With the concept of 3G & 4G services OCDMA is one of the important technologies, that provide a very high speed communication. In this technology multiple users can communicate simultaneously to transfer different kind of data. OCDMA enables the best use of available bandwidth and the spectrum to represent a cost efficient network. But in a network there is always the requirement to increase the security and the efficiency or the throughput of a multiuser communication in the OCDMA network. The proposed work is about to increase the efficiency in a Noisy channel. Here the work will be performed on impulse noised network. We are here proposing the orthogonal approach along with OCDMA to improve the throughput. We are trying to show the results in terms of noise ratio and the derived throughput. The proposed work is about to reduce this packet loss and to increase the throughput in the noisy network. To overcome this drawback and to increase the throughput we are using the concept of OFDM along with CDMA. This concept is represented as the Orthogonal CDMA.
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Performance Analysis of Multi-QoS Model of OCDMA System by Adopting OPPM Sign...IJERA Editor
In this paper, optical CDMA which combines the large bandwidth of the fibre medium with the flexibility of the
CDMA technique to achieve high speed connectivity has been used. For achieving this purpose, OPPM
signalling and switching techniques have been employed. This helps in the achievement of high tolerance to
Multiple Access Interference, further resulting in improvement of both the Bit Error Rate and optical channel
capacity without the need to decrease the light pulse width. An OPPM scheme to support multimedia services
with different transmission rates and Quality of Service requirements is proposed. Packet Switching technique
has been employed to help in the transfer of data in the form of packets from the source to the destination via a
specified route. The results are calculated by using PPM signalling and switching technology.But switching
technology has been found to be far better than the OOK-OCDMA if the average power has been considered as
the restraining factor.
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Performance Analysis of Multi-QoS Model of OCDMA System by Adopting OPPM Sign...IJERA Editor
In this paper, optical CDMA which combines the large bandwidth of the fibre medium with the flexibility of the
CDMA technique to achieve high speed connectivity has been used. For achieving this purpose, OPPM
signalling and switching techniques have been employed. This helps in the achievement of high tolerance to
Multiple Access Interference, further resulting in improvement of both the Bit Error Rate and optical channel
capacity without the need to decrease the light pulse width. An OPPM scheme to support multimedia services
with different transmission rates and Quality of Service requirements is proposed. Packet Switching technique
has been employed to help in the transfer of data in the form of packets from the source to the destination via a
specified route. The results are calculated by using PPM signalling and switching technology.But switching
technology has been found to be far better than the OOK-OCDMA if the average power has been considered as
the restraining factor.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY CLASSIFICATION USING TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPUTATIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Texture information is exploited for classification of HSI (Hyperspectral Imagery) at high spatial resolution. For this purpose, framework employs to LBP (Local Binary Pattern) to extract local image features such as edges, corners & spots. After the extraction of LBP feature two levels of fusions are applied along with Gabor feature & spectral feature, i.e. Feature level fusion & Decision level fusion. In Feature level fusion multiple features are concurred before pattern classification. While in decision level fusion, it works on probability output of each individual classification pipeline combines the distinct decisions into final one. Decision level fusion consists of either hard fusion, soft fusion method. In hard fusion we consider majority part & in soft fusion linear logarithmic opinion pool at probability level (LOGP). In addition to this, extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier is included which is more efficient than support vector machine (SVM), used to provide probability classification output. It has simple structure with one hidden layer & one linear output layer. ELM trained much faster than SVM.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
Effect of fiber distance on various sac ocdma detection techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Leveraging the Power of Smartphones: Real Time Monitoring of Water PointsIJERA Editor
In recent years, the world has become more sophisticated. Different aspects of today’s life has been digitized, this include; business, education, health, communication and numerous community services. With the existing extended coverage of cellular networks, most services are constantly deployed to be accessed via mobile phones, as they are also the most pervasive pocket carried devices. Though, both regular and smartphone can be used to convey the basics of mobile based services such as mobile banking, calling and text messaging, smartphone goes extra mile. While regular phones are still the better choice for some, smartphones are tremendously taking over the cellphone market. Smartphones are powered by the vast amount of mobile apps available today which offer unprecedented features and functionalities and as well more advanced internet connectivity. To ensure reliable, sufficient and safe water supply to public, the installed water points need to be well monitored. Quality and quantity parameters of water produced from the water points are constantly tracked to determine if they are within the acceptable range. In case of acute condition, the identified parameters need to be instantly communicated to the District Water Engineer (DWE) for prompt intervention. In this paper we explore the popularity and advantages of smartphones and present a proposed prototype that exploit the power of smartphones in real time monitoring of water points.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY CLASSIFICATION USING TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPUTATIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Texture information is exploited for classification of HSI (Hyperspectral Imagery) at high spatial resolution. For this purpose, framework employs to LBP (Local Binary Pattern) to extract local image features such as edges, corners & spots. After the extraction of LBP feature two levels of fusions are applied along with Gabor feature & spectral feature, i.e. Feature level fusion & Decision level fusion. In Feature level fusion multiple features are concurred before pattern classification. While in decision level fusion, it works on probability output of each individual classification pipeline combines the distinct decisions into final one. Decision level fusion consists of either hard fusion, soft fusion method. In hard fusion we consider majority part & in soft fusion linear logarithmic opinion pool at probability level (LOGP). In addition to this, extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier is included which is more efficient than support vector machine (SVM), used to provide probability classification output. It has simple structure with one hidden layer & one linear output layer. ELM trained much faster than SVM.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
Effect of fiber distance on various sac ocdma detection techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Leveraging the Power of Smartphones: Real Time Monitoring of Water PointsIJERA Editor
In recent years, the world has become more sophisticated. Different aspects of today’s life has been digitized, this include; business, education, health, communication and numerous community services. With the existing extended coverage of cellular networks, most services are constantly deployed to be accessed via mobile phones, as they are also the most pervasive pocket carried devices. Though, both regular and smartphone can be used to convey the basics of mobile based services such as mobile banking, calling and text messaging, smartphone goes extra mile. While regular phones are still the better choice for some, smartphones are tremendously taking over the cellphone market. Smartphones are powered by the vast amount of mobile apps available today which offer unprecedented features and functionalities and as well more advanced internet connectivity. To ensure reliable, sufficient and safe water supply to public, the installed water points need to be well monitored. Quality and quantity parameters of water produced from the water points are constantly tracked to determine if they are within the acceptable range. In case of acute condition, the identified parameters need to be instantly communicated to the District Water Engineer (DWE) for prompt intervention. In this paper we explore the popularity and advantages of smartphones and present a proposed prototype that exploit the power of smartphones in real time monitoring of water points.
EU-Cycle is a self balancing electric unicycle. A regular unicycle is powered by pedal and is balanced by a rider, whilst the EU-Cycle runs by an electric motor and balance by control system in the roll direction. The simple thing to do by rider is to lean forward for acceleration, to lean backward for braking. EU-Cycle is designed as to be a fast and portable means of transport among crowded area, home and office. Therefore, The EU-Cycle gives tough challenge to the unicycle. EU-Cycle has attracted print media including future stories in radio, television. Thus in addition to successful development of EU-Cycle in urban use, the project has to implement the EU-cycle as an educative device.
Validation of the Newly Developed Fabric Feel Tester for Its Accuracy and Rep...IJERA Editor
The present paper deals with a comprehensive study of reproducibility of the newly developed instrument to
study fabric handle characteristics using extraction principle. As reported earlier that a new nozzle extraction
method for objective measurement of fabric handle characteristics has been developed. The force exerted by the
fabric being drawn out of the nozzle is known as extraction force and the force exerted by the fabric at the side
wall of the nozzle is known as radial force. A few fabric samples have been tested on this newly developed
instrument and the effect of numbers of tests has been studied. It has been observed that minimum five samples
of a fabric test in this instrument gives lower standard deviation of the test results. Also the overall deviations of
results justified the reproducibility of the instrument and hence the said instrument if validated for its testing
parameters.
Polynomial Function and Fuzzy Inference for Evaluating the Project Performanc...IJERA Editor
The objectives of this paper are two folds. The first one is to improve the time forecasting produced from the well known Earned Value Management (EVM), using the polynomial function. The time prediction observed from the polynomial model, which is compared against that observed from the most common method for time forecasting (critical path method), is a more accurate (mean absolute percentage of error is less than 2%) than that observed from the conventional deterministic forecasting methods (CDFMs). The second is to evaluate and forecast the overall project performance under uncertainty using the fuzzy inference. As the uncertainty is inherent in real life projects, the polynomial function and fuzzy inference model (PFFI) can assist the project managers, to estimate the future status of the project in a more robust and reliable way. Two examples are used to illustrate how the new method can be implemented in reality.
Use of Hidden Markov Mobility Model for Location Based ServicesIJERA Editor
These days people prefer to use portable and wireless devices such as laptops, mobile phones, They are connected through satellites. As user moves from one point to other, task of updating stored information becomes difficult. Provision of Location based services to users, faces some challenges like limited bandwidth and limited client power. To optimize data accessibility and to minimize access cost, we can store frequently accessed data item in cache of client. So small size of cache is introduced in mobile devices. Data fetched from server is stored on cache. So requested data from user is provided from cache and not from remote server. Question arises that which data should be kept in the cache? Performance of cache majorly depends on the cache replacement policies which select data suitable for eviction from cache. This paper presents use of Hidden Markov Models(HMMs) for prediction of user‟s future location. Then data item irrelevant to this predicted location is fetched out from the cache. The proposed approach clusters location histories according to their location characteristics and also it considers each user‟s previous actions. This results in producing high packet delivery ratio and minimum delay.
Comparative Ethanol Productivities of Two Different Recombinant Fermenting St...IJERA Editor
Production of biofuel such as ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is a beneficial way to meet sustainability and energy security in the future. The main challenge in bioethanol conversion is the high cost of processing, in which enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are the major steps. Among the strategies to lower processing costs are utilizing both glucose and xylose sugars present in biomass for conversion. An approach featuring enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation steps, identified as separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) was used in this work. Proposed solution is to use “pre-processing” technologies, including the thermal screw press (TSP) and cellulose-organic-solvent based lignocellulose fractionation (COSLIF) pretreatments. Such treatments were conducted on a widely available feedstock such as source separated organic waste (SSO) to liberate all sugars to be used in the fermentation process. Enzymatic hydrolysis was featured with addition of commercial available enzyme, Accellerase 1500, to mediate enzymatic hydrolysis process. On average, the sugar yield from the TSP and COSLIF pretreatments followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was remarkable at 90%. In this work, evaluation of the SSO hydrolysate obtained from COSLIF and enzymatic hydrolysis pretreaments on ethanol yields was compared by fermentation results with two different recombinant strains: Zymomonas mobilis 8b and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DA2416. At 48 hours of fermentation, ethanol yield was equivalent to 0.48g of ethanol produced per gram of SSO biomass by Z.mobilis 8b and 0.50g of ethanol produced per gram of SSO biomass by S. cerevisiae DA2416. This study provides important insights for investigation of the source-separated organic (SSO) waste on ethanol production by different strains and becomes a useful tool to facilitate future process optimization for pilot scale facilities.
The behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete after heat resistanceIJERA Editor
This study is trying to provide the behavior of concrete when additional fibers are added under the effect of
evaluated temperatures. Three types of polypropylene fibers are used with different length respectively 3 mm, 6
mm and 12 mm and two types of steel fibers are used of length respectively of 3cm and 5 cm. Hybrid specimens
of concrete are prepared by using two different combinations: 0.5% steel fibers in combination with 0.2%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete; and 0.25% of steel fibers in combination with 0.1%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete. The specimens were subject to different temperatures. An
electric furnace was used to heat the specimens up to 200 0C, 400 0C and 600 0C. The mass loss and compressive
strength were determined by using twelve different mixtures.
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
Extract the ancient letters from decoratedIJERA Editor
Nowadays, large databases of ornaments of the hand-press period are available and need efficient retrieval tools
for history specialists and general users. This article deals with document images analysis. The purpose of our
work is to automatically determine the letter represented in an ornamental letter image. Our process is divided
into two parts: Wavelet transformation: Segmentation of the ornamental letter followed by a recognition step.
The segmentation process uses multi-resolution analysis to filter background decorations followed by
binarisation and morphologic reconstruction of the expected letter.
Keywords - segmentation, multiresolution analysis, ornemental lettres, Wavelet transform
Aerobic Biodegradation of Vinegar Containing Waste Water by Mixed Culture Bac...IJERA Editor
The present study is focussed on biodegradation of the vinegar effluents by mixed culture bacteria isolated from the soil. The presence of acetic acid in the vinegar plant effluent contaminates the water and soil erodes if the effluent is released into the soil, ultimately contaminate the ground water table. It is necessary to remove acetic acid from the vinegar plant effluents. The technique used in this study in order to remove biodegradable matter is Aerobic Biodegradation. Varying initial concentrations of vinegar is synthetically prepared in the laboratory, which resembled the effluent released from the vinegar plant by adding the vinegar of 1%, 4%, 7% to 1250 ml water respectively. The mixed culture bacteria from the soil grown on standard Lysogeny Broth medium and introduced into the aerobic fluidized bed reactor after 24 hours and the bacteria (Bacilli, Cocci)biodegraded the organic matter i.e., acetic acid present in the sample. Samples analysed for vinegar concentration, DO and salinity, electrical conductivity for every 24hr, 48hr, and 72hr by volumetric analysis. The pH, DO, salinity, electrical conductivity and concentrations of the each samples measured for every 24hr, 48hr, and 72hr respectively. The pH of 1%, 4% & 7% samples varied from 6 to 9, 5 to 8.5 & 3 to 7 respectively from day1 to day3. The dissolved oxygen altered from 4ppm to 1ppm for 1% sample from day1 to day3 and from 5ppm to 2ppm for 4% vinegar sample for day1 o day3. Electrical conductivity of 1% vinegar sample increased from 52 to 58 from day1 to day3.
Visual Product Identification for BlindIJERA Editor
This project is developed to make the life of blind people easy. This is a camera based system to scan the
barcode behind the image and read the description of the product with the help of Id stored in the barcode. This
is very beneficial in case of finding out the description of packaged goods to the blind people and thus helping
them in deciding to purchase a product or not especially which are packaged. This is because it becomes very
difficult for the blind people to distinguish between the packaged goods. In order to use this system, all the user
needs to do is capture the image on the product in the mobile phone which then resolves the barcode which
means it scans the image to find out the Id stored. Thus this application really benefits blind and visually
impaired people and thus making their work of identifying products easy. This is very easy to use and affordable
as it requires a scanner to scan the barcode and a camera phone to take the picture of the image containing the
barcode. This is now easy to implement as most of the mobile phones today have the required resolution in order
to scan the barcode to identify the Id stored in it and read out the product description. This project can be
implemented in any shopping mall, supermarket, Book stores, Medical stores etc.
An Efficient Algorithm for Edge Detection of Corroded SurfaceIJERA Editor
Inspection process in industrial applications plays a vital role as it directly hinders the outages of industry. Thereby the inspection especially in case of corroded surfaces is to be fast, precised and accurate. Visual inspection has been very liable to mistakes because of numerous facts. The automatic inspection systems remove subjective aspects and can provide fast and accurate inspection. Inspection of corroded surfaces is very important concern, thus it is required to detect corroded surfaces. A new algorithm is developed by certain changes in mask and thresholding selection to detect corroded surfaces. The paper is about how we can amend the weak edges of input images and discarding false edges to overcome the problem of traditional techniques in this field. Proposed operator also compared with two commonly used edge detection algorithms which are Canny and Sobel.
Photovoltaic Modules Performance Loss Evaluation for Nsukka, South East Niger...IJERA Editor
The Photovoltaic (PV) systems and technology offer excellent reliability when designed with the right implementation tools and based on good technical judgements of components that make up each of the critical sections of solar power system. The PV array is an essential section of a solar power system and it is expected to function to deliver pre – estimated power based on design estimations. There are factors that derail the performance of PV modules; the contributions of these factors are peculiar to specific sites of installation, hence the need to empirically evaluate and characterize installation sites before deployment of PV systems. This paper presents the characterization of Nsukka (South East, Nigeria) environment using decent instrumentation; and consequently highlights the power loss indicators for PV modules in the target site while presenting equally mitigable design.
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimal Channel and Relay Assignment in Ofdmbased Multi-Relay Multi-Pair Two-...ijcnes
Efficient utilization of radio resources in wireless networks is crucial and has been investigated extensively. This letter considers a wireless relay network where multiple user pairs conduct bidirectional communications via multiple relays based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. The joint optimization of channel and relay assignment, including subcarrier pairing, subcarrier allocation as well as relay selection, for total throughput maximization is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem. Using a graph theoretical approach, we solve the problem optimally in polynomial time by transforming it into a maximum weighted bipartite matching (MWBM) problem. Simulation studies are carried out to evaluate the network total throughput versus transmit power per node and the number of relay nodes
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAPAND- ADD LENGTH OVER MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ON SN...cscpconf
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Successful interference cancellation with Blind Equalization method for MC-CD...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The increasing demand for wireless services has created the need for cost effective transmission techniques that can exploit scarce spectral resources efficiently. Inorder to achieve the high data rates needed to meet the quality of service requirements of future multimedia applications, MC-CDMA has been considered as good air-interface candidate, especially for the downlink. However, the user capacity of MC-CDMA system is essentially limited by interference. This interference can be mitigated by employing precoding techniques, IB-DFE based receivers and other efficient interference suppression techniques. In the proposed system, combined Iterative IA precoding at the transmitter with IB-DFE based processing at the receiver is suggested for MC-CDMA systems. The matrices for this nonlinear space-frequency equalizer are obtained by minimizing the overall MSE of all data streams at each subcarrier.
Analysis of Simulation Parameters of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter for WCDMAijsrd.com
The application of signal processing techniques to wireless communications is an emerging area that has recently achieved dramatic improvement in results and holds the potential for even greater results in the future as an increasing number of researchers from the signal process and communications areas participate in this expanding field. From an industrial viewpoint also, the advanced signal processing technology cannot only dramatically increase the wireless system capacity but can also improve the communication quality including the reduction of all types of interference. The present paper deals with simulation model of square root raised cosine pulse shaping filter for WCDMA with different parameters of the filter at 5Mhz.The present paper deals with study of Simulation Parameters (Number of Bits, Number of Errors) of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter at different value of group delay(2,4,6,8) to the calculate BER for WCDMA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM): A Review Kamal Pradhan
it is clear that as we approach the 21st century the remarkable revolution in information services has
permeated our society. This rapid growth of information technology has led to new services hungry for transmission
capacity. Communication, which in the past was confined to narrowband voice signals, now demands a high quality
visual, audio, and data context for services such as Voice over-Internet protocol (VoIP), video streaming,
broadcasting of TV programmes, high-speed file sharing, E-commerce and E-Governance need a transmission
medium with very high bandwidth capabilities for handling vast amounts of information. The telecommunications
industry, however, is struggling to keep pace with these changes. Earlier predictions were made that current fiber
capacities would be adequate for our needs into the next century but they have been proven wrong but these fiber-
optics, with its comparatively infinite bandwidth and by employing the latest multiplexing technique, i.e. Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) has proven to be the solution.
An Approach to Improve the Quality of Service in OFDMA Relay Networks via Re-...iosrjce
With the next-generation cellular networks making a transition toward smaller cells, two-hop
orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) relay networks have become a dominant, mandatory
component in the 4G standards (WiMAX802.16j, 3GPP LTE-Adv.). Here we are using the multicasting strategy
Given the growing importance of multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) in 4G networks, the
latter forms the focus of this project. The main aim of this project is to improve the performance of the OFDMA
based relay networks. The OFDMA transmission Scheme is a widely accepted scheme for improving the quality
and speed of communication over the 4G cellular network. There are two different models designed for OFDMA
relay networks .Distributed (DP) and Contiguous (CP) permutations. We are checking the performance of two
algorithms The linear programming algorithm and the greedy algorithm by using two models of OFDMA for
multicast scheduling and after performance evaluation we select the best model and the algorithm for
transmission. We further improve the throughput via retransmission of lost packets during data transfer over the
specified network. We can detect the packet loss by packet synchronization technique and a request will be sent
by the destination for re-sending the lost packets which is called as Re-Transmission.[1]
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Performance Analysis of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) System
1. Amandeep Sukhija Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 7), August 2014, pp.56-61
www.ijera.com 56 | P a g e
Performance Analysis of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) System Amandeep Sukhija, Dr. Ashwani Sethi Department of Computer Science, GKU Talwandi Sabo Professor, GKU Talwandi Sabo Department of Computer Science, GKU Talwandi Sabo Abstract With the concept of 3G & 4G services OCDMA is one of the important technologies, that provide a very high speed communication. In this technology multiple users can communicate simultaneously to transfer different kind of data. OCDMA enables the best use of available bandwidth and the spectrum to represent a cost efficient network. But in a network there is always the requirement to increase the security and the efficiency or the throughput of a multiuser communication in the OCDMA network. The proposed work is about to increase the efficiency in a Noisy channel. Here the work will be performed on impulse noised network. We are here proposing the orthogonal approach along with OCDMA to improve the throughput. We are trying to show the results in terms of noise ratio and the derived throughput. The proposed work is about to reduce this packet loss and to increase the throughput in the noisy network. To overcome this drawback and to increase the throughput we are using the concept of OFDM along with CDMA. This concept is represented as the Orthogonal CDMA.
Keywords: OCDMA, TDMA, FDMA, MATLAB
I. Introduction
Multiple accesses which uses the spread spectrum technology for transmission has become very popular in cellular radio networks. Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) is a technique in which user uses a specific unique code rather a specific wavelength or a time slot. OCDMA uses the spread spectrum technique of code division multiple access (CDMA) combined with the optical link for transmission of data. OCDMA provides the large communication bandwidth along with the capability of secure data transmission. The key advantage of OCDMA is the multiple access technique which allows many users to share the same optical link simultaneously. This is done by giving each user a specific code which can be decoded only by the required user. OCDMA has many unique features that make it favorable data transmissions. Its characteristics make it suitable to increase the capacity and number of users in burst networks. OCDMA can accommodate a large no. of channels on a single carrier frequency. It can utilize the bandwidth effectively through coding system. OCDMA systems provide high degree of scalability and security. It provides high noise tolerance [1]. The Optical CDMA systems suffer from the problem of Multiple Access Interference (MAI) .As the number of users increase the bit error rate (BER) degrades because the effect of MAI increases. So, there is a limitation in number of users, as the number of users increase Signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) decrease and probability of error increase. There is a limitation of speed also in optical CDMA systems-since very short pulses are to be required within each bit time, here for it limits the bit rate for a finite pulse width transