International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this slide i was include some information from the class lecture in my graduation class.I hope it will be useful for the students in other academics.
“Microbial Biomass” A Renewable Energy For The FutureAnik Banik
The document discusses microbial biomass and its applications in bioenergy production. It describes how microbial biomass from bacteria, fungi and algae can be used to produce biofuels through various processes like microbial fuel cells and hydrogen production. Microbial fuel cells generate electricity from organic matter by transferring electrons to anode with the help of exoelectrogenic bacteria. Cyanobacteria can also produce hydrogen through nitrogenase enzyme or soluble hydrogenase. The document further discusses biodiesel production from oleaginous fungi which have the ability to accumulate high lipids under stress.
This document summarizes a lecture about renewable energy resources, focusing on bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. It discusses the classification of biofuels as first or second generation. The process of producing cellulosic bioethanol involves pretreating lignocellulosic biomass, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to break it down into sugars and fermentation to convert the sugars to ethanol. Advantages of bioethanol include cleaner exhaust, reduced greenhouse gases, and energy security. Challenges include the amount of land required and potential impacts on food production. Biodiesel production via transesterification of vegetable oils is also summarized.
Generator Powered by Wood gas – An Alternative ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses an alternative approach to powering generators using wood gas instead of fossil fuels. Wood gasification is the process of converting solid biomass into a gaseous form that can be used as fuel. The document describes how biomass such as wood can be gasified in a gasifier to produce syngas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, which can then power engines or generators. The gasification process and the components of a gasifier system are explained, including a cyclone filter to remove particles from the syngas, a gas cooler, fine filter, and blower. Wood gas is presented as a renewable alternative fuel that can replace gasoline or diesel in vehicles and generators.
This document summarizes a lecture on biomass pyrolysis as a renewable energy resource. It discusses the pyrolysis process, which involves thermally decomposing biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce solid, liquid, and gas products. The key products are biochar, bio-oil, and syngas. The document outlines different types of pyrolysis based on temperature and time scales and explains how various factors like temperature, particle size, and moisture content affect the pyrolysis process and end products. It also provides examples of pyrolyzing specific biomass sources like rice husk and discusses potential applications of the pyrolysis products.
Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste by bacteria. It is a renewable source of energy that provides benefits such as being non-polluting, saving time and labor for women, and producing organic fertilizer. However, there are also challenges to biogas production and use including the limited quantity of electricity that can be produced globally and the difficulty of maintaining a steady supply of waste materials.
An Introduction to Bioenergy: Feedstocks, Processes and ProductsElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an introduction to bioenergy feedstocks, processes, and products. It discusses how bioenergy uses renewable biomass feedstocks from many sources, like sugar and oil crops, cellulosic materials, and agricultural residues, through processes like thermochemical and biochemical conversion to produce energy. Specifically, it summarizes that bioenergy offers farmers alternative energy sources and new market opportunities; biomass feedstocks capture the sun's energy through photosynthesis and can be converted to release this stored energy; and many feedstock options exist but selection depends on regional factors.
This document proposes a research project to implement a low-cost technology for biogas generation from kitchen wastes in Ethiopia. It notes that over 85% of Ethiopians rely on biomass like firewood for energy, causing deforestation, health issues from indoor air pollution, and burdening women's time. As alternatives, fuel-efficient stoves only delay problems, while biogas from wastes can provide renewable energy. The proposed project would develop plastic tank digesters using kitchen waste for biogas, addressing costs of existing programs. It aims to provide a sustainable and affordable energy source while supporting Ethiopia's initiatives and the university's social goals.
In this slide i was include some information from the class lecture in my graduation class.I hope it will be useful for the students in other academics.
“Microbial Biomass” A Renewable Energy For The FutureAnik Banik
The document discusses microbial biomass and its applications in bioenergy production. It describes how microbial biomass from bacteria, fungi and algae can be used to produce biofuels through various processes like microbial fuel cells and hydrogen production. Microbial fuel cells generate electricity from organic matter by transferring electrons to anode with the help of exoelectrogenic bacteria. Cyanobacteria can also produce hydrogen through nitrogenase enzyme or soluble hydrogenase. The document further discusses biodiesel production from oleaginous fungi which have the ability to accumulate high lipids under stress.
This document summarizes a lecture about renewable energy resources, focusing on bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. It discusses the classification of biofuels as first or second generation. The process of producing cellulosic bioethanol involves pretreating lignocellulosic biomass, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to break it down into sugars and fermentation to convert the sugars to ethanol. Advantages of bioethanol include cleaner exhaust, reduced greenhouse gases, and energy security. Challenges include the amount of land required and potential impacts on food production. Biodiesel production via transesterification of vegetable oils is also summarized.
Generator Powered by Wood gas – An Alternative ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses an alternative approach to powering generators using wood gas instead of fossil fuels. Wood gasification is the process of converting solid biomass into a gaseous form that can be used as fuel. The document describes how biomass such as wood can be gasified in a gasifier to produce syngas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, which can then power engines or generators. The gasification process and the components of a gasifier system are explained, including a cyclone filter to remove particles from the syngas, a gas cooler, fine filter, and blower. Wood gas is presented as a renewable alternative fuel that can replace gasoline or diesel in vehicles and generators.
This document summarizes a lecture on biomass pyrolysis as a renewable energy resource. It discusses the pyrolysis process, which involves thermally decomposing biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce solid, liquid, and gas products. The key products are biochar, bio-oil, and syngas. The document outlines different types of pyrolysis based on temperature and time scales and explains how various factors like temperature, particle size, and moisture content affect the pyrolysis process and end products. It also provides examples of pyrolyzing specific biomass sources like rice husk and discusses potential applications of the pyrolysis products.
Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste by bacteria. It is a renewable source of energy that provides benefits such as being non-polluting, saving time and labor for women, and producing organic fertilizer. However, there are also challenges to biogas production and use including the limited quantity of electricity that can be produced globally and the difficulty of maintaining a steady supply of waste materials.
An Introduction to Bioenergy: Feedstocks, Processes and ProductsElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an introduction to bioenergy feedstocks, processes, and products. It discusses how bioenergy uses renewable biomass feedstocks from many sources, like sugar and oil crops, cellulosic materials, and agricultural residues, through processes like thermochemical and biochemical conversion to produce energy. Specifically, it summarizes that bioenergy offers farmers alternative energy sources and new market opportunities; biomass feedstocks capture the sun's energy through photosynthesis and can be converted to release this stored energy; and many feedstock options exist but selection depends on regional factors.
