International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The RAKE receiver is used in CDMA systems to implement diversity combining of multipath signals. It utilizes multiple correlators to separately detect the strongest multipath components which have arrived via different paths due to reflection, scattering, etc. The correlator outputs are weighted and combined to improve the overall signal quality compared to using a single multipath component. In IS-95 CDMA systems, the mobile receiver employs a searcher receiver and three digital data receivers as fingers of a RAKE receiver to track and process multipath components from individual or multiple base stations, implementing space/macro diversity on the downlink. On the uplink, the base station receiver uses antennas and digital receivers to track multiple multipath components from mobiles and combine them
COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATIONS COMBINATION DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES AND OPTIMAL POWER...ijaceeejournal
The main task of this article is to focus on the performance of cooperative MIMO relaying in terms of data rate and Power. Furthermore, compare these performances when using Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) and equal gain combining (EGC).The average SNR improvement of MRC is typically about 5 dB better than with EGC and direct link.The preciseness of the derived closed form expression of optimum power allocation of the DF-based relaying system is demonstrated by simulation results.
This document provides an overview of wireless communication and cellular systems. It discusses key concepts such as frequency reuse, cell footprint, handover, interference, and system capacity. It explains how cellular networks divide a service area into smaller cells served by low-power base stations to improve capacity. Neighboring cells are assigned different frequency groups to reduce interference. The same frequencies can be reused in cells far enough apart. Handover allows calls to be transferred between cells as users move. The document also covers channel assignment strategies and methods for expanding system capacity through cell splitting or reducing the frequency reuse factor.
CDMA allows multiple users to share the same channel by assigning each user a unique code. It spreads the user's data signal over a wider bandwidth through multiplication with a pseudo-random code. This allows different signals to be separated at the receiver through correlation with the corresponding code. Major technologies using CDMA include WiFi, Bluetooth, and GPS, which employ techniques like DSSS, FHSS, and long/short codes. Performance of 802.11 networks can be analyzed based on collision probability and throughput calculations under saturated traffic conditions. Later developments expanded CDMA capabilities with techniques like W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, and TD-SCDMA.
This document discusses digital T-carriers and multiplexing. It describes various multiplexing techniques including time division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, and wavelength division multiplexing. It also discusses T1 digital carriers which carry 24 channels of digital data at 1.544 Mbps using time division multiplexing. Channel banks are used to convert analog signals to digital signals to be carried on T-carrier lines. Fractional T-carriers allow customers to purchase less than the full 24 channels of a T1. The document also covers digital signal hierarchy and uses of digital terminals for voice, data, pictures and video.
CDMA Transmitter and Receiver Implementation Using FPGAIOSR Journals
Abstract: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a spread spectrum technique that uses neither frequency channels nor time slots. With CDMA, the narrow band message (typically digitized voice data) is multiplied by a large bandwidth signal that is a pseudo random noise code (PN code). All users in a CDMA system use the same frequency band and transmit simultaneously. The transmitted signal is recovered by correlating the received signal with the PN code used by the transmitter. The DS - CDMA is expected to be the major medium access technology in the future mobile systems owing to its potential capacity enhancement and the robustness against noise. The CDMA is uniquely featured by its spectrum-spreading randomization process employing a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, thus is often called the spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA). As different CDMA users take different PN sequences, each CDMA receiver can discriminate and detect its own signal, by regarding the signals transmitted by other users as noise- like interferences. In this project direct sequence principle based CDMA transmitter and receiver is implemented in VHDL for FPGA. Modelsim 6.2(MXE) tool will be used for functional and logic verification at each block. The Xilinx synthesis technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE 9.2i tool will be used for synthesis of transmitter and receiver on FPGA Spartan 3E. Keywords: CDMA, DSSS, BPSK, GOLD code.
The document discusses different types of multiplexing techniques used to share transmission mediums. It describes frequency division multiplexing which assigns different non-overlapping frequency ranges to signals transmitted simultaneously. It also describes synchronous and statistical time division multiplexing which divide transmission time among users in a continuous or variable manner. Finally, it briefly mentions wavelength division multiplexing which assigns different wavelengths to signals on fiber optics and code division multiplexing used in mobile communications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The RAKE receiver is used in CDMA systems to implement diversity combining of multipath signals. It utilizes multiple correlators to separately detect the strongest multipath components which have arrived via different paths due to reflection, scattering, etc. The correlator outputs are weighted and combined to improve the overall signal quality compared to using a single multipath component. In IS-95 CDMA systems, the mobile receiver employs a searcher receiver and three digital data receivers as fingers of a RAKE receiver to track and process multipath components from individual or multiple base stations, implementing space/macro diversity on the downlink. On the uplink, the base station receiver uses antennas and digital receivers to track multiple multipath components from mobiles and combine them
COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATIONS COMBINATION DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES AND OPTIMAL POWER...ijaceeejournal
The main task of this article is to focus on the performance of cooperative MIMO relaying in terms of data rate and Power. Furthermore, compare these performances when using Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) and equal gain combining (EGC).The average SNR improvement of MRC is typically about 5 dB better than with EGC and direct link.The preciseness of the derived closed form expression of optimum power allocation of the DF-based relaying system is demonstrated by simulation results.
This document provides an overview of wireless communication and cellular systems. It discusses key concepts such as frequency reuse, cell footprint, handover, interference, and system capacity. It explains how cellular networks divide a service area into smaller cells served by low-power base stations to improve capacity. Neighboring cells are assigned different frequency groups to reduce interference. The same frequencies can be reused in cells far enough apart. Handover allows calls to be transferred between cells as users move. The document also covers channel assignment strategies and methods for expanding system capacity through cell splitting or reducing the frequency reuse factor.
CDMA allows multiple users to share the same channel by assigning each user a unique code. It spreads the user's data signal over a wider bandwidth through multiplication with a pseudo-random code. This allows different signals to be separated at the receiver through correlation with the corresponding code. Major technologies using CDMA include WiFi, Bluetooth, and GPS, which employ techniques like DSSS, FHSS, and long/short codes. Performance of 802.11 networks can be analyzed based on collision probability and throughput calculations under saturated traffic conditions. Later developments expanded CDMA capabilities with techniques like W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, and TD-SCDMA.
This document discusses digital T-carriers and multiplexing. It describes various multiplexing techniques including time division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, and wavelength division multiplexing. It also discusses T1 digital carriers which carry 24 channels of digital data at 1.544 Mbps using time division multiplexing. Channel banks are used to convert analog signals to digital signals to be carried on T-carrier lines. Fractional T-carriers allow customers to purchase less than the full 24 channels of a T1. The document also covers digital signal hierarchy and uses of digital terminals for voice, data, pictures and video.
CDMA Transmitter and Receiver Implementation Using FPGAIOSR Journals
Abstract: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a spread spectrum technique that uses neither frequency channels nor time slots. With CDMA, the narrow band message (typically digitized voice data) is multiplied by a large bandwidth signal that is a pseudo random noise code (PN code). All users in a CDMA system use the same frequency band and transmit simultaneously. The transmitted signal is recovered by correlating the received signal with the PN code used by the transmitter. The DS - CDMA is expected to be the major medium access technology in the future mobile systems owing to its potential capacity enhancement and the robustness against noise. The CDMA is uniquely featured by its spectrum-spreading randomization process employing a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, thus is often called the spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA). As different CDMA users take different PN sequences, each CDMA receiver can discriminate and detect its own signal, by regarding the signals transmitted by other users as noise- like interferences. In this project direct sequence principle based CDMA transmitter and receiver is implemented in VHDL for FPGA. Modelsim 6.2(MXE) tool will be used for functional and logic verification at each block. The Xilinx synthesis technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE 9.2i tool will be used for synthesis of transmitter and receiver on FPGA Spartan 3E. Keywords: CDMA, DSSS, BPSK, GOLD code.
The document discusses different types of multiplexing techniques used to share transmission mediums. It describes frequency division multiplexing which assigns different non-overlapping frequency ranges to signals transmitted simultaneously. It also describes synchronous and statistical time division multiplexing which divide transmission time among users in a continuous or variable manner. Finally, it briefly mentions wavelength division multiplexing which assigns different wavelengths to signals on fiber optics and code division multiplexing used in mobile communications.
Presentation on MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION By SUPRIYA BHARATI (ME/EC/10006/16) and KHUSHBOO KUMARI (ME/EC/10010/16) Under the Guidance of Dr. Sanjay Kumar Department of Electronics & Communication Engg. (ECE) Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra ,Ranchi-835215 , Jharkhand , India
MULTIPLE ACCESS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONjuhi kumari
Multiple access techniques allow multiple terminals to share access to a transmission medium. The document discusses several techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA) allocates different frequencies to different users; time division multiple access (TDMA) divides the time frame into slots and allocates different time slots to different users; code division multiple access (CDMA) allocates different codes to different users; space division multiple access (SDMA) uses directional antennas to spatially separate users. The document also discusses ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), and multiple access collision avoidance (MACA) protocols for wireless networks.
A Review of Relay selection based Cooperative Wireless Network for Capacity E...IRJET Journal
This document discusses relay selection in cooperative wireless networks to enhance network capacity. It reviews cooperative communication techniques like amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward that achieve spatial diversity without requiring multiple antennas on a device. The selection of relay nodes has a significant impact on the total network capacity. It aims to study cooperative relay node assignment that allows multiple source-destination pairs to compete for the same pool of relay nodes, with each pair able to be assigned multiple relays.
The document discusses CDMA and 3G spread spectrum technology. It describes how CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum to allow multiple users to access the same frequency band simultaneously. It explains the key elements of spread spectrum communication including using a chip rate that is faster than the data rate, synchronization at the receiver, and using pseudo-random codes. It provides details on IS-95 CDMA including channel structures, call processing, and authentication.
This document discusses bandwidth utilization and multiplexing techniques. It begins by explaining that bandwidth is a precious commodity in communication and that bandwidth utilization aims to make wise use of available bandwidth. It then discusses various multiplexing techniques including frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). For each technique, it provides examples and applications. It also covers digital carrier systems like T1, T2, T3 and discusses the North American digital multiplexing hierarchy.
This slide includes
Advanced multiplexing
Code Division Multiplexing
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
OFDM
Connectionless
LAN
L3 SWTICH
SLIP
PPP
CORE AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS.
OFDMA resource allocation in 4G wireless networksguest9bc528
The document proposes a Long-Term Proportional Fair (LTF-PF) Quality of Service (QoS)-aware sub-carrier allocation algorithm for dynamic orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. It aims to jointly exploit frequency and time diversity gains to optimize resource allocation for non-real-time applications. The LTF-PF algorithm computes the resource allocation metric over a duration longer than the channel coherence time, allowing it to take advantage of time diversity and better meet the QoS requirements of different traffic classes. Simulation results show the LTF-PF algorithm enhances system capacity and guarantees user QoS compared to traditional instantaneous proportional fair allocation.
Time DIvision Multiplexing ApplicationsRohan Nagpal
Time division multiplexing (TDM) allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link by carrying signals at different time intervals. A research paper proposes a mixed signal built-in self-test (BIST) scheme using TDM comparators and counters to test analog circuits. The scheme converts circuit responses to digital signatures using TDM comparators. Counters connected to comparators count 1s at each time slot to generate signatures. This flexible and low-hardware scheme allows monitoring internal nodes in addition to outputs. Simulation results show the scheme can test a low-pass filter and determine a pass/fail result. The paper concludes the TDM BIST scheme provides an efficient, minimum-hardware approach for analog and mixed-
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) allows devices to access the Internet over wireless networks. There are three main categories of protocols for managing shared access to wireless networks: fixed assignment, demand assignment, and random assignment. Fixed assignment divides resources like frequency bands or time slots and allocates them exclusively. Demand assignment allocates resources only to nodes that need them. Random assignment does not preallocate resources and relies on collision detection and retransmission to manage shared access. Common protocols that fall under these categories include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, ALOHA, and CSMA.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
The document discusses various types of pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and pulse code modulation (PCM). It provides details on the basic principles, components, and advantages of each technique. PCM is described as the digital form of pulse modulation where the analog signal is converted to digital pulses by sampling, quantizing, and encoding the signal. The minimum sampling rate required by the Nyquist theorem and examples of calculating bit rates for PCM are also covered.
This document summarizes key aspects of second-generation digital wireless systems including TDMA-based IS-136 and GSM as well as CDMA-based IS-95. It describes the basic infrastructure components including base stations, mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers. It also provides overviews of channel structures and framing in GSM, IS-136 and IS-95 including descriptions of broadcast, traffic and control channels. Mobile registration, authentication and handoff procedures are also summarized.
A Case Study on Ip Based Cdma Ran by Controlling RouterIJERA Editor
As communication plays an important role in day to day life, the effective and efficient data transmission is to be maintained. This paper mainly deals with implements a congestion control mechanism using Router control method for IP-RAN on CDMA cellular network. The Router control mechanism uses the features of CDMA networks using active Queue Management technique to reduce delay and to minimize the correlated losses. When utilizing these new personal tools and services to enrich our lives, while being mobile, we are using Mobile Multimedia applications. As new handsets, new technologies and new business models are introduced on the marketplace, new attractive multimedia services can and will be launched, fulfilling the demands. Because the number of multimedia services and even more so, the context in which the services are used is numerous, the following model is introduced in order to simplify and clarify how different services will evolve, enrich our lives and fulfill our desires.The proposed paper work is to be realized using Matlab platform.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
This document discusses multiple access techniques in wireless communication. It describes several techniques including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). It also covers packet radio access methods like ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA). Each technique allows multiple users to share wireless spectrum resources simultaneously through dividing access in frequency, time, code, or space.
The document discusses various applications of OFDM technology including digital audio broadcasting (DAB), high-definition television (HDTV), and wireless local area networks. It provides an overview of DAB including its goals to improve sound quality and coverage compared to analog FM radio. It also summarizes the key aspects of the digital video broadcasting (DVB) standard used for digital television broadcasting via satellite, cable, and terrestrial methods.
Improving thrpoughput and energy efficiency by pctar protocol in wirelessIaetsd Iaetsd
The document discusses a proposed Prioritized Congestion and Traffic Aware Routing (PCTAR) protocol for wireless sensor networks. PCTAR aims to improve throughput and energy efficiency. It does so by dynamically discovering routing zones using hybrid potential fields that consider both depth (distance to sink) and queue length, as well as data priority. Simulation results showed PCTAR improved overall throughput by 70% compared to the TADR protocol. PCTAR is suitable for applications in healthcare monitoring and military domains by prioritizing data delivery and reducing congestion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Presentation on MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION By SUPRIYA BHARATI (ME/EC/10006/16) and KHUSHBOO KUMARI (ME/EC/10010/16) Under the Guidance of Dr. Sanjay Kumar Department of Electronics & Communication Engg. (ECE) Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra ,Ranchi-835215 , Jharkhand , India
MULTIPLE ACCESS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONjuhi kumari
Multiple access techniques allow multiple terminals to share access to a transmission medium. The document discusses several techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA) allocates different frequencies to different users; time division multiple access (TDMA) divides the time frame into slots and allocates different time slots to different users; code division multiple access (CDMA) allocates different codes to different users; space division multiple access (SDMA) uses directional antennas to spatially separate users. The document also discusses ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), and multiple access collision avoidance (MACA) protocols for wireless networks.
A Review of Relay selection based Cooperative Wireless Network for Capacity E...IRJET Journal
This document discusses relay selection in cooperative wireless networks to enhance network capacity. It reviews cooperative communication techniques like amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward that achieve spatial diversity without requiring multiple antennas on a device. The selection of relay nodes has a significant impact on the total network capacity. It aims to study cooperative relay node assignment that allows multiple source-destination pairs to compete for the same pool of relay nodes, with each pair able to be assigned multiple relays.
The document discusses CDMA and 3G spread spectrum technology. It describes how CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum to allow multiple users to access the same frequency band simultaneously. It explains the key elements of spread spectrum communication including using a chip rate that is faster than the data rate, synchronization at the receiver, and using pseudo-random codes. It provides details on IS-95 CDMA including channel structures, call processing, and authentication.
This document discusses bandwidth utilization and multiplexing techniques. It begins by explaining that bandwidth is a precious commodity in communication and that bandwidth utilization aims to make wise use of available bandwidth. It then discusses various multiplexing techniques including frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). For each technique, it provides examples and applications. It also covers digital carrier systems like T1, T2, T3 and discusses the North American digital multiplexing hierarchy.
This slide includes
Advanced multiplexing
Code Division Multiplexing
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
OFDM
Connectionless
LAN
L3 SWTICH
SLIP
PPP
CORE AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS.
OFDMA resource allocation in 4G wireless networksguest9bc528
The document proposes a Long-Term Proportional Fair (LTF-PF) Quality of Service (QoS)-aware sub-carrier allocation algorithm for dynamic orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. It aims to jointly exploit frequency and time diversity gains to optimize resource allocation for non-real-time applications. The LTF-PF algorithm computes the resource allocation metric over a duration longer than the channel coherence time, allowing it to take advantage of time diversity and better meet the QoS requirements of different traffic classes. Simulation results show the LTF-PF algorithm enhances system capacity and guarantees user QoS compared to traditional instantaneous proportional fair allocation.
Time DIvision Multiplexing ApplicationsRohan Nagpal
Time division multiplexing (TDM) allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link by carrying signals at different time intervals. A research paper proposes a mixed signal built-in self-test (BIST) scheme using TDM comparators and counters to test analog circuits. The scheme converts circuit responses to digital signatures using TDM comparators. Counters connected to comparators count 1s at each time slot to generate signatures. This flexible and low-hardware scheme allows monitoring internal nodes in addition to outputs. Simulation results show the scheme can test a low-pass filter and determine a pass/fail result. The paper concludes the TDM BIST scheme provides an efficient, minimum-hardware approach for analog and mixed-
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) allows devices to access the Internet over wireless networks. There are three main categories of protocols for managing shared access to wireless networks: fixed assignment, demand assignment, and random assignment. Fixed assignment divides resources like frequency bands or time slots and allocates them exclusively. Demand assignment allocates resources only to nodes that need them. Random assignment does not preallocate resources and relies on collision detection and retransmission to manage shared access. Common protocols that fall under these categories include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, ALOHA, and CSMA.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
The document discusses various types of pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and pulse code modulation (PCM). It provides details on the basic principles, components, and advantages of each technique. PCM is described as the digital form of pulse modulation where the analog signal is converted to digital pulses by sampling, quantizing, and encoding the signal. The minimum sampling rate required by the Nyquist theorem and examples of calculating bit rates for PCM are also covered.
This document summarizes key aspects of second-generation digital wireless systems including TDMA-based IS-136 and GSM as well as CDMA-based IS-95. It describes the basic infrastructure components including base stations, mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers. It also provides overviews of channel structures and framing in GSM, IS-136 and IS-95 including descriptions of broadcast, traffic and control channels. Mobile registration, authentication and handoff procedures are also summarized.
A Case Study on Ip Based Cdma Ran by Controlling RouterIJERA Editor
As communication plays an important role in day to day life, the effective and efficient data transmission is to be maintained. This paper mainly deals with implements a congestion control mechanism using Router control method for IP-RAN on CDMA cellular network. The Router control mechanism uses the features of CDMA networks using active Queue Management technique to reduce delay and to minimize the correlated losses. When utilizing these new personal tools and services to enrich our lives, while being mobile, we are using Mobile Multimedia applications. As new handsets, new technologies and new business models are introduced on the marketplace, new attractive multimedia services can and will be launched, fulfilling the demands. Because the number of multimedia services and even more so, the context in which the services are used is numerous, the following model is introduced in order to simplify and clarify how different services will evolve, enrich our lives and fulfill our desires.The proposed paper work is to be realized using Matlab platform.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
This document discusses multiple access techniques in wireless communication. It describes several techniques including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). It also covers packet radio access methods like ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA). Each technique allows multiple users to share wireless spectrum resources simultaneously through dividing access in frequency, time, code, or space.
The document discusses various applications of OFDM technology including digital audio broadcasting (DAB), high-definition television (HDTV), and wireless local area networks. It provides an overview of DAB including its goals to improve sound quality and coverage compared to analog FM radio. It also summarizes the key aspects of the digital video broadcasting (DVB) standard used for digital television broadcasting via satellite, cable, and terrestrial methods.
Improving thrpoughput and energy efficiency by pctar protocol in wirelessIaetsd Iaetsd
The document discusses a proposed Prioritized Congestion and Traffic Aware Routing (PCTAR) protocol for wireless sensor networks. PCTAR aims to improve throughput and energy efficiency. It does so by dynamically discovering routing zones using hybrid potential fields that consider both depth (distance to sink) and queue length, as well as data priority. Simulation results showed PCTAR improved overall throughput by 70% compared to the TADR protocol. PCTAR is suitable for applications in healthcare monitoring and military domains by prioritizing data delivery and reducing congestion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed the surface degradation of polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with 5% and 10% banana fiber loads when immersed in distilled water, ethanol, and sodium chloride solutions for up to 200 days. Samples were weighed over time to measure degradation and absorption in different environments. Surface degradation was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The researchers found that longer immersion times led to greater material degradation regardless of environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides a survey of techniques for transferring big data. It discusses using grids and parallel transfers to distribute large datasets. Grid computing allows for coordinated sharing of computational and storage resources across distributed systems. Parallel transfer techniques divide files into segments and transfer portions simultaneously from multiple servers to improve download speeds. However, these techniques require significant user involvement. The document then introduces a new NICE model for big data transfers. This store-and-forward approach transfers data to staging servers during periods of low network traffic to avoid impacting other users. It can accommodate different time zones and bandwidth variations between senders and receivers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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www.ijera.com
series of the anomaly of pollutant concentration at the
monitoring site R . In other words, it establishes the
explicit relationship between the emission rate Q(t)
and the measurements of pollutant concentration or
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David Parra-Guevara et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.763-776
www.ijera.com
This paper proposes a method to estimate the non-steady emission rate of a point source using pollutant concentration
data. It formulates the
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
- The document outlines a business plan for Michtech Engineering Services, which will provide electrical switchgear design, construction, installation, and maintenance services.
- The business will target hospitals, households, schools, and small and large industries that prioritize reliable power. The market for these services is growing rapidly.
- The founder has experience designing and installing switchgear through previous employment. He plans to start the business as a proprietorship and may transition to a limited liability company as it grows.
- The initial goals are to raise funding, market locally through advertisements, and focus on individual clients. Long-term goals include expanding services to small business chains and major electrical companies nationwide.
Sexto Sentido - Especial Festival de Rock Comuna 6Rock Comuna Seis
El documento resume la programación de varios festivales musicales que se llevarán a cabo en noviembre de 2013 en la Comuna 6 de Bogotá, incluyendo bandas nacionales e internacionales. Resalta la presentación de La Derecha, una importante banda de rock alternativo de Bogotá, en el Festival Internacional de Rock de la Comuna. También brinda breves resúmenes biográficos de algunas de las bandas internacionales invitadas, como Advent of Bedlam de Costa Rica y Anima Inside de Ecuador.
El documento proporciona una definición de cartel e historia del mismo. Explica que un cartel es un soporte publicitario que consiste en una lámina impresa con mensaje visual para promover un producto, evento u otra causa. Revisa los diferentes tipos de cartel como publicitario, político o bélico. También describe brevemente los pósteres, sus características y usos.
Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan produk MSS-BioSoil+ yang merupakan campuran bakteri alami yang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tanah dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Hasil uji coba di berbagai lahan seperti persawahan, perkebunan, dan kebun bunga menunjukkan peningkatan hasil panen hingga 29% dengan penggunaan MSS-BioSoil+ dan pupuk yang lebih sedikit.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon nanotube based solar cells. It begins with an introduction to carbon nanotubes, describing their cylindrical nanostructure formed from graphene sheets rolled at specific angles. It then discusses properties of carbon nanotubes that make them suitable for solar cells, such as their electrical conductivity. The document reviews different generations of solar cell technology and their limitations before describing how carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into dye-sensitized solar cells as transparent electrodes, replacing conventional materials like ITO. It presents results showing a carbon nanotube-based solar cell achieved 7.04% efficiency compared to 7.34% for a standard platinum electrode cell. In conclusion, carbon nanotube electrodes
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MC-CDMA SYSTEM OVER RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNELIJCSES Journal
Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is a well known technique for high speed
wireless data transmission .Two advanced technology was included in the MC-CDMA structure, such as
orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) and the code division multiple access (CDMA),so that it
benefits from the robustness of OFDM against multipath environment and from the capability of multiuser
multiplexing services that is achieved via (CDMA) system. MC-CDMA is a multicarrier spread spectrum
system which is classified as the candidate scheme for future mobile radio systems. In this paper MCCDMA
system, with Rayleigh fading channel and 16QAM array modulation, was simulated to investigate
the effects of different parameters on the system performance, such as processing gain; number of paths;
number of users; interleaving; and coding ratio.MC-CDMA performances can be considerably improved
by proper selection of these parameters. As expected, results show that MC-CDMA has a better performance over CDMA system.
This document discusses the use of smart antennas in 4G mobile communications. It begins by defining smart antennas as antenna arrays connected to a digital signal processor that can enhance wireless links through diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression. This allows for higher data rates or more simultaneous users. The document then discusses key principles such as using antenna arrays to distinguish propagation paths and encode independent data streams. It also covers applications like space division multiple access and beamforming basics. Specific benefits of smart antennas for mobile communications discussed include increased antenna gain, decreased inter-symbol interference, and spatial filtering/nulling of interference.
11.smart antennas in 0004www.iiste.org call for paper_gAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper on smart antennas in 4G systems. It discusses how smart antennas work using an array of antenna elements and a digital signal processor to form beams. This allows for diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression, improving capacity. Smart antennas can distinguish between propagation paths to transmit independent data streams or redundantly encode data. They can also suppress interference for conventional transmitters. Applications discussed include space division multiple access, beamforming basics, switched beam antennas, and use in mobile communications for increased gain and reduced interference.
IRJET- Review on Multiple Access Techniques used in Mobile Telecommunication ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the multiple access techniques used across different generations of mobile telecommunications. It discusses the key multiple access techniques of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA used in 1G-4G networks. It also covers packet switching methods like Aloha, slotted Aloha, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, and token ring. The techniques have evolved with each new generation to increase network capacity and accommodate more users through improvements like OFDMA and dynamic TDMA. In conclusion, the appropriate use of multiple access techniques is important for network communications by eliminating disadvantages and improving speed, accuracy, capacity and efficiency.
Effect of Interleaved FEC Code on Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Alamouti ...IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper, the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) code namely Trellis code with interleaver on
the performance of wavelet based MC-CDMA wireless communication system with the implementation of
Alamouti antenna diversity scheme has been investigated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit. Simulation of the system under proposed study has been done in M-ary
modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel incorporating
Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code to discriminate the message signal for individual
user. It is observed via computer simulation that the performance of the interleaved coded based proposed
system outperforms than that of the uncoded system in all modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading
channel.
This document describes a simulator designed to analyze bit error rates using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) under different modulation schemes and channel conditions. The simulator was implemented in MATLAB and allows users to choose modulation types, channel types (AWGN, Rayleigh, Rician), and other parameters. It then generates plots of bit error rate versus signal-to-noise ratio for performance analysis. Screenshots of the user interface are provided along with sample output plots and discussion of the simulator design and capabilities.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
Improving quality of service using ofdm technique for 4 th generation networkeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of 32QAM and 64QAM digital modulation techniques when used with OFDM for 4G networks. It finds that 32QAM has better performance with lower bit and packet loss over 64QAM. Specifically, when transmitting 1920 bits over an AWGN channel, 32QAM had 65 bit losses and 0 packet losses, while 64QAM had 80 bit losses and 0.04167 packet losses. Therefore, the document concludes 32QAM can be more efficiently used than 64QAM for digital transmission in 4G networks when combined with OFDM modulation.
Improving quality of service using ofdm technique for 4 th generation networkeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of 32QAM and 64QAM digital modulation techniques when used with OFDM for 4G networks. It finds that 32QAM has better performance with lower bit and packet loss over 64QAM. Specifically, when transmitting 1920 bits over an AWGN channel, 32QAM had 65 bit losses and 0 packet losses, while 64QAM had 80 bit losses and 0.04167 packet losses. Therefore, the document concludes 32QAM can be more efficiently used than 64QAM for digital transmission in 4G networks when combined with OFDM modulation.
VLSI Implementation of OFDM Transceiver for 802.11n systemsIJERA Editor
This document describes the VLSI implementation of a 4x4 MIMO-OFDM transceiver for 802.11n systems using a Spartan 6 FPGA. The transceiver uses OFDM modulation with 64-bit FFT and 1/2 rate encoding. It was designed and tested on a Diligent Atlys FPGA board with a wired channel. Performance was analyzed by measuring BER and data rate with varying SNR. Data rates up to 216 Mbps were achieved with 16QAM modulation. The design was implemented and tested using Matlab Simulink, Xilinx tools, and hardware co-simulation between Simulink and the FPGA board.
Analysis of Simulation Parameters of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter for WCDMAijsrd.com
The application of signal processing techniques to wireless communications is an emerging area that has recently achieved dramatic improvement in results and holds the potential for even greater results in the future as an increasing number of researchers from the signal process and communications areas participate in this expanding field. From an industrial viewpoint also, the advanced signal processing technology cannot only dramatically increase the wireless system capacity but can also improve the communication quality including the reduction of all types of interference. The present paper deals with simulation model of square root raised cosine pulse shaping filter for WCDMA with different parameters of the filter at 5Mhz.The present paper deals with study of Simulation Parameters (Number of Bits, Number of Errors) of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter at different value of group delay(2,4,6,8) to the calculate BER for WCDMA.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
Multicarrier modulation can be implemented by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve utmost bandwidth exploitation and soaring alleviation attributes profile besides multipath fading. To support delay sensitive and band bandwidth demanding multimedia applications and internet services, MIMO in addition with other techniques can be used to achieve high capacity and reliability. To obtain high spatial rate by transmitting data on several antennas by using MIMO with OFDM results in reducing error recovery features and the equalization complexities arise by sending data on varying frequency levels. Three parameters frequency OFDM, Spatial (MIMO) and time (STC) can be used to achieve diversity in MIMO-OFDM. This technique is dynamic and well-known for services of wireless broadband access. MIMO if used with OFDM is highly beneficial for each scheme and provides high throughput. There are several space time block codes to exploit MIMO OFDM; one of the techniques is called Alamouti Codes. The paper investigates adaptive Alamouti Codes and their application in IEEE 802.11n.
COMPARISON OF BER AND NUMBER OF ERRORS WITH DIFFERENT MODULATION TECHNIQUES I...Sukhvinder Singh Malik
This paper provides analysis of BER and Number of Errors for MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system by using different modulation techniques. Wireless designers constantly seek to improve the spectrum efficiency/capacity, coverage of wireless networks, and link reliability. So the performances of the wireless communication systems can be enhanced by using multiple transmit and receive antennas, which is generally referred to as the MIMO technique. Here analysis will be carried out for an OFDM wireless communication system using different modulation techniques and considering the effect and the wireless channel like AWGN, fading. Performance results will be evaluated numerically and graphically using the plots of BER versus SNR and plots of number of errors versus SNR.
With the concept of 3G & 4G services OCDMA is one of the important technologies, that provide a very high speed communication. In this technology multiple users can communicate simultaneously to transfer different kind of data. OCDMA enables the best use of available bandwidth and the spectrum to represent a cost efficient network. But in a network there is always the requirement to increase the security and the efficiency or the throughput of a multiuser communication in the OCDMA network. The proposed work is about to increase the efficiency in a Noisy channel. Here the work will be performed on impulse noised network. We are here proposing the orthogonal approach along with OCDMA to improve the throughput. We are trying to show the results in terms of noise ratio and the derived throughput. The proposed work is about to reduce this packet loss and to increase the throughput in the noisy network. To overcome this drawback and to increase the throughput we are using the concept of OFDM along with CDMA. This concept is represented as the Orthogonal CDMA.
Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK ...Editor Jacotech
Direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is
currently the subject of much research as it is a promising
multiple access capability for third and fourth generations
mobile communication systems. The synchronous DS-CDMA
system is well known for eliminating the effects of multiple
access interference (MAI) which limits the capacity and
degrades the BER performance of the system. In this paper,
we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of a
synchronous DS-CDMA system over a wideband mobile
radio channel. The BER performance is affected by the
difference in path length ΔL and the number of arriving
signals N. Furthermore, the effect of these parameters is
examined on the synchronous DS-CDMA system for different
users’ number as well as different processing gain Gp. In this
environment and under the above conditions the performances
of the BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) and the QPSK
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulations are compared.
The promising simulation results showed the possibility of
applying this system to the wideband mobile radio channel.
Performance Analysis of 802.lln MIMO OFDM TransceiverIJERA Editor
The increasing demand on real time application to achieve high throughput, reliable wireless system and network capacity for fourth generation wireless local area networks is to combine MIMO wireless technology with OFDM. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which offers reliable high bit rate wireless system with reasonable low complexity. OFDM does provide large data rates with sufficient robustness to radio channel impairments. OFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing and are able to maximize spectral efficiency without causing adjacent channel interference. This paper first focuses on 802.11n standard, MIMO-OFDM system. This paper further reviews different work done on implementation of MIMO-OFDM transceiver for 802.11n standard.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
1. Vaibhav Khairnar al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.788-792
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Multiple Input Analysis Of DS-CDMA Rake Receiver Simulator
Vaibhav Khairnar1, Jitendra Mathur2, Hema Singh3
1
M. Tech. Scholar, (Department of Electronics and Communication), RGPV University, Bhopal
Assistant Professor, (Department of Electronics and Communication), RGPV University, Bhopal
3
Head, Asst. Prof. (Department of Electronics and Communication), RGPV University, Bhopal
2
ABSTRACT
This paper would satisfy the next generation requirement of multiple input environments. Here we use a
simulator which simulates the multiple input waveform signals through wireless towards the Rake Receiver
which will follow through the DS-CDMA technique due to its performance. As we know the CDMA is an
excellent technique to analyze the cellular systems. The simulator will give the excellent idea about the different
values of the design option. Here, the backbone of this system is a wireless CDMA user link built with the help
of Matlab. The effective method of system modeling is used to speed up the simulations. With the help of
simulator we get the variations in the system parameters due to its different inputs. The transmitted data and the
received data can be analyzed in the form of signal waveforms. We can also analyze the format of the input data
and its performance with the help of simulator.
Keywords - CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence CDMA), FDMA
(Frequency Division Multiple Access), SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access).
I. INTRODUCTION
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or
Code division multiplexing systems uses the spread
spectrum technology and the Rake receiver concept
to minimize communication errors resulting from
multipath effects. In general, the number of
multipath signals in the wireless channel is unknown
and difficult to predict. The spread spectrum
technology designs to spread the information signal
over a wider bandwidth to make jamming and
interception more difficult [1].
A rake receiver allows each arriving
multipath signals to be individually demodulated and
then combined to produce a stronger and create an
accurate signal. The Rake receiver from the IS-95A
CDMA system will use the three correlators and also
a searcher, while the CDMA system TIA/EIA-95B
limits the number of correlators in the Rake receiver
to Six [5, 7].
This technique is unlike the method use in
current CDMA system, which has a fix number of
correlators despite the number of multipath signals in
the channel.
The objective of this paper is to develop a
Rake receiver through Matlab simulation that is able
to increase the signal to noise ratio (SNR)
performance with a minimum number of correlators.
where transmit and receive is on. During a same call
no any other user can use the same frequency band.
Each user is assigned a forward link channel (from
the base station to the mobile phone) and also a
reverse channel (revert back to the base station),
each is being a single way link. The transmitted
signal of each channel is all the way continuous uses
analog transmissions. The bandwidth of FDMA
channel is generally low (30 kHz) as each channel
only supports only one user. FDMA is used as the
primary breakup of large allocated frequency bands
and is used as part of most multi-channel systems
[4].
Fig 1: Frequency Band Channel
I.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access
In Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA), the available bandwidth is subdivided into
a number of narrower band channels. Each user from
the channel is allocated a unique frequency band
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I.2 Time Division Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
divides the available spectrum into several multiple
time slots, each user uses a time slot in which they
can transmit or receive. Fig. 2 shows how the time
slots are provided to users in a round robin fashion,
with this each user being assigned one time slot per
frame. TDMA system also transmit the data in a
buffer and burst method, hence the transmission of
each channel is non-continuous and will provide the
accurate mode of signal to be propagated by
considering its signal to noise ratio[4].
Fig 2: TDMA Scheme
I.3 Code Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is
a spread spectrum technique that uses neither
frequency channels nor time slots. In CDMA, the
narrow band message (typically digitized voice data)
is multiplied by a large bandwidth signal, which is a
pseudo random noise code (PN code). All users in a
CDMA system use the same frequency band and
transmit it very simultaneously. The transmitted
signal is then recovered by correlating the received
signal with the PN code used by the transmitter [1,
11].
Some useful properties that have made CDMA
stronger are: Signal hiding and non-interference
with existing systems, Anti-jam and interference
rejection, Information security, Accurate Ranging,
Multiple User Access, Multipath tolerance.
Fig 3: CDMA Scheme
The data to be transmitted (a) is spread
before transmission by modulating the data using a
PN code. This broadens the spectrum as shown in
(b). In this example the process gain is 125 as the
spread spectrum bandwidth is 125 times greater the
data bandwidth. Part (c) shows the actual received
signal. This may consists of the required signal with
background noise and interference from any other
CDMA users or radio sources.
The received signal is recovered by
multiplying the signal by original spreading code.
Also this process may causes the wanted effective
received signal to be dispread back to the original
effective transmitted data. When all the other signals
are uncorrelated with the PN spreading code, they
become more spread. The wanted signal in (d) is
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then filtered removing the wide spread interference
and noise signal, it is shown in the Fig.5 below
Fig. 4: Basic CDMA Generation.
CDMA is achieved by modulating the data
signal by a pseudo random noise sequence (PN
code), which has a chip rate higher than the bit rate
of any data. The PN code sequence of a signal is a
sequence of ones and zeros (also called chips), which
is alternate in a random fashion. The data is
modulated with modular-2 adding data with the PN
coding sequence. This can be done by multiplying all
the other signals, provided that the data and PN
coding is represented by 1 and -1 instead of 1 and 0.
Fig.5 shows a basic CDMA transmitter [1, 11].
Fig.5: Simple Direct Sequence Modulator
II. RAKE RECEIVER
Rake receiver architecture allows an
optimal combining of energy received over path with
different signal waveforms. It avoids the wave
cancellation (fade) If delayed path arrive with phase
differences and weighs signals coming in with
different Signal to noise ratios. It also reduces the bit
error rate and bit transmission rate. The basic
components of the Rake Receivers are as mentioned
in Fig. 6[8].
Fig. 6: Rake Receiver Process Components
II.1 Major Operation
There are three major operations carried out
in the RAKE Receiver:
(1) Capturing the delayed versions of the receiver
signals.
(2) IQ demodulation using the references PN
sequences, which are used in IQ-modulation in
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the transmitter and
(3) Assigning weights to the correlate outputs and
performing maximal combining to retrieve a
final signal.
II.2 Coefficient
Each correlator of the RAKE receiver is
being represented by three coefficients:
(1) Time delay.
(2) Phase shift.
(3) Amplitude gain/attenuation
In the matched filter receiver, the signal is
being correlated with a locally generated signal
waveform. However, the signal is distorted by the
channel, the receiver should be correlate the
incoming signal by an expected received signal,
rather than by transmitted waveform. Hence the
receiver should estimate the delay profile of the
channel, and adapt its locally generated copy
according to this estimate signal [4, 8].
In the multipath channel, delayed
reflections, noise, signal waveforms interfere with
the direct signal. Whereas a DS-CDMA signals
suffering from multipath dispersion can detect a
Rake receiver. This receiver extremely combines
signals received by multiple paths.
Fig. 7: Matched Filter Receiver for AWGN
Channel [8]
III. MULTIPATH FADING CHANNEL
The abbreviation "fading” describes the
small-scale variation of a mobile radio signal. As
each transmitting signal is represented by a number
of multi path and each having different propagation
delays, the channel impulse response is different for
each multi path. Therefore, not only the channel
response is time varying, the channel response is also
functional dependent on the propagation delay.
Hence, the channel impulse response should actually
be summarized as h (t, t), which‘t’ is the specific
time instance, and ‘t’ is the multi path delay for a
fixed value of ‘t’. As a result, the received signal in a
multi path channel consists of number of attenuated
signals, time delayed periods, and phase shifted
versions of the original signal, and the base band
impulse response of a multi path channel.
Fig.8: Rake Receiver with 5 channels [8]
The communication channel is the medium
which the transmitting radio signal goes through in
order to reach the receiver. The channel can be
modelled as a linear filter with a time varying
channel impulse response. A channel impulse
response describes the amplitude and phase effects
that the channel will impose on the transmitting
radio signal, as it transmits through the medium.IS95 CDMA Communication channels are often
modelled as a multi path fading channel, as it is the
best Modelling for a mobile communication channel.
IV. SYSTEM MODEL ANALYSIS
Similar to garden rake, the rake receiver
gathers the energy received over all the different
delayed propagation paths. As per the maximum
ratio combining principle, the SNR at the output is
nothing but the sum of the SNRs in the separate
branches, provided that,
1. We assume that only AWGN is present (no
interference)
2. Codes with a time offset are truly orthogonal.
Signals are arriving with the same excess
propagation delay as the time offset in the receiver
are retrieved approximately, because
This reception concept is repeated for every
delayed path that is received with accurate power.
According to single correlator branch, multipath selfinterference from any other paths is attenuated here,
because one can choose codes such that [1, 11].
V. MULTIPATH RECEPTION
Experiments with mobile communication
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were done at VHF frequencies, around 50 MHz,
already in the past 1920s. Results of these tests
reflected a very hostile propagation environment,
particularly in urban centres. The signal quality
varied from "excellent" to "no signal". Moving the
vehicle over a few meters resulted in dramatic
changes of the received field strength [2].
Fig.10: User 1 input waveform signal
Fig. 9: Bit Error in Multipath Fading [2]
VI. PURPOSE OF SIMULATOR
The objective of this research is to simulate
and evaluate the performance of deferent parameter
and RAKE receiver performance for the CDMA. It is
well known that CDMA simulator and the simulation
software developed for this research implements
RAKE and without RAKE methods in combination
with CDMA standard.
This work will provide crucial information
leading to the implementation of CDMA simulator in
a real-world system. RAKE to multiple stages of
interference cancellation. RAKE was used in this
work along with receivers that used the information
in the channel. For both rake and without rake, we
compare them in multipath environment. It will be
shown that the use of number of bit error in received
data by the RAKE receiver is less than the received
data of without RAKE receiver advantages of RAKE
receivers [3, 10].
VII. SIMULATION ANALYSIS
Fig.11: User 2 input waveform signal
Fig.12: User 3 input waveform signal
There are six signal waveforms we have
considered here to transmit towards the Rake
receiver, the waveform signal which is going to
combine with each other have mentioned in Fig.10 to
Fig.15 respectively.
We can easily understand what kind of waveform
signals we are transmitting to get mixed.
Fig.13: User 4 input waveform signal
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[2]
[3]
Fig.14: User 5 input waveform signal
[4]
[5]
[6]
Fig.15: User 6 input waveform signal
VIII.
[7]
FUTURE SCOPE
We have developed a simulator made in our
paper work, we have shown in this paper that how
rake receiver in used for CDMA to decrease bit error
due to multiple input interferences and also it can
simulate with the different attenuation factor. It can
simulate a CDMA encoding and decoding process,
here the data is assumed to be travelled through
multiple path and the effect of multiple path and
CDMA is assumed to generate the multipath effect
and the data is pass through the different path and
assumed at receiver end just before the decoder to
avoid the multipath effect RAKE receiver is used the
RAKE receiver concept is introduced in the
decoding process.
In future, we can add more factorsto
implement this system to get effective received
signal.
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CDMA Rake Reciver Simulator for
Wireless Communication,”, in IEEE Vol.
978-1-4244-9190-2/11, IEEE publications,
2011.
J. C. Liberti and T. S. Rappaport,
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Spectrum Over FDMA and TDMA in
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42, no. 3, pp. 357- 364, August
Leila Gazzah, Hatem Boujemaa and
Mohamed Siala,
“Discrete time Rake
receiver for cooperative DS-CDMA
systems”, IEEE publications, 2011.
Electronic Industries Association, “Cellular
System Dual-Mode Mobile Station Base
Station Compatibility Standard,” IS-54,
May 1990.
Thierry clessienne, “ A general expression
of Rake receiver performance in DSCDMA downlink”, IEEE publications,
2007.
[8]
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/cha
ptr05/cdm a/rake.htm
[9] R. Lupus and S. Verdi, “Linear Multiuser
Detectors for Synchronous Code DivisionMultiple-Access Channels,” IEEE Trans.
Info. Theory, vol. 35, no.1, pp. 123-136,
Jan. 1989.
[10] W. C. Y Lee, “Overview of cellular
CDMA”, IEEE Trans. on Vehicular
Technology, Vol. 40. No.2. pp.291-302,
May 1991
[11] J. G. Proakis, “Digital communications”,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995, 5th edn.
IX. CONCLUSION
The system which can be efficiently reduce
the bit error rate is introduced in this paper i.e. DSCDMA technique. It is also putting the impact on the
wireless system that how we increase or decrease the
attenuation factor and hoe it affect on the wireless
system while applying the multiple inputs.
REFERENCES
[1]
M. F. Hashmi, Pradip Dhakad and Baluram
Nagaria. “Design and Analysis of DS-
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