i. Intranet uses the internet protocols such as TCP/IP and FTP.
ii. Intranet sites are accessible via the web browser in a similar way as
websites in the internet. However, only members of Intranet
network can access intranet hosted sites.
iii. In Intranet, own instant messengers can be used as similar to yahoo
messenger/gtalk over the internet.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTERNET
AND INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 115
The following are the difference between Internet and Intranet:
i. Internet is general to PCs all over the world whereas Intranet is
specific to few PCs.
ii. Internet provides a wider and better access to websites to a large
population, whereas Intranet is restricted.
iii. Internet is not as safe as Intranet. Intranet can be safely privatized
as per the need.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNET
AND INTRANET
jharun@utm.my 116
S/No Internet Intranet
1 Internet is wide network of
computers and is open for all.
Intranet is also a network of
computers designed for a
specific group of users.
2 Internet itself contains a large
number of intranets.
Intranet can be accessed from
Internet but with restrictions.
3 The number of users who use
internet is Unlimited.
The number of users is
limited.
4 The Visitors traffic is unlimited. The traffic allowed is also
limited.
5 Internet contains different
source of information and is
available for all.
Intranet contains only
specific group information.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 117
Therefore the Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is
designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the
Internet, but it is protected by a password and accessible only to
authorized users.

jharun@utm.my
118
WEEK THREE: INTRANET

EXTRANET
jharun@utm.my 119
Extranet is an intranet for outside authorized users using same
internet technologies. The outside users are trusted partners of the
organization who have access to information of their interest &
concern. It is the extend the intranet concept to provide a network
that connects a company’s network to the networks of its business
partners, selected customers, or suppliers.
Extranets refer to applications and services that are Intranet based,
and use extended, secure access to external users or enterprises. This
access is usually accomplished through passwords, user IDs, and
other application level security.
What is Extranet?

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 120
An extranet is the extension of two or more intranet strategies with
a secure interaction between participant enterprises and their
respective intranets. Part of a Company's Intranet that is extended
to users outside the company(eg. Normally over the Internet). In its
simplest form, a private TCP/IP network that securely shares
information using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and other
Internet protocols with business partners such as vendors,
suppliers, and wholesale customers.
An extranet is thus a corporate intranet that is exposed over the
Internet to certain specific groups that need access to it. Extranets
built in this fashion follow the client/server paradigm, with Web
servers such as Apache.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 121
Extranets are a powerful tool because they let businesses share
resources on their own private networks over the Internet with
suppliers, vendors, business partners, or customers. Extranets are
typically used for supporting real-time supply chains, for enabling
business partners to work together, or to share information such as
catalogs with customers. The power of the extranet is that it leverages
the existing technology of the Internet to increase the power, flexibility,
and competitiveness of businesses utilizing well-known and easily used
tools such as Web servers and Web browsers. Extranets also save
companies money by allowing them to establish business-to business
connectivity over the Internet instead of using expensive, dedicated
leased lines. Extranets can also save money by reducing phone and fax
costs.

FEATURES OF EXTRANET
jharun@utm.my 122
The following are the features of Extranet:
i. Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized users using same
internet technology.
ii. Inter-organizational information system.
iii. Enable outsiders to work together with company’s employees.
iv. Open to selected suppliers, customers & other business partners.
v. Examples: Dealers/distributors have access to product files such as:
a) product specification,
b) pictures,
c) images, etc. to answer the queries of the customer.

COMPONENTS OF EXTRANETS
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Some basic
infrastructure
components such as
the internet
Including:-
i. TCP/IP protocols,
ii. E-mail,
iii. Web-browsers,
iv. External business
partners &
v. Tele-commuting
employees place
order, check status
& send E-mail.

ACCESS TO EXTRANET
124
The following are methods of accessing Extranet:
Need to rapidly adapt to change
Distribute information
Improve existing information delivery techniques
Supporting major strategic initiative

BENEFITS OF EXTRANET
jharun@utm.my 125
The following are the benefits of extranet:
i. Improved quality.
ii. Lower travel costs.
iii. Lower administrative & other overhead costs.
iv. Reduction in paperwork.
v. Delivery of accurate information on time.
vi. Improved customer service.
vii. Better communication.
viii. Overall improvement in business effectiveness.

