Inexpensive Teaching Materials

1. PREPARATION OF INEXPENSIVE
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Educational Technology Department,
School of Science and Technology Education (SSTE),
Federal University of Technology, Minna
(c) 2024
Prof. GAMBARI, Amosa Isiaka
E-mail: gambari@futminna.edu.ng
Phone No: +234 803 689 7955

2. 2. PRINT MEDIA

3. 2. PRINT MEDIA
• The print media hold a great instructional value,
it include the text and reference books, gazettes,
workbooks, journals, magazines, newspapers,
handbills, handouts, manuals, teacher notes,
community libraries, among others.
• The print media, although may not always be the
most effective instructional channels, have
consistently dominated the educational sector
since 1440. The prints have been under-used,
over-used, and abused at different times.

4. Cont…
• Print materials are the oldest delivery method
available to students and learners for well over
100 years. The more traditional print courses are
provided entirely on paper. Printed course books,
course guides, letters, and comments on
assignments are some examples. Print courses
are usually delivered via the mail, but some also
have e-mail, telephone or fax options to enhance
communication between student and instructor.

5. Advantages
• (i) Extremely portable – materials can be used
in any location
• (ii) High comfort level – most students are very
comfortable using print materials to learn
• (iii) Cost effective - materials can be created
and duplicated with little expense
• (iv) Readily available

6. Disadvantages
• (i) Lacks interaction - materials do not generally
provide built-in interaction.
• (ii) No audio/visual elements – materials are
static and are not appropriate for teaching
languages and visual concepts
• (iii) Requires reading skills – if the learners are
non-readers or language skills are required, print
materials will not be effective
• (iv) Time delay – it may take days or weeks for
printed matter to travel between student and
teacher.

7. TEXT BOOKS
• These are compact, economical and practical
devices in form of print used for keeping and
retrieving information.
• They consist of a number of sheets or printed
information in paper bound together between
covers.
• Textbooks are considered the principal and
most valuable source of information to the
teacher.

8. Advantages of Textbooks
• (i) They can store information for a very long
period of time if they are well preserved.
• (ii) They can assist students to read and study
better.
• (iii) They can be said to be economical since
they can be used and re-used by the same or
different people.
• (iv) Textbook help individualized instruction by
affording the students the opportunity to proceed
at their own rate.

9. Cont…
• (v) Textbooks can make for different students to
study different things at the same time.
• (vi) Textbook can facilitate distant learning.
• (vii) Textbook help to organize and provide
unity for class instruction by providing common
reading experiences, suggested activities,
recommended readings and questions.

10. Disadvantages of
Textbooks
• (i) Some textbook tend to encourage rote
learning or details because they are rigidly
organized on topics.
• (ii) The production of textbooks often take a long
time.
• (iii) Some textbooks are not exciting and
interesting because they are poorly illustrated
and designed.
• (iv) Alteration and amendment are not possible
and textbook content can be obsolete.

11. (B). POSTER
• Poster is a simple, bold and attractive graphics
communication media. A poster is designed to
pass specific information, emphasize an idea, a
message, or a campaign in an instructional or a
training environment. A purpose-driven poster
must contain two main visual elements i.e.

12. Cont…
• (a) Text element: These are texts in form of
caption, title, topic or slogan depending on the
purpose the poster is meant to serve.
• (b) Symbolic element: These are visual objects
in form of picture, diagram, illustration, or
generally clip arts.
• Types of Posters
• Two types of posters can be distinguished i.e.
the single-glance poster and the stop-and-study
poster.

13. Cont…
• Single-glance
posters: These are
like the graphic
visuals produced
by commercial
organizations,
airlines and even
government
agencies to
advertise a product,
a service, or a
cause.
• Stop-and-study
posters: Like the
single-glance
posters, they are
colourful and
attractive. Unlike
them, however,
they carry more
than one picture
and many words. In
this respect, they
are like wall charts.

14. Features of Posters
• 1. Legibility: Bold designs, large enough to be
easily seen and read at a distance of about three
meters (l0ft).
• 2. Attractiveness: Very colourful and
outstanding from its surrounding to be able to
catch and hold attention of a viewer quickly and
long enough to impart the information.
• 3. Brevity: Brief, straight to the point, clear
message devoid of ambiguity.
• 4. Simplicity: Has just one concept to transmit,
few simple words and diagrams.
• 5. Motivation: forceful and promotes action.

15. Uses of Posters for
Classroom Instruction
(i)You can use posters to decorate your classroom;
or more importantly, to foster interest.
(ii) You can use them to create awareness in or
favourable feeling towards any of these and
other subjects.
(iii)On the whole, posters are generally used to
motivate, arouse interest, and remind.

16. 3. ELECTRONIC MEDIA

17. Media
• Audio/visual material includes:
• (i) Radio
• (ii) Satellite
• (iii) Cable/Public Television
• (iv) Video cassettes
• (v) Internet
• (vi) CD-ROM; DVD; disc
• (vii) Audio cassettes
• (viii) Live video streaming
• (ix) Video-conference / audio conference

18. Cont…
• (i) Radio: Scheduled broadcasts for various
subject areas.
• (ii) Satellite: Courses offered via a satellite
network require students to travel to a specified
location in order to view and participate in various
courses.
• (iii)Video cassettes (VCs): VCs are mailed to the
students who can then view the course information
with a video cassette recorder (VCR).
• (iv)Audio Cassettes: Like video cassettes, audio
cassettes are often mailed to learners and can
contain lectures, tutorials or administrative
information. In language courses they are often

19. (v) Cable/Public Television: Some classes are
broadcast on cable systems and/or public television
channels, generally on regularly scheduled days
and times on a designated channel.
(vi) Videotape: Courses available on videotape mean
that videotapes will be shipped to you at your
mailing address.
(vii) Audio conference: It is sometimes considered
a conference call,
(viii) Videoconference: A videoconference is a two-
way interactive event where video and audio is
simultaneously transmitted to individuals at sites in
different locations.
(ix) Audio Technologies
• The most important part of any teleconference.

20. Advantages of Audio
Technologies
• Advantages
• (i) Inexpensive:
• (ii) Easily
accessible:
• (iii) Easy to use
• Disadvantages
• (i) May require
scheduling
• (ii) Not conducive
to visual
information:
• (iii) May be
impersonal: With
audio only
interactions, there
is no eye contact

21. (xi)Video Technologies
• Interactive video-conferencing allows
students and faculty at multiple
locations to see, hear, and interact
with one another
• Advantages
• (i) Allows both audio and video
communications.
• (ii) Facilitates personal feelings.
• (iii)Enable high levels of interaction.

22. Disadvantages
• (i) May be expensive
• (ii) Requires a great deal of planning
and preparation:
• (iii)Must be scheduled:
• (iv)Requires technical support:

23. Types of Technologies in
the Online Environments
• (i) Computer CD-ROM/Disk
• Some classes are offered on computer disks,
CD-ROMs, or, more recently, DVDs. The disks
and study materials are mailed to your home.
You need access to a computer to view the
course materials.
• (ii) Internet
• Courses delivered over the Internet often, but
not always, use the World Wide Web. They
may include material to read online, exercises
to complete online using interactive forms,
discussion forums to exchange ideas with the

24. Cont…
• (iii)Live Video Streaming
• Video streaming is a common method for
distributing live or stored video over the Internet.
For live streaming, the instructor’s lectures or
presentations are digitally encoded and
distributed over the network in real time.
• (iv)Web Conference
• Web conferencing is the combination of using a
web browser for visuals and an audio-
conference for discussion. Students and
instructors can show and receive graphics, draw,
and type, demonstrate web sites, share

25. Cont…
• (v) Online
• Online courses, also often referred to as web
courses, are usually defined as courses which
are offered over the Internet. Basic technology
needs are a computer, a web browser and an
Internet connection.
• (vi) Computer Technologies
• Computer Disk/CD-ROM/DVD: Some classes
are offered on computer disks, CD-ROMs, or,
more recently, DVDs. You need access to a
computer to view the course materials.
Courses delivered over the Internet usually use

26. Cont…
• Advantages
• (i) Allow self-paced instruction:
• (ii) May incorporate text, graphics, audio
and video:
• (iii)Allow high levels of interactivity:
• (iv)Provides written record of discussions
and instruction:
• (v) Inexpensive:
• (vi)Worldwide access:

27. Disadvantages
• (i) Requires hardware and software
• (ii) Generally relies on written
communications
• (iii)Requires substantial planning
• (iv)Computer viruses
• (v) No guaranteed performance:
Computer networks are notoriously
unreliable.

28. Online
• An online course is one in which
student and instructor communicate
via computers. The assignments,
class lectures, documents and
responses are on screen.
Communication with the instructor and
other students in the class is through
personal e-mails, bulletin boards and
discussions. The syllabus assignment
and course materials are provided on

29. Cont…
• Advantages
• (i) Better learning
resources
• (ii) More flexible
pace of learning
• (iii) Greater choice
of where to study
• (iv) Increased self-
reliance
• (v) Improved
computer literacy
• Disadvantages
• (i) Alienating
learning experience
• (ii) Technical
Frustration
• (iii) Inadequate
access to
computers
• (iv) Loss of contact
with staff
• (v) Reduced

30. (iv)Social Media
These are new innovation that present
the user opportunity to create, share
and exchange contents, ideas, feelings,
personal information through texts,
images, audio and videos on platforms
such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
LinkedIn, Whatapp, Skype, Youtube,
Slideshare, Blogs, and many others.

31. Types of Social Media
• Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) who
pointed out six different types of social
media: (a) Collaborative projects, (b)
blogs and micro blogs, (c) content
communities, (d) social networking
sites, (e) virtual game worlds, and (f)
virtual communities.

32. Cont…
• (i) Collaborative blogs or collaborative
projects. A Wiki is the most typical
collaborative project site (e.g., Wikipedia)
which allow many participants to work
together on the same project (e.g., a
research analysis, writing a dictionary, or
group work project). The participants can all
edit the content of the project at anytime
and anywhere to make it complete. In
addition, all participants in one course can
share and contribute ideas to the course
discussion forum.

33. Cont…
• (ii) Blogs, Microblogs, and Internet
Forums. These are considered
personal web pages where individuals
can communicate with one another
through texts and other multimedia
like videos, audios, and pictures. The
most commons blogs and forums are
Wordpress.com, Blogger.com, and
Yahoo!Groups.com.

34. Cont…
• (iii)Content Communities: The main
function of Content Communities is
sharing media contents (e.g., videos,
pictures, audio clips, and PowerPoint
presentations) between users. Internet
users can create an account for each of
the Content Communities, upload media
content to the sites, and share the media
content with one another. Common types
of the Content Communities are Youtube
(for videos), Flickr (for photos), and

35. Cont…
• (iv)Social Networking. Facebook,
Ning, LinkedIn, and MySpace are
considered the most common social
networking sites. They are called
Social Networking Sites because they
are sites for social communication.
Specifically, Facebook can be used as
a forum for classroom discussion.

36. Cont…
• (v) Virtual Game Worlds are online
platforms where users can virtually
participate in games via personalized
avatars in virtual worlds. World of
Warcraft is the famous virtual game
world.

37. Cont…
• (vi)Virtual Social Worlds: This type allows
Internet users to choose personalized avatars,
their behaviours, their lives, and their acts in their
virtual lives that are similar to their real lives. For
teaching, the teacher can choose and design a
place or a virtual class and ask the class
participants to meet at the place for the class
discussion. The only difference is that the users
can do whatever they like in their virtual lives that
they cannot do in their real lives. Second Life is
the most famous site, and this site has a number
of teaching and learning applications.

38. Advantages of Using
Instructional Media
• (i) Best Motivator: They are the best motivators.
The students work with more interest and zeal.
They are more attractive.
• (ii) Antidote to the disease of verbal
instruction: They help to reduce verbatim. They
help in giving clear concepts and thus help to bring
accuracy in learning.
• (iii)Clear images: Clear images are formed when
students can learn through their senses such as
seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling.
• (iv)Vicarious experience: It provides solution to
many inaccessible objects and phenomena that
are dangerous to human.

39. Cont…
• (v) Variety: Instructional media
gives variety and provides different
tools in the hands of the teacher.
• (vi) Opportunities to handle and
manipulate: It offers opportunities to
students to handle and manipulate
things.
• (vii) Retentivity: Instructional
media contribute to increased
retention as they stimulate response

40. Cont…
• (viii) Based on maxims of
teaching: The use of Instructional
media enables the teachers to follow
the maxims of teaching like ‘concrete
to abstract, known to unknown and
learning by doing.
• (ix) Helpful in attracting
attention: It helps the teacher in
providing proper environment for
capturing as well as sustaining the

41. Cont…
• (x) Saving of energy and time: A good
deal of energy and time of both the
teachers and students can be saved on
account of the use of instructional media
as most of the concepts and phenomenon
may be easily clarified, understood and
assimilated through their use.
• (xi) Realism: The use of instructional
media provides a touch of reality to the
learning situation. By watching a movie,
students learn more effectively in about 1

42. Cont…
• (xii) Meeting individual differences:
There are wide individual differences
among learners. The use of variety of
Instructional media helps in meeting the
needs of different types of students.
• (xiii) Encouragement to healthy
classroom interaction: It encourages
active participation of the students, and
provides vicarious experiences,
encourages healthy classroom interaction
for the effective realization of teaching -

43. Cont…
• (xiv) Spread of education on a
mass scale: Instructional media like
radio, television and internet help in
providing opportunities for education
to people living in remote areas.

44. Cont…
• (xv) Positive environment for
creative discipline: A balanced
rational and scientific use of
instructional media develop motivation,
attracts the attention and interests of
the students and provides a variety of
creative outlets for the utilization of their
tremendous energy and thus keeps
them busy in the classroom work. In
this way, the overall classroom
environment becomes conducive to
creative discipline.

45. Limitations of Instructional Media
• (i) Apathy of the teachers: Teachers in general are yet
to be convinced that teaching with words alone is very
tedious, wasteful and ineffective.
• (ii) Financial hurdles: financial difficulty from government
can affects the use of instructional media.
• (iii) Absence of electricity: Most of the projectors, Radio
and TV cannot work without the electricity which is not
available in large number of schools.
• (iv) Language difficulty: Most educational films are in
English language.
• (v) Not catering to local needs: Little attention is paid in
the production of Instructional media to local sociological,
psychological and pedagogical factors.
• (vi) Improper selection media: Instructional media are not
selected according to the classroom needs.