This document proposes a research project to implement a low-cost technology for biogas generation from kitchen wastes in Ethiopia. It notes that over 85% of Ethiopians rely on biomass like firewood for energy, causing deforestation, health issues from indoor air pollution, and burdening women's time. As alternatives, fuel-efficient stoves only delay problems, while biogas from wastes can provide renewable energy. The proposed project would develop plastic tank digesters using kitchen waste for biogas, addressing costs of existing programs. It aims to provide a sustainable and affordable energy source while supporting Ethiopia's initiatives and the university's social goals.
Biomass As A Renewable Energy Source: The case of Converting Municipal Solid...IEEE UKM Student Beanch
The paper describes the importance of biomass as a source of renewable energy. Biomass materials have greatest potential to be processed as feedstocks in bio-energy production or as fuels in combustion, gasification and pyrolysis systems. It discusses various methods of preparing the biomass materials. It identifies various applications and focus areas of research and development in handling, storage of biomass.
This document discusses biomass energy conversion and biogas generation in Pakistan. It explains that biomass, or bioenergy, includes organic materials like wood, crops, and animal waste that can be used for energy. Biomass undergoes either fermentation or anaerobic digestion by microorganisms to produce biogas, which is 55-65% methane. Biogas plants are classified based on their design and process, and types discussed include single-stage continuous plants, double-stage continuous plants, floating drum plants, and fixed-dome plants. The document outlines prospects for bioenergy in Pakistan and applications such as cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and fertilizer production.
The use of alternative energy is inevitable as fossil fuels are finite. One of the alternative energy is biomass energy. This energy sure have to potential to support local supply through the treatment of waste. So let's go for the biomass for better and cleaner environment.鹿
This document outlines biomass energy, including its sources, conversion methods, and use in power plants. Biomass can be obtained from forests and plant/animal waste, and is converted to energy through direct combustion, gasification, or pyrolysis. Biomass power plants use these conversion methods to generate steam that spins turbines and creates electricity. While combustion is a mature technology, gasification allows for smaller-scale and more flexible systems. Overall, biomass energy provides renewable energy, recycles waste materials, and offers economic benefits through job creation and reduced waste disposal costs.
This document discusses biomass and its uses as an energy source. It defines biomass as biological material from living or recently living organisms composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. Biomass is obtained from various sources including plants, animals, and waste materials. The document discusses different types of biomass such as virgin wood, energy crops, agricultural residues, food waste, and industrial waste. It also discusses various thermal and chemical conversion processes that can be used to convert biomass into energy sources like heat, electricity, biofuels and biogas. These conversion processes include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and trans esterification.
Anaerobic digestion (ad) of biomass renewable energy resourcesDrBilalAhmadZafarAmi
This document provides an overview of anaerobic digestion as a renewable energy resource. It discusses:
1. The stages of anaerobic digestion including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis in which complex organic matter is broken down by microorganisms into methane and carbon dioxide.
2. The history of anaerobic digestion and some key developments such as the first digestion plant being built in 1859 and regulations supporting renewable energy in Germany in 2000.
3. Illustrations of the anaerobic digestion process showing how biomass is converted into biogas through a digester, and how the biogas can then be used to generate electricity, heat, or fuel.
4. Fact
IRJET- Energy Conservation and Generation through Biodegradable Solid Waste- ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on a compact biogas plant designed to treat organic solid waste. Key points:
- A biogas plant was installed using two connected water tanks to digest used tea powder from a canteen.
- The system effectively reduced waste volume and organic load while producing biogas.
- The digester performance and gas production were good, and operation/maintenance was easier than conventional plants.
- The system offers a decentralized organic waste treatment option that generates renewable energy and fertilizer.
This document proposes a study to investigate the utilization of donkey dung for biogas production in Lamu County, Kenya. Donkey dung is readily available but currently a nuisance, littering towns. The study aims to assess biogas production from different mixtures of donkey dung and cow dung in flexi bag digesters. Five treatments mixing donkey and cow dung at ratios of 25-75%, 50-50%, 75-25%, 100% donkey dung, and 100% cow dung (control) will be evaluated. The volume of biogas produced daily will be measured to determine if co-digesting donkey and cow dung can improve biogas yields for energy needs in Lamu
This PowerPoint presentation teaches about energy, different types of energy, and the need for biogas as an alternative energy source. It discusses how chemical energy in bombs can be dangerous but chemical energy in biogas can be transformed into useful forms of energy like light, heat, and electricity. The presentation explains that biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biomass in a sealed digester. Setting up biogas plants can help provide energy while reducing pollution and producing fertilizer.
Biogas production through anaerobic productionSabinShaji
With the increase in pollution levels due to burning of fossil fuels, the is a need for an alternative and cleaner fuel. Biogas production through anaerobic digestion can fulfill that requirement.
Giving out a idea of how much we are capable in using fossil fuels and Biogas and giving an idea of utilization so that economically as well as it will be benefited to environment.
This presentation discusses biogas production from garbage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a combustible gas produced through biological breakdown of organic matter without oxygen. The presentation outlines the four stages of anaerobic digestion: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also discusses factors that affect biogas production such as temperature, pH, carbon/nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, and hydraulic retention time. Applications of biogas include electricity generation, transportation fuel, and cooking fuel.
This document discusses biomass as an alternative energy source. It notes that biomass is a renewable source derived from living or recently living organisms, including waste products from agriculture, forestry and human activities. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and pyrolysis. While biomass has potential benefits as a renewable resource, it also faces challenges in terms of cost, infrastructure requirements, and environmental impacts from production and use. The document concludes that biomass can play a role as a complement to fossil fuels but has limitations and is not a complete replacement on its own due to technical and economic issues.
IRJET- Production of Biogas by Biomethanation of OilcakeIRJET Journal
This document discusses the production of biogas through biomethanation of oilcake. It begins with an abstract that outlines how biomethanation can serve as an alternative waste-to-energy process. It then provides details on the materials, experimental setup, and factors that govern biogas production such as pH, C/N ratio, mixing, particle size, and nutrients. The document describes the three-stage biomethanation process and mechanisms involved. It also presents results on biogas production from different food to microbe ratios and performs a mass balance analysis based on volatile solids.
IRJET- Green Energy Recovery for Sustainable DevelopmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses green energy recovery from waste for sustainable development. It describes how waste can be used to generate green energy through various thermo-chemical and bio-chemical conversion processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and ethanol fermentation. These conversion processes transform biomass and organic waste into useful forms of energy like electricity, heat, biofuels and prevent waste from occupying landfills. The document also outlines different biomass resources that can be used, including agricultural/forest residues, energy crops, urban/municipal waste, and aquatic plants. Overall, green energy recovery from waste has benefits like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, producing renewable energy, and enabling more sustainable waste management.
This document discusses biomass as an energy source. It provides definitions of biomass and describes various processes for converting biomass into energy, including combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. It also lists some advantages of biomass over fossil fuels and provides references for further reading on topics like biomass in agriculture and biomass gasification technologies.
- Biomass energy is produced through photosynthesis in green plants, where plants use carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and minerals to produce organic matter containing stored energy.
- Common sources of biomass include cultivated crops, agricultural waste, forest waste, animal waste, algae, and aquatic weeds. Biomass can be converted into useful energy forms like heat, biogas, solid fuels, liquid fuels and organic chemicals.
- Important biomass conversion processes include direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, and biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is used in biogas plants to produce methane gas from biomass sources like animal dung and agricultural waste.
This document outlines a presentation on biomass energy in Nepal. It discusses:
1) Biomass energy sources commonly used in Nepal like fuelwood, agricultural residues, and animal dung.
2) Technologies to convert biomass into energy like improved cookstoves, biogas plants, and briquettes.
3) Benefits of biomass energy including reduced deforestation, indoor air pollution, and women's workload. It can also improve soil fertility and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.
4) Over 200,000 households in Nepal now use improved cookstoves and over 160,000 use biogas plants to make better use of biomass resources.
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels, Activated Carbon)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biomass use is growing globally. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass (organic matter that can be converted into energy) may include food crops, crops for energy, crop residues, wood waste and byproducts, and animal manure. It is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical materials (organic compounds of carbons) are stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time.
See more at: http://goo.gl/ruqLkS
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Activated Carbon from biomass, Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass, Applications of biomass gasification, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bio-based Products from Biomass, Bio-briquette Manufacturing Process, Biochemical Conversion of Biomass, Biochemical conversion process, Biochemicals from biomass, Bioenergy (Biofuels and Biomass), Bioenergy Conversion Technologies, Bioenergy: biofuel production chains, Biofuel and other biomass based products, Biofuel briquettes from biomass, Biofuel from plant biomass, Biofuel production, Biofuels Production from Biomass, Biofuels from biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy Biomass Technology, Biomass based activated carbon, Biomass Based Products, Biomass based products making machine factory, Biomass based products Making Small Business Manufacturing, Biomass based products manufacturing Business, Biomass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biomass Bio fuel Briquettes, Biomass Briquette Production, Biomass Cultivation and Biomass Briquettes, Biomass energy, Biomass Energy and Biochemical Conversion Processing, Biomass fuel, Biomass gasification, Biomass Gasification Technology, Biomass Gasifier for Thermal and Power applications, Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products, Biomass Processing & Biomass Based Profitable Products, Biomass Processing Industry in India, Biomass Processing Projects, Biomass Processing Technologies, Biomass resources and biofuels potential, Biomass-based chemicals, Biomass-Based Materials and Technologies for Energy, Business guidance for biomass processing industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Opportunities in Biomass Energy Sector, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan: Biomass Power Plant, Business start-up, Chemical production from biomass, Complete Book on Biomass Based Products, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing Energy on the Farm: Biomass and Agriculture, How does biomass work, How to start a biomass processing plant, How to Start a Biomass processing business?
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biomass As A Renewable Energy Source: The case of Converting Municipal Solid...IEEE UKM Student Beanch
The paper describes the importance of biomass as a source of renewable energy. Biomass materials have greatest potential to be processed as feedstocks in bio-energy production or as fuels in combustion, gasification and pyrolysis systems. It discusses various methods of preparing the biomass materials. It identifies various applications and focus areas of research and development in handling, storage of biomass.
This document discusses biomass energy conversion and biogas generation in Pakistan. It explains that biomass, or bioenergy, includes organic materials like wood, crops, and animal waste that can be used for energy. Biomass undergoes either fermentation or anaerobic digestion by microorganisms to produce biogas, which is 55-65% methane. Biogas plants are classified based on their design and process, and types discussed include single-stage continuous plants, double-stage continuous plants, floating drum plants, and fixed-dome plants. The document outlines prospects for bioenergy in Pakistan and applications such as cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and fertilizer production.
The use of alternative energy is inevitable as fossil fuels are finite. One of the alternative energy is biomass energy. This energy sure have to potential to support local supply through the treatment of waste. So let's go for the biomass for better and cleaner environment.鹿
This document outlines biomass energy, including its sources, conversion methods, and use in power plants. Biomass can be obtained from forests and plant/animal waste, and is converted to energy through direct combustion, gasification, or pyrolysis. Biomass power plants use these conversion methods to generate steam that spins turbines and creates electricity. While combustion is a mature technology, gasification allows for smaller-scale and more flexible systems. Overall, biomass energy provides renewable energy, recycles waste materials, and offers economic benefits through job creation and reduced waste disposal costs.
This document discusses biomass and its uses as an energy source. It defines biomass as biological material from living or recently living organisms composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. Biomass is obtained from various sources including plants, animals, and waste materials. The document discusses different types of biomass such as virgin wood, energy crops, agricultural residues, food waste, and industrial waste. It also discusses various thermal and chemical conversion processes that can be used to convert biomass into energy sources like heat, electricity, biofuels and biogas. These conversion processes include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and trans esterification.
Anaerobic digestion (ad) of biomass renewable energy resourcesDrBilalAhmadZafarAmi
This document provides an overview of anaerobic digestion as a renewable energy resource. It discusses:
1. The stages of anaerobic digestion including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis in which complex organic matter is broken down by microorganisms into methane and carbon dioxide.
2. The history of anaerobic digestion and some key developments such as the first digestion plant being built in 1859 and regulations supporting renewable energy in Germany in 2000.
3. Illustrations of the anaerobic digestion process showing how biomass is converted into biogas through a digester, and how the biogas can then be used to generate electricity, heat, or fuel.
4. Fact
IRJET- Energy Conservation and Generation through Biodegradable Solid Waste- ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on a compact biogas plant designed to treat organic solid waste. Key points:
- A biogas plant was installed using two connected water tanks to digest used tea powder from a canteen.
- The system effectively reduced waste volume and organic load while producing biogas.
- The digester performance and gas production were good, and operation/maintenance was easier than conventional plants.
- The system offers a decentralized organic waste treatment option that generates renewable energy and fertilizer.
This document proposes a study to investigate the utilization of donkey dung for biogas production in Lamu County, Kenya. Donkey dung is readily available but currently a nuisance, littering towns. The study aims to assess biogas production from different mixtures of donkey dung and cow dung in flexi bag digesters. Five treatments mixing donkey and cow dung at ratios of 25-75%, 50-50%, 75-25%, 100% donkey dung, and 100% cow dung (control) will be evaluated. The volume of biogas produced daily will be measured to determine if co-digesting donkey and cow dung can improve biogas yields for energy needs in Lamu
This PowerPoint presentation teaches about energy, different types of energy, and the need for biogas as an alternative energy source. It discusses how chemical energy in bombs can be dangerous but chemical energy in biogas can be transformed into useful forms of energy like light, heat, and electricity. The presentation explains that biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biomass in a sealed digester. Setting up biogas plants can help provide energy while reducing pollution and producing fertilizer.
Biogas production through anaerobic productionSabinShaji
With the increase in pollution levels due to burning of fossil fuels, the is a need for an alternative and cleaner fuel. Biogas production through anaerobic digestion can fulfill that requirement.
Giving out a idea of how much we are capable in using fossil fuels and Biogas and giving an idea of utilization so that economically as well as it will be benefited to environment.
This presentation discusses biogas production from garbage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a combustible gas produced through biological breakdown of organic matter without oxygen. The presentation outlines the four stages of anaerobic digestion: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also discusses factors that affect biogas production such as temperature, pH, carbon/nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, and hydraulic retention time. Applications of biogas include electricity generation, transportation fuel, and cooking fuel.
This document discusses biomass as an alternative energy source. It notes that biomass is a renewable source derived from living or recently living organisms, including waste products from agriculture, forestry and human activities. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and pyrolysis. While biomass has potential benefits as a renewable resource, it also faces challenges in terms of cost, infrastructure requirements, and environmental impacts from production and use. The document concludes that biomass can play a role as a complement to fossil fuels but has limitations and is not a complete replacement on its own due to technical and economic issues.
IRJET- Production of Biogas by Biomethanation of OilcakeIRJET Journal
This document discusses the production of biogas through biomethanation of oilcake. It begins with an abstract that outlines how biomethanation can serve as an alternative waste-to-energy process. It then provides details on the materials, experimental setup, and factors that govern biogas production such as pH, C/N ratio, mixing, particle size, and nutrients. The document describes the three-stage biomethanation process and mechanisms involved. It also presents results on biogas production from different food to microbe ratios and performs a mass balance analysis based on volatile solids.
IRJET- Green Energy Recovery for Sustainable DevelopmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses green energy recovery from waste for sustainable development. It describes how waste can be used to generate green energy through various thermo-chemical and bio-chemical conversion processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and ethanol fermentation. These conversion processes transform biomass and organic waste into useful forms of energy like electricity, heat, biofuels and prevent waste from occupying landfills. The document also outlines different biomass resources that can be used, including agricultural/forest residues, energy crops, urban/municipal waste, and aquatic plants. Overall, green energy recovery from waste has benefits like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, producing renewable energy, and enabling more sustainable waste management.
This document discusses biomass as an energy source. It provides definitions of biomass and describes various processes for converting biomass into energy, including combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. It also lists some advantages of biomass over fossil fuels and provides references for further reading on topics like biomass in agriculture and biomass gasification technologies.
- Biomass energy is produced through photosynthesis in green plants, where plants use carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and minerals to produce organic matter containing stored energy.
- Common sources of biomass include cultivated crops, agricultural waste, forest waste, animal waste, algae, and aquatic weeds. Biomass can be converted into useful energy forms like heat, biogas, solid fuels, liquid fuels and organic chemicals.
- Important biomass conversion processes include direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, and biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is used in biogas plants to produce methane gas from biomass sources like animal dung and agricultural waste.
This document outlines a presentation on biomass energy in Nepal. It discusses:
1) Biomass energy sources commonly used in Nepal like fuelwood, agricultural residues, and animal dung.
2) Technologies to convert biomass into energy like improved cookstoves, biogas plants, and briquettes.
3) Benefits of biomass energy including reduced deforestation, indoor air pollution, and women's workload. It can also improve soil fertility and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.
4) Over 200,000 households in Nepal now use improved cookstoves and over 160,000 use biogas plants to make better use of biomass resources.
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels, Activated Carbon)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biomass use is growing globally. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass (organic matter that can be converted into energy) may include food crops, crops for energy, crop residues, wood waste and byproducts, and animal manure. It is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical materials (organic compounds of carbons) are stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time.
See more at: http://goo.gl/ruqLkS
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Activated Carbon from biomass, Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass, Applications of biomass gasification, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bio-based Products from Biomass, Bio-briquette Manufacturing Process, Biochemical Conversion of Biomass, Biochemical conversion process, Biochemicals from biomass, Bioenergy (Biofuels and Biomass), Bioenergy Conversion Technologies, Bioenergy: biofuel production chains, Biofuel and other biomass based products, Biofuel briquettes from biomass, Biofuel from plant biomass, Biofuel production, Biofuels Production from Biomass, Biofuels from biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy Biomass Technology, Biomass based activated carbon, Biomass Based Products, Biomass based products making machine factory, Biomass based products Making Small Business Manufacturing, Biomass based products manufacturing Business, Biomass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biomass Bio fuel Briquettes, Biomass Briquette Production, Biomass Cultivation and Biomass Briquettes, Biomass energy, Biomass Energy and Biochemical Conversion Processing, Biomass fuel, Biomass gasification, Biomass Gasification Technology, Biomass Gasifier for Thermal and Power applications, Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products, Biomass Processing & Biomass Based Profitable Products, Biomass Processing Industry in India, Biomass Processing Projects, Biomass Processing Technologies, Biomass resources and biofuels potential, Biomass-based chemicals, Biomass-Based Materials and Technologies for Energy, Business guidance for biomass processing industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Opportunities in Biomass Energy Sector, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan: Biomass Power Plant, Business start-up, Chemical production from biomass, Complete Book on Biomass Based Products, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing Energy on the Farm: Biomass and Agriculture, How does biomass work, How to start a biomass processing plant, How to Start a Biomass processing business?
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides a survey of techniques for transferring big data. It discusses using grids and parallel transfers to distribute large datasets. Grid computing allows for coordinated sharing of computational and storage resources across distributed systems. Parallel transfer techniques divide files into segments and transfer portions simultaneously from multiple servers to improve download speeds. However, these techniques require significant user involvement. The document then introduces a new NICE model for big data transfers. This store-and-forward approach transfers data to staging servers during periods of low network traffic to avoid impacting other users. It can accommodate different time zones and bandwidth variations between senders and receivers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed the surface degradation of polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with 5% and 10% banana fiber loads when immersed in distilled water, ethanol, and sodium chloride solutions for up to 200 days. Samples were weighed over time to measure degradation and absorption in different environments. Surface degradation was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The researchers found that longer immersion times led to greater material degradation regardless of environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) Nano-sized cement bypass was produced through ball milling and used as a modifier to improve bitumen properties for asphalt concrete pavement.
2) Tests found that adding 15% nano-sized cement bypass produced the hardest bitumen with the highest penetration, softening point, and compressive strength.
3) Using cement bypass nano-powder can improve the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete, including increased rutting resistance and enhanced performance of bitumen under heavy traffic loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document outlines a course on renewable energy systems taught at Jordan University of Science and Technology. It contains the following key points:
1. The course is taught by Professor Ghassan M. Tashtoush and covers topics such as the definition of biogas, components of biogas plants, the biogas process, design of biogas digesters, and a case study.
2. Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. It consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide.
3. The major applications of biogas include lighting, cooking, and power generation. Proper design of biogas digesters is important for efficient biogas production.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which is a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which is a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
1) The document describes a study on designing and fabricating a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste.
2) The goals of the study were to produce alternative energy from biogas in an effective and cost-efficient manner, while also generating high-quality fertilizer.
3) Kitchen waste was collected from hostel mess halls at a university to use as feedstock for a 20L laboratory-scale biogas reactor to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion.
This document reviews the potential for using waste-derived bioenergy in marine systems. It discusses how biomass energy from waste can help address sustainability challenges while offsetting greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. The document also examines trends in biomass development, including the growth of biofuels markets and potential applications for shipping. A process is proposed for meeting biomass demands that involves energy auditing, risk analysis, and a system to collect organic waste, ferment it to produce methane gas, and use the gas in a cogenerator.
Utilization of Food Waste to Produce BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document discusses utilizing food waste to produce biodiesel. Food waste was collected from a university campus and analyzed. It had moisture contents ranging from 5.2-7.2% depending on drying method. Lipid extraction yielded 15.8% lipids. Gas chromatography identified various fatty acids present including lauric, mystric, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, indicating potential for biodiesel production. Transesterification of the lipids produced 31.9% biodiesel. Testing found the biodiesel met various standards for density, viscosity and other properties, suggesting food waste is a viable feedstock for biodiesel production.
The Growing Importance of Biomass in Biodiesel Production QZ1
This document discusses biomass as an energy source and focuses on biodiesel production from algae. It provides background on biomass energy and discusses some challenges with traditional biomass usage. The objectives are outlined as moving to modern biomass energy technologies to provide a renewable and sustainable fuel source. Details are given on biodiesel production processes from algae and some potential advantages are noted, such as high oil yield per acre compared to other crops. Methods for algae cultivation and oil extraction are summarized. The conclusion states that algae show potential as a bioenergy source due to using carbon dioxide and sunlight to produce biomass.
IRJET- Design of Biogas Plant for Food Waste and Evaluation of Biogas Generat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that designed a biogas plant for food waste generated at a college in India and evaluated the efficiency of biogas production from various co-digester mixtures added to the food waste. The researchers conducted a survey that found the college generates an average of 100kg of food waste per day. They designed a fixed dome biogas plant based on this amount of waste with a gas production rate of 24 cubic meters per day. Experiments tested co-digesters of water hyacinth, algae, cow dung, and sugar cane added to food waste in a 1:1 ratio, finding water hyacinth improved overall biogas plant efficiency the most. The study concluded a biogas plant using a
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
Biogas Petrol Blend Development and Testing as Alternative Fuel for Spark Ign...ijtsrd
The goal of this study is to create and test a biogas petrol mixture that can power spark ignition engines. A biogas petrol blend with a 20 80 ratio was created as a substitute fuel for spark ignition engines. To evaluate the performance of the fuels, comparison tests using gasoline and a biogas petrol combination were conducted on the test bed. The experiments findings demonstrated that the biogas petroleum blend produced higher torque, brake power, indicated power, brake thermal efficiency, and brake mean effective pressure yet used less fuel and heated the exhaust less than gasoline. According to the studys findings, a biogas petrol mix spark ignition engine was shown to be cheap, use less fuel, and contribute to sanitation and fertiliser production. Prof. Mihir Kumar Pandey | Anil Kumar Dwivedi "Biogas-Petrol Blend Development and Testing as Alternative Fuel for Spark Ignition Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52718.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52718/biogaspetrol-blend-development-and-testing-as-alternative-fuel-for-spark-ignition-engine/prof-mihir-kumar-pandey
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT & DESIGN ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a study analyzing the production of biogas from sewage at a treatment plant in Greater Noida, India with capacity of 137 million liters per day.
2. Key findings include that approximately 1.417 million cubic meters of biogas could be produced annually, reducing CO2 emissions significantly. Combining wastewater and sludge treatment improves biogas recovery.
3. The document also details the design of an anaerobic digester for the sewage treatment plant, estimating the biogas production based on characteristics of the wastewater and sludge. Approximately 65% of suspended solids in the sewage can be removed, and digestion reduces volatile content of these solids by 65
This document summarizes research on generating electricity from biogas. It discusses how biogas is produced from bacteria breaking down organic waste like cow dung. The biogas can then be used to power internal combustion engines or generators to produce electricity. The researchers tested different feedstocks for producing biogas and found that biogas generated from ruhi leaves and bhamburdi leaves with a bacterial solution of water and jaggery produced high quality, flammable methane gas. There is potential to develop technologies to purify the methane and generate affordable, clean electricity from biogas for rural communities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Electricity Generation from Biogas Produced in a Lab-Scale Anaerobic Digester...inventionjournals
The sludge produced during wastewater treatment should be stabilized in order to minimize the damage to the environment. This study includes the evaluation of sludge stabilization and biogas formation by anaerobic digestion in order to generate electricity using stirling motor.The study was carried out with the raw sludge form the thickener of the wastewatertreatment plant. The main aim of the study is to provide sludge stabilization resulting biogas production by reduction of organic matter and to generate electricity. Anaerobic digestion studies were carried out using a laboratory scale anaerobic reactor with a volume of 7L.Under themesophilic condition, the sludge age was maintained at 10 days during the first 20 days of operation, while the reactor was operated for 90 days until the end of the run, with a sludge age of 20 days.The results have changed in the range of 42-52% after the organic matter reduction obtained from the anaerobic digestion. Concentrations of 3735.7300 ppm, 5060.5768 ppm, and 6951.4013 ppm biogas were obtained. Biogas was turned on by mechanical energy with a Stirlingmotor and then turned to direct current and the lamps with 3V 20mA each were run for 60 minutes
The document discusses bio-energy generation from food waste through hydrothermal liquefaction. It begins by introducing the process of hydrothermal liquefaction, which converts wet biomass into bio-oil under moderate temperature and high pressure, mimicking natural fossil fuel formation. It then discusses how food waste can be converted into energy through various waste-to-energy techniques, focusing on hydrothermal liquefaction. Hydrothermal liquefaction holds advantages as it can process high-moisture feedstocks like food waste to produce bio-oil with energy densities similar to coal, potentially offsetting the need for fossil fuels.
Raunak Bhatia's presentation discusses biomass energy. It explains that biomass can be converted into modern energy forms like liquid and gaseous fuels, electricity, and process heat. The presentation motivates the use of biomass energy by outlining India's targets to increase renewable energy capacity and reduce carbon emissions. It then describes various methods to extract energy from biomass, including combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and liquefaction. Specific technologies discussed include biomass cooking stoves, biomass gasifiers, and anaerobic digesters.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
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Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
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- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
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Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
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GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
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LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
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UiPath integration with generative AI
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Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 days
Dd36630635
1. Ogur, E. O et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.630-635
www.ijera.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Design of a Biogas Generator
Ogur, E. O1and Irungu, P.2
1
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428 –
00200, Nairobi
2
Murang’a University College, P.O. Box 75 - 10200, Murang’a Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Abstract
The world is facing an energy crisis due to depletion of fossil fuels. Therefore the need to search for
renewable alternative energy is a major concern for stakeholders around the world. Biogas is a combination of
gases produced during anaerobic decomposition of organic material of plant origin. This study’s main objective
was to design a biogas generator which utilizes animal waste to generate biogas for use in Murang’a
University College. Cow dung gas is 55-65% methane, 30-35% carbon dioxide, with some hydrogen, nitrogen
3
and other traces. Its heating value is around 600 Btu/ft . The daily energy required for both lighting and
cooking was calculated and the volume of biogas required from animal waste was determined. From this a
cylindrical shaped digester with a spherical gas holding top was selected having the dimensions for both the
cylinder and sphere arrived at mathematically. As this paper will show, the digester was found to be 5 metres in
diameter, with the top dome for holding the gas equivalent to be 3.7 metres high.
Keywords: Biogas, animal waste, anaerobic, aerobic, organic fertilizer
I.
Introduction
As the demand for the world’s fuel
increases, their prices rise. Thus interest is now
rightly focused on the development of renewable
energy sources. Renewable sources of energy often
offer the most potential energy conservation and
development options for the future. The use of these
energy sources can meet considerable energy
demands for our institutions and villages across the
country. Amongst the renewable sources of energy,
biomass is the most promising. Biomass refers to the
different forms of organic matter including crop
residues, agro-industrial by products, urban and
municipal wastes, animal dung. This may be
transformed by physical, chemical and biological
processes to bio-fuels. In chemical form biomass is
stored solar energy and can be converted into solid,
liquid and gaseous energy. A detailed study of energy
demands in Kenya indicates that firewood, charcoal
and crop residues accounts for more than 75% of the
total energy consumed. This implies that the forest
cover is being depleted at a faster rate than are efforts
at growing trees. Electrical power cannot also be
relied on not only because of the cost implication, but
also because of the very unpredictable weather
patterns largely attributed to global warming [1,2].
depends on firewood for cooking. Electricity is used
for lighting and for running machines in the
mechanical workshop. Firewood is not a good option
as the forest cover is reducing at an alarming rate. In
view of the above, an alternative source of power is
urgently required. MUC has a number of cows plus a
lot of food waste from the kitchen. This would be a
good source of raw material for a biogas generator.
The unit would supply the much needed energy for
cooking, lighting and any other use that could require
heating.
1.2
Objectives of the study
The main objective of this study was to
design a biogas generator unit suitable for MUC. The
design of the digester was for meeting the energy
requirements of the institution.
1.3
Significance of the Study
In the exploitation of alternative energy,
biogas holds the greatest promise as a cheap source of
energy because it is renewable, simple to generate and
convenient to use. MUC has a herd of cows used for
milk production, and pigs for meat. At present, the
waste from these animals is not used.
II.
1.1
Statement of the Problem
Electricity is very important in our day to
day life; however, electrical power is very expensive
for rural Kenyans. Thus a lot of money is spent
annually on electricity bills. In Murang’a University
College (MUC), water heaters and electrical cookers
were removed to try to save on cost. MUC now
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Materials and Methods
2.1
Materials
Cow dung gas is made up of 55-65%
methane, 30-35% carbon dioxide, with some
hydrogen, nitrogen and other traces. Its heating value
3
is around 600 Btu/ft . Biogas yield can be enhanced
by filtering it through lime water to remove carbon
dioxide, iron filing to absorb corrosive hydrogen
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sulphide and calcium chloride to extract water vapour
after the other two processes [3]. Cow dung slurry is
composed of 1.8-2.4% nitrogen (N2) 1.0-1.2%
phosphorus (P2O5), 0.6-0.8% potassium (K2O) and
50-75% organic humus. About one cubic foot of gas
may be generated from one pound of cow manure at
around 28o C, an adequate amount to cook a day’s
3
meal for 4 - 6 people. About 1.7 m of biogas equals
one litre of gasoline. The manure produced by one
cow in one year can be converted to methane which is
the equivalent of over 200 litres of gasoline [4].
The Biogas Production System
A biogas production system consists of the
following features:
a) Substrate inlet
This consists of a receptacle for the raw
fresh organic waste and pipe of at least 10 cm
diameter leading to the digester. The connection
between the inlet pipe and the digester must be air
tight.
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b) Digester
This is the reservoir of organic wastes in
which the substrate is acted on by anaerobic micro
organisms to produce biogas.
c) Gas Storage /Reservoir
Depending on the proposed design, this may
be simply an empty but enclosed space above the
slurry in the digester, an inverted floating drum whose
diameter is just slightly smaller than that of the
cylindrical digester or an air tight polythene tube with
an inlet –outlet outfit.
d) Gas Burner
This may be a special lighting lamp or a
modified burner for cooking.
e) Exhaust outlet
This consists of a pipe of similar size to the
inlet pipe connected to the digester at a slightly lower
level than the inlet pipe to facilitate outflow of
exhausted slurry.
To
kitchen
Reservoir
Water
trap
Outlet
Gas pipe
Digester
Inlet
Fig.1: Biogas Production System
Methods
Biogas can be obtained from any organic
1. First Stage
material after anaerobic fermentation by three main
Complex organic compounds are attacked by
phases. The fermentation of organic wastes under
hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria, which secrete
anaerobic conditions to produce biogas occurs in the
enzymes and ferment hydrolyzed compounds into
following three stages:acetate and hydrogen .A small amount of the carbon
converted will end up as volatile fatty acids, primarily
propionic and butyric acids.
2.2
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Hydrolyze and ferments organic substance
Cellulose
decomposing
bacteria
Saccharides
Protein decomposing
bacteria
Fat decomposing bacteria
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Volatile acids H2 and CO2
Fig. 2: Fermentative Bacteria
volatile fatty acids into acetate and hydrogen
2. Second Stage
producing acetogenic bacteria.
The hydrogen- producing acetogenic
bacteria continue decomposing by converting the
Decompose the substances
produced in the first stage
Acetic acid,H2 and CO2
Fig.3: Decomposition of Fatty Acids
3. Third Stage
Methane –producing bacteria convert the
hydrogen and acetate into methane .There is a certain
amount of specialization in that different bacteria act
on different substrates .In order for these bacteria to
work properly and achieve the desired end products,
the following conditions have to be well balanced .
The dilution of the substrate i.e. amount of water
to dilute the animal waste.
The optimum temperature which should be 350C
Type of substrate (due to their suitable carbon to
Nitrogen (C: N) ratio and total solid content
cattle, pig and poultry manures are
recommended).
Rate of feeding the digester (overfeeding can
lead to accumulation of volatile fatty acids).
2.2.1
Design and Construction of Biogas Plants
2.2.1.1 Design of Generator (Based on Methane
Production Rate)
In designing the digester two terms must be
taken into consideration
Type of digester that will be used
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The purpose or performance goal
The size of the digester is based on;
a) Size based on health criteria
If the primary purpose is for health i.e. reduction
of the possible transmission of the diseases then
temperature and retention time are very important
criteria.
b) Size based on production of soil conditioner
If the purpose of the system is to produce
primarily a soil conditioner, then the breakdown,
stabilization, and storage of the organism and
nutrients will govern the system.
c) Size based on energy.
If the production of energy is the most
important objective, the gas production should be
optimized then the primary variables that affect
production of the gas are:
Biodegradability of the materials
Concentration of the feed.
Kinetic constants.
Retention time.
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Temperature has a professional effect on the digestion
since the kinetic constants are affected by changes in
temperature.
2.2.1.2 Design Based on End User Requirement
The design involves the following
parameters:
1. Input parameters
Water availability.
Daily availability of raw materials.
Financial inputs.
Climate of the region and its
geographical location.
Appropriate space availability.
2. Output parameter:
End use energy requirement(kWh)
and useful power requirements(kW)
of thermal and material energy
Requirement of biogas or methane
(in energy units or m3 per day)
3.
Design parameter
Optimum temperature range and
heating.
Retention period.
C/N ratio of feed.
PH of slurry.
Feed of water ratio (Vf/Vw).
Percent of total solid in feed
(T S %).
Percent of volatile solids in feed
(V S %).
Fraction of the methane in gas
(F CH 4 )
3
Tti = the operating time of the device ‘i’ per day
Then, Total energy content generated per day, Etg= ∑
Eti Tti +Ett
where, Ett=unutilized energy per day (Kj/day)
If Eoti is the useful energy of the energy point device
and ti is the overall efficiency of the end point
device’i’
E tg
Eu
3
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Ymax Ymin
Ymin
2
3
The fraction of the feed f
f
(m
3
3
of V s / m ) of
slurry input is
fg
V
Vf
w
Vf
1 Vw V f
f f Vf
But Vw/Vf = water Ts feed ratio, thus
ff
1
1 WF
where W F is the water to feed ratio, Vf=Idff =volume
3
flow rate of pure feed (m /day)
III.
Where, Vr= volume of the reactor (m ), Cf = calorific
value of CH 4
If Eti = the energy consumption of a devices ’i’ per
hour (e.g. lighting tubes, burner etc).
E tt
Volume in m , if Vx tends to zero, then
Vr =Vs+Vg ,
Vs=trId ,
Where, tr= residence time, days. Id=influent charge or
slurry per day,m3/day.
2.3
The total methane yield from a reactor of volume V r
per day is Ytg= Yg.Vg
The total energy content generated per day, Etg = Ytg .
Cf
ti
Digester Volume Vr =Vs+Vg+Vx
where, Vs= volume of the slurry space or digester
Gas yield (m /m of digester/day).
Ultimate gas yield (m3/m3 of
digester/total retention time).
digester/year)
Then, Y g = Y x F CH 4
E oti Tti
The procedure for determining the digester volume V r
is
a) Based on the useful energy output of the end
point device, Eoti
The operating time of the device per day; T ti
The overall efficiency ti of the end point
device energy per day may be suitably
assumed.
b) From Etg and Ytg , the volume Vr can be
determined.
c) Based on the Ymin and Ymax, Vrmin and Vrmax can be
calculated.
d) Based on Ymin and Ymax , Eu can be computed.
3
Design Approach.
If Y = Biogas yield (m3 of biogas / m3/m3 of
digester/day).
Ymin = minimum yield in the year (m3of the biogas /
m3/m3 of digester/year)
Ymax= maximum yield in the year (m3of the biogas /
m3/m3 of digester/year)
Y g methane yield (m3of methane/year / m3 of
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Results and Discussions
The numbers of classrooms were 40. With
each classroom having a florescent tube of 36W and
an average lighting time of 10hrs,
Power required = (10×40×9×36W)/1000=
129.6kWhr
The workshops and laboratories with the number of
tubes they contain are listed below.
Workshop and Laboratory Number of tubes
Mechanical training w/s
50
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-
Electrical training w/s
40
Electrical lab
30
Woodwork w/s
40
Masonry w/s
10
Plumbing w/s
20
Automotive w/s
20
Mechanical production w/s
30
Chemistry lab
10
Biology
10
Dressmaking w/s
10
Food &Beverage restaurants
20
Food & Beverage kitchen
20
Total
number
of
210 tubes.
tubes
With an average lighting time of 10hrs,
Power required = (210×36×10)/ 1000 = 75.6 kWhr
Data for the main kitchen was listed as shown below.
Dining hall
12
Kitchen +store +offices
20
Total
number
of
tubes
32
With an average lighting time of 20hrs,
Power required = (32×36×20) ÷1000 = 23.03kWhr
Other utilities were listed as shown below:
Administration block
45
Main hall
20
T.V room
8
Main stores
8
Toilets
8
Cyber cafe
8
Total
number
of
tubes
95 tubes
With an average lighting time of 10hrs,
Power required = (95×36×9×10)÷1000 = 34.2 kWhr
Security lighting required 50 tubes with each tube
consuming 150 Watts and an average lighting time of
12 hrs,
Power required = (50×150×12)÷1000 = 90 kWhr
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The student halls of residence data was listed as
follows:
Block A
21
Block B
23
Block C
20
Gal sheet
10
Extension
10
Canteen
6
Milimani (A+B)
25
Total number of tubes
115
With an average lighting time of 10hrs,
Power required = (10×115×36)÷1000 = 44.4kWhr
The total power required for lighting daily,
= 129.6+75.6+23.04+34.2+90+41.4= 393.84kWhr.
Approximately 400kWhr
1kWhr = 3.6×106 joules, therefore the daily energy
requirement
= 400 ×3.6×106 = 1.44×109/day
Assumption:
Production of Biogas /kg of fresh dung
3
=0.06m or a retention of 30 days.
Calorific value of the biogas produced = 20MJ/m3
Thus, the daily Biogas flow rate = daily energy
requirement /calorific value of fuel.
= (1.44×10) ÷ (20×106)
= 72m3/day
The institution’s kitchen uses 150 kg of
wood per day.
Biogas equivalent = 0.18 m3/kg of wood
Amount of biogas required = 0.18 m3×150
=
27 m3 Biogas per day
Therefore, the total amount of biogas required daily
=72+27= 99 m3/day
The Quantity of cattle dung required = gas production
per day/gas per kg of fresh dung
= 99/0.06
= 1650kg of dung per
day
Average dung collection /adult animal/day = 10kg
Total number of cattle required = total dung/dung per
animal
=1650/10
= 165 heads of cattle
DIGESTER DIMENSION CALCULATIONS
Cow dung water mix ratio=1:1
Mass of slurry per day
= mass of cow
dung + mass of water
= 1650×2
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= 3300kg
Density of the slurry
= 1000kg/m3with
solid Concentrations of 8-10%
Volume of slurry
= mass of the
slurry/density of the slurry
= 3300/1090
= 3.027 m3
= 3 m3
Let the retention time (assumed) to be 30 days
Digester volume = Volume of dairy charge ×
retention time = 3×30 = 90 m3
This is the minimum working volume. The actual
volume should be 10% more to provide some empty
space at the top for proper disengagement of the gas
Actual digester volume
= 90×1.1 = 99 m3
A cylinder shape for the digester was chosen.
The height (H) to diameter (D) ratio was taken as
entity for any large capacity plant time
Thus
H/D
= 1 of the digester
Digester volume,
99=
[2]
[3]
[4]
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Biological Hydrogen Foundation: The
Netherlands.
Drapcho, C.M., Nhuan, N.P. and Walker,
T.H. (2008), Biofuels Engineering Process
Technology, McGraw Hill, U.S.A.
Zicari, S.M. (2003), Removal of Hydrogen
Sulfide from Biogas Using Cow-manure
Compost, MSc Thesis, Cornell University.
Planning and Installing Bioenergy Systems:
A Guide for Installers, Architects and
Engineers, James & James, U.K.
3
D
4
Therefore the height was taken as = 5 m
Let the digester be dome shaped at the top to hold the
required daily gas,
Then,
Vd
D 2
2
d h 3 d h
6 2
where, Vd = daily gas volume required, Dh = Dome
height and D = Diameter of the cylinder part of the
digester
Therefore,
99
5 2
2
d h 3 d h
6 2
By the trial and error, the digester dome height, D h =
3.7m
IV.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the
following conclusion can be drawn:
The biogas digester is the best option to save cost
on power.
It will provide sufficient energy for both cooking
and lighting.
Any excess gas generated should be sold to the
neighbourhood.
Organic fertilizers can be made from the
slurry generated after the biogas production
process. This can also be sold to generate
income for MUC.
References
[1]
Reith, J. H., R. H. Wijffels, and H. Barren
(eds). 2003. Bio-methane and Bio-hydrogen:
Status and Perspectives of Biological
Methane and Hydrogen Production. Dutch
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