DISADVANTAGES
jharun@utm.my 126
The following are the disadvantages of Extranet:
i. The suppliers & customer who don’t have technical knowledge feel
problem.
ii. Faceless contact.
iii. Information can be misused by other competitors.
iv. Fraud may be possible.
v. Technical Employees are required.

HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM
INTRANETS
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Intranets differ from extranet in that the former are generally restricted
to employees of the organization while extranets may also be accessed
by customers, suppliers, or other approved parties. Extranets extend a
private network onto the Internet with special provisions for access,
authorization and authentication.

TYPES OF EXTRANET
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The following are the types of Extranet:
i. Public Network Extranet
This exists when an organization allows the public to access its intranet
from any public network. Security is an issue in this configuration,
because a public network does not provide any security protection.
ii. Private Network Extranet
is a private, leased-line connection bet. Two companies that physically
connects their intranets to one another. The single advantage of this is
Security. The single largest drawback is Cost.
iii. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
It is a network that uses public networks and their protocols to send
sensitive data to partners, customers, suppliers, and employees by
using system called.

APPLICATIONS OF EXTRANET
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The following are the applications of Extranet:
Technology Applications
Secure Electronic Mail B2B Communication
Bulletin Board Subject review & response vehicle, FAQ
Instant Messaging Sales & Customer Support
Document Repository Knowledge management & Customer
support
FTP Customer support, sales support software
development
Mail list Server Broad cash of changes & notification
Calendar Scheduling
Data conferencing & chat Electronic Meetings

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130
WEEK FIVE:
INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES

INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES
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The online revolution has seen the introduction of many new terms
and phrases to our shared vocabularies. While some of these are
self-explanatory, many can be somewhat obscure if you are
unfamiliar with them or the context in which they're used. The
following glossary includes many common internet terms along
with a brief definition and links to further reading. The following
are some Internet Terminologies:
Modem: A modem is a small device connected to a computer of
installed inside it, which converts the digital signals from your
computer into a form that can be sent down a telephone line.
Internet service provider: An ISP is a company that sells you a
connection to the internet.
INTRODUCTION

CONT..
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 WWW(World Wide Web): The world wide web or the web makes
looking round the internet easy. The web consists of screens, each
screen is called a page, each page contains words, pictures and
sometimes animation and all kinds of sound and music. In other
word, The World Wide Web consists of all the public Web sites
connected to the Internet worldwide, including the client devices
(such as computers and cell phones) that access Web content. The
WWW is just one of many applications of the Internet and computer
networks.
 Web: The Web is a series of interconnected servers that support
specially formatted document. This means you can switch from one
document to another just by clicking on marked text.
 Server: A server is a program or a computer that responds to
requests from other programs and delivers the requested documents.
It is a software program set up for serving web pages to a user on the
same computer or another computer.

CONT..
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Web Server: This is a program that responds to requests from Web
browsers to retrieve resources. It is also used to refer to the computer
that runs the server program.
Web Site: This is a collection of related files. Each Web site contains a
home page, which is the first document that is displayed on the
browser. A site might also contain additional documents and files. A site
is owned and managed by an individual, company or organization.
Web Browser: this is the software programme that allows you have
access to the world wide web. It displays web pages on the computer
screen and allows you to follow hot links, download information etc.
Examples of web browsers are: Microsoft internet explorer (part of
Microsoft windows). Netscape navigator (part of netscape
communicator suite of programmes), opera, neoplanet, and Firefox-
Mozilla.

CONT..
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Add-ons - An add-on (aka plug-in or extension) is a software
application that runs within another program for the purpose of
changing or enhancing the programs performance. Most web browsers
support a variety of add-ons, with some of the more common being
Adblock Plus, Google Translator, and Imagus.
Apps - Short for application, an "app" is a program designed to
operate within a mobile system. They can be considered "add-ons" for
mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Two of the most popular
operating systems, Apple's iOS and Google's Android, have an
increasingly sizable roster of free and paid apps available to users.
Archives/Archiving - Archiving internet data refers to the collection
of information, including files, visit numbers or website "hits," and
media files.

CONT..
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Blog - A blog is a website consisting of articles, or "posts," typically
associated with a single person or organization. Blogs can address a
wide range of topics from politics to food culture to the arts. They can
be the work of a single author or a group of contributors.
Broadband - A high speed internet connection is known as
broadband. There are many different types of broadband, but the term
is mostly used to distinguish fast connections to the much slower dial-
up connections.
Home Page: This is the first hypertext document (in HTML) that is
displayed when the user opens a Web site. It contains links to other
pages or other sites.
Host: A computer that is used to transfer data on the Internet.
SPAM: it is an unsolicited commercial e-mail found in your mail box.
Web Hosting: To store and make web pages available and ready for
inquiries, or a computer that has a consistent connection to the Internet.

CONT..
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Universal Resource Locator (URL): This is a Web addressing scheme
that spells out the exact location of a net resource on the Internet. Most
URLs take the form: protocol://host.domain/directory/filename the
address of a website is what is referred to as URL. (Uniform Resource
Locator). Example of a ULR. is http://www.clipart.com
DNS (Domain Name System): is a large database of domain names
and their correspondent Internet (IP Addresses) for example:
www.widget.com corrisponds to it's unique number.
LINK: it is a word or phrase emphasized in a hypertext document
that acts as a pointer to related information. Links in a web browser are
usually underlined and are in different colours from the rest of the text.
Search Tools: two main search tools are used in internet. They are
Search Engines and Directories. Though they perform the same
operation, they are created differently.

CONT..
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 Search Engines: the search engines is a lot of index of millions of
web pages and their addresses. A programme called robot, spider or
crawler visits every link on a web site, copies the text of the page to
its index together with address details. This process is done
frequently to update the index. When a user keys in a request, the
engine list pages that match the request. Population search engines
are: Google (developed by Stanford University), Excite, AltaVista,
KotBot and Lycos.
 Directories: A directory search for information like search engine.
The difference between it and search engine is that a directory is
manually compiled, whereas the search engine index is created by
computer. If a web designer submits the details of web page to be
include in a directory, a short description will be added. This is
reviewed by human editor and examines the web sites. If seen
suitable, the details of the web site will be included in the directory.
Known directories are yahoo! and LookSmart.

CONT..
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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): is the language in which the
computerized instructions behind the things you see on the web are
written. In other words, This is the formatting language used to present
a Web document.
http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): This is the protocol or set of rules
used by web servers. It is the protocol used on the Web to transfer
hypertext documents.
ICON: it is a small abstract graph representation of an objective or
idea.
Upload: This refers to sending a file from a personal computer to
another computer on the network.
Download: This refers to receiving a file from another computer on
the network to a personal computer.
Protocol: Protocol is a set of rules used for communication between
computers.

CONT..
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Telnet - Telnet is a user command and TCP/IP protocol that allows
one to remotely access.
Host: A computer that is used to transfer data on the Internet.
Webpage: A webpage is what you see in your browser when you are
on the internet. Think of the webpage as a page in a magazine. You may
see text, photos, images, diagrams, links, advertisements and more on
any page you view.
Web Hosting: To store and make web pages available and ready for
inquiries, or a computer that has a consistent connection to the Internet.
Domain Name: A domain name is a description or representation of a
computer's location on the Internet. It is usually separated by a dot. For
example:
www.comentum.com, sales.comentum.com, joespizza.comentum.com.

CONT..
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DNS (Domain Name System): is a large database of domain names
and their correspondent Internet (IP Addresses) for example:
www.widget.com corrisponds to it's unique number 207.168.6.12
IP address: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an unique number
used to identify a computer on the Internet.
Hypertext: Hypertext is text on a webpage that links to another
document or webpage. The hypertext link can be as small as a letter or
word, or as big as all the text on the page.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): is a method of transferring files between
two computers on the Internet. To access, upload or download
information on a server computer (or a computer that accesses a server
computer), FTP software makes the information access or transfer
possible.

CONT..
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Router: A router or router-modem combination is the hardware
device that acts as the traffic cop for network signals arriving at your
home or business from your ISP. A router can be wired or wireless or
both.
Home Page: A home Page is the main or index page of a web site. For
example, if a user opens Netscape or Internet Explorer and types the
URL, http://www.commentum.com, that would open the home Page of
the Commentum Communications company.
Port: In relationship to the Internet, a Port is a channel that a server
software would listen to, for any inquiries, there are certain standard
default channels set for certain server software. For example, a web
server software by default will listen to port 80 for any inquiry. Web
server software can also listen to any other port, for example:
http://www.commentum.com:5000

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 142
Baud: Baud is the number of thime per second that a medem converts
digital signals to analog sounds, so that it can transfer information over
an analog telephone line.
A Bit: Bit is a single digit in the binary numbering system (base 2). For
example: 1 is a bit or 0 is a bit.
A Byte: A Byte generally consists of eight bits.
Firewall: Firewall is a generic term to describe a barrier against
destruction. In the case of computing, a firewall consists of software or
hardware that protects your computer from hackers and viruses.
CSS - CSS is an acronym for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a computer
language that tells HTML how a webpage should look (as opposed to
what information is in it).
Ecommerce - Ecommerce refers to the buying and selling of items on
the internet. Popular online retailers include Amazon, Etsy, and Ebay.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 143
 Blogs: This is a modern online writer's column. Amateur and
professional writers publish blogs on most every kind of topic: their
hobby interests in paintball and tennis, their opinions on healthcare,
their commentaries on celebrity gossip, photo blogs of favorite
pictures or tech tips on using Microsoft Office. Absolutely anyone
can start a blog.
 Cloud Computing - Cloud computing refers to the use of a network
of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and
process data. Cloud computing is an alternative to the established
practice of storing and processing data on a dedicated server or
computing machine.
 Download - Downloading refers to copying data from one computer
system to another via a computer network. In general, it refers to
copying a file from a remote server onto a user's local machine. A
download can be anything from a text file to a feature film.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 144
 Encryption and Authentication - Encryption and authentication
helps ensure that data transmitted over the internet remains secure
and protected from possible interception. Authentication ensures
that both parties are legitimate, while encryption encodes the data in
such a way that it can not be decoded by an unauthorized third
party.
 Firewall - A firewall is a piece of software that blocks unwanted
traffic a computer and intranet. Most modern computers come with a
firewall already installed, and there are numerous third party
firewall applications available online.
 Graymail - Graymail refers to unwanted email messages that do not
otherwise meet the criteria of spam. Typically, graymail consists of
emails from entities with whom the user has registered or signed up
for regular email notifications. Graymail often includes newsletters,
mailing lists and membership announcements, and forum updates.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 145
 Hashtag - A hashtag (#) is used to label keywords or phrases in a
tweet or other social media message. The use of the tag converts
these keywords and phrases into active links to a dynamic feed
which is updated in real time to list all recent post containing the
chosen hashtag. Hashtags are searchable, making it easy for online
users to find and monitor trending topics.
 Email - Email, sometimes written as "e-mail," refers to electronic
messages sent between two or more parties. Email normally requires
the use of an email service provider such as Gmail, Outlook, or
Yahoo. But some people set up their own email servers.
 ISP - ISP is the commonly used acronym for Internet Service
Provider, a company that delivers internet access to subscribing
customers.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 146
 Malware - Malware is software specifically designed to damage or
disrupt a computer system. There are many different types of
malware, but the most common are designed to access and collect
sensitive data or to force access into a protected computer system.
 Meta Tag - A meta tag is an HTML tag that contains specific
information about a web page. Meta tags typically contain an
abbreviated description of the page's subject matter and other
information. Meta tags are used by search engines to index web
pages and filter online content, and do not appear in the user's
browser display.
 Network Ports - A network port is a way of telling a computer what
kind of process is being used. For example, port 80 is commonly used
for HTML. Similarly, port 21 is used for FTP.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 147
 Network Router - A network router connects two or more computers
to an internet connection, allowing multiple users to access the
internet and move data between connected computing devices.
 P2P - P2P stands for "peer-to-peer." A P2P network allows two or
more computers to communicate directly without having to use a
router or other centralized server.
 Phishing - Phishing refers to a type of online scam where criminals
pose as representatives of legitimate businesses or organizations in
order to obtain sensitive user information. Some of the more
common phishing scams involve the imitation of popular websites
(Facebook, Amazon, PayPal, etc) by slightly altering the spelling or
structure of the original site's web address. When a user lands on the
false site, either by accident or via an embedded link, they will find a
page carefully constructed to resemble the authentic website
destination. Users are then prompted to enter their personal data,
which is ultimately collected by a criminal organization.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 148
 Reciprocal Links - Reciprocal links are mutually agreed upon links
between to websites. For example, site A embeds an active link to site
B, which in return embeds an active link back to site A. Reciprocal
links are typically used to establish a relationship between websites
and to boost search engine ranking. As a result of webmasters using
reciprocal links to attempt to manipulate search engine ratings,
Google and other search engines are actively discouraging the use of
reciprocal link building, penalizing websites that abuse them.
 SEO - SEO is an acronym for Search Engine Optimization. It is an
expansive endeavor to make web pages rank as highly as possible in
search engines.
 Social Media - Social Media refers to various websites and
applications whose main purpose is to support and facilitate online
social networking. The most popular examples of social media
include Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Reddit.

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 149
Spam/Spamming - Spam typically refers to unsolicited junk mail and
blog comments. Spam can consist of legitimate advertisements for products
and services, or may be part of an online scamming operation. Spamming
refers to the bulk dissemination of spam posts, or the repetitive posting of
spam on public forums.
Tag - Tags are a formatting tool used in HTML and XML markup
languages to indicate how content will be displayed on a given web page.
Tags are commonly used to indicate headers, fonts, line breaks, tables, etc.
For example, if you want a portion of a sentence to appear emphasized on a
web page you would markup the content as follows: "if you want a portion
of a sentence to appear <em>emphasized</em> on a web page you would
markup the content as follows.“

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 150
Wiki - Derived from the Hawaiian phrase "Wiki Wiki," meaning fast
or quick, a wiki is any website that allows or encourages users to add or
modify online content. The most recognizable example of a wiki is
Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia edited and maintained through the
collaborative efforts of the site's visitors.
Zone Files - Zone files are simple text files stored on name servers
containing the identifying data pertaining to specific domain names.
Each zone file contains a complete DNS record of the domain name in
question, including a full mapping of the domain name to its related IP
address. Zone files are easily altered or modified, which can result in a
website being rendered unresponsive or redirected to a spam or
malware infected spoofing site. Consequently, zone files need to stored
on highly secure servers.

jharun@utm.my
151
WEEK FIVE:
PRACTICAL SESSION

CONNECTING A COMPUTER TO
THE INTERNET
jharun@utm.my 152
Before loading a Web site, you first need to connect to the Internet.
To connect to the Internet, you need the following:
 Access to a phone line
 A modem
 A modem is a device that helps the computers to communicate using
phone lines
 Computers can interpret digital signals, and phone lines can
interpret analog signals
 Modems convert the outgoing digital signals from a computer to
analog signals that can be transmitted via telephone cables
 Modems also convert the analog signals from a phone line to digital
signals for a computer
 The speed of a modem at which the data transfer is done is measured
in Kilo bits per second (Kbps)

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
(ISP)
jharun@utm.my 153
 An Internet account provided by
an Internet Service Provider
(ISP)
 An ISP is an organization that
provides users access to the
Internet and other related
services, such as hosting a Web
site and providing space on the
Web server to launch a Web site
on the Internet.
 ISP provides users with
usernames and passwords,
which are required to connect to
the Internet

INTERNET BROWSERS
jharun@utm.my
154
A browser is an application that helps you display and
interact with the information on the Internet
A browser uses HTTP to display information from the
Web server
Mosaic was the first commercially used Web
browser
Today, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox and Netscape Navigator are the most popular
Web browsers
Connecting a Computer to the Internet (2)
Connecting to the Internet enables you to
perform operations, such as accessing a
Web site, reading your email, navigating
between Web sites, and printing Web pages

WORKING WITH THE INTERNET
EXPLORER
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To open the Internet Explorer, perform the following steps:
1. Select the Programs Internet Explorer command. The Internet
Explorer window is displayed
2. In the Address bar, specify the address or URL of the Web site that
you want to visit
 When specifying the Web address, you don’t need to specify the
protocol, such as http or ftp. The protocol appears automatically.
3. Click the Go button or press the Enter key. The home page of the
Web site appears.
 The figure in the next slide is displays (the home page of the MSN
site).

CONT..
jharun@utm.my 156
Working with the Internet Explorer (2)

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 157
 Notice that the mouse pointer changes to a hand when it is moved
on a hyperlink. You can click on a text hyperlink or image
hyperlink to display the linked URLs
Displaying and Hiding Toolbars
 To display a toolbar, click View on the menu bar. Select the Toolbars
command and then, the toolbar name, such as Standards Buttons
and Address Bar, to display the toolbar
 To display the Web page in a new window, select the File New
Window command to open a new window
 To stop a Web page from loading, click View on the menu bar.
Select the Stop command
 To refresh the contents of a Web page, click View on the menu bar.
Select the Refresh command to refresh the contents of the Web page
 To view the visited URLs, click the drop-down button of the
Address bar

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 158
 You can click on the Forward button to go back to the site you were
viewing before using the Back button
DISPLAYING WEB PAGES IN A NEW WINDOW
 To display the Web page in a new window, select File New
Window command to open a new window
 You can also open a new window by right-clicking a link and
selecting the Open in New Window option from the shortcut menu
STOPPING WEB PAGES FROM LOADING
 To stop a Web page from loading, click View on the menu bar.
Select the Stop command. The Web page stops from loading further
 You can also press the Esc key to stop Web page from loading

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 159
REFRESHING WEB PAGES
 There are Web pages on the Internet that are dynamic and the data
displayed on the site might be changing after a specific time period
 To view latest data you will need to fetch the latest copy of the Web
page
 Refreshing a Web page means that you can get a new copy of the
current page from the server.
 To refresh the contents of a Web page, click View on the menu bar.
Select the Refresh command to refresh the contents of the Web
page.
 You can also press the F5 key to refresh the contents of a Web page

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 160
DISPLAYING VISITED URLS USING THE BROWSER ADDRESS
BAR
 You can view the URLs you visited earlier using the browser
address bar
 Click the drop-down button of the Address bar, as shown
WORKING WITH THE INTERNET EXPLORER (5)
 Navigating Previously Visited Web Pages
 You can view the recently visited Web pages using the Back button
on the toolbar
 The Forward button is enabled only if you have used the Back
button

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 162
 You can also view the list of the Web pages that you have visited by
clicking the drop-down arrow against the Back or Forward button
as displayed in the following figure:
WORKING WITH THE INTERNET EXPLORER (6)
 Navigating Previously Visited Web Pages
 You can view the recently visited Web pages using the Back button
on the toolbar
 The Forward button is enabled only if you have used the Back
button

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 164
 You can customize the browser for viewing the Web sites using the
Internet Options dialog box
 Deleting Browser History
 You can delete the history of the Web sites that you visited earlier
DELETING BROWSER HISTORY
1. Select the Tools Internet Options command to display the
Internet Options dialog box
2. In the General tab, under the History section, click the Clear
History button. This displays the Internet Options message box
3. Click Yes button to delete the URL history
4. Click OK button to close the Internet Options dialog box.

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 166
SETTING THE HOMEPAGE FOR A WEB BROWSER
To set a home page for a Web browser, perform the following steps:
1. Select the Tools Internet Options command. The General tab of
the Internet Options dialog box is displayed.
2. The Home page section of the General tab allows you to:
 Current button: Set the currently displayed page as the hope page
 Default button: Microsoft starting page as the default page
 Blank button: Set a blank page as Home page
 Or you specify a URL of your choice in the Address text box, E.g.,
http://www.google.com

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 167
3. Click the OK button to close the Internet Options dialog box
Some Web sites take time to load on the Web browser. This delay is
due to the fact that images in a Web page take more time to display
than text. To prevent this delay in loading a Web page, you can stop
images from loading. By default, Internet Explorer displays images
within a Web page.
TO STOP LOADING THE IMAGES, PERFORM THE
FOLLOWING STEPS:
CONTROLLING THE DISPLAY OF IMAGES IN WEB PAGES
1. Select Tools Internet Options command to display the Internet
Options.
2. The Advanced tab, as shown
3. Under Settings section, scroll to Show pictures check box under
Multimedia category

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 168
4. Deselect the Show pictures check box to ensure that the browser
loads Web pages without images or pictures within the Web pages.
If the Show pictures check box is selected, the browser displays the
images along with the content of the Web pages.
5. Click OK button to close the Internet Options dialog box. You can
Refresh the page or load a different Web page to see the changes
SAVING WEB PAGES AS FILES
You can save a Web page for viewing it later without connecting to the
Internet. To save the current Web page, perform the following steps:
1. Select File Save As command to display the Save Web Page dialog
box
2. In File name box, use the default file name provided or specify a
name

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 169
3. Select Save as type drop-down list and the required file type. You
can save the file as a hypertext file using the default file name
extension .htm or .html, or you can save it as a text file with the .txt
extension
 When you save a Web page as an HTML file, the graphics, sound,
and video are also saved
 However, when a Web page is saved as a TXT file, only the text in
the Web page is saved
 When you save a Web page as an HTML file, the graphics, sound,
and video are also saved
 However, when a Web page is saved as a TXT file, only the text in
the Web page is saved.

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 170
SAVING WEB PAGES AS FAVORITES
 You can save Web pages or Web sites as your favorite sites in the
Favorites folder
 This folder stores the URL of the Web page and enables you to
access the Web page quickly
 In Netscape Navigator, the feature of saving Web pages as favorites
is known as saving Web pages as Bookmarks
1. To save a Web page as a favorite, click Favorites on the menu bar.
Select the Add to Favorites command to display the Add Favorite
dialog box
2. To save the current Web page in the Favorites folder, click the OK
button
3. You can organize the Web pages in your Favorites folder under
different categories for easy accessibility.

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 171
4. Select the Favorites Organize Favorites command to display the
Organize Favorites dialog box
DOWNLOADING A FILE FROM A WEB PAGE (1)
 You can download a file from a Web page
 Downloading enables you to save a program, an audio or video file,
or a document from the Web to your computer
 The following figure displays a download link:

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 173
DOWNLOADING A FILE FROM A WEB PAGE (1)
To download and save a file from the Web page, do as follows:
1. Right-click on the link of the file
2. Select the Save Target As command to display the Save As dialog
box
3. Select the location from the Save in drop down list
4. In the File name box, you can use the default file name provided or
specify a name of your choice and click the Save button.
5. Click the Close button or you can choose to Open Folder to view
the file or execute a program

CONT…
jharun@utm.my 175
URLs
COPYING CONTENT FROM A WEB PAGE TO A DOCUMENT
To copy the content of a Web page to a Word document, perform the
following steps:
1. Open the Web page and select the Edit Select All command to
select the contents of the page
2. Select the Edit Copy command menu to copy the contents on the
clipboard
3. Open a new Microsoft Word document
4. Select the Edit Paste command to paste the selected content of the
Web page including text, image, and URLs

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PREVIEWING WEB PAGES
 Previewing in Internet Explorer uses the WYSIWYG (What You See
Is What You Get) mechanism
 You can preview a Web page by selecting File Print Preview
option
 If the information does not appear correctly on the printed page,
you can modify the settings of the page setup.

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MODIFYING PAGE SETUP OPTIONS
 In Internet Explorer, you can modify the page orientation, set new
margins, add information on the header and footer, and change the
size of the paper
 To modify the settings of a Web page, perform the following steps:
1. Click File Page Setup command to display Page Setup dialog
box
2. In the Page Setup dialog box, you can:
 Use the Size drop-down list to change the size of the paper, such as
Letter, A4, or Executive.
 Use the Source drop-down list to change the source of the paper.
 Use the Header text box to specify the header information and the
Footer text box to specify the footer information.

EDT 323 Course Outline on Intranet and Internet

EDT 323 Course Outline on Intranet and Internet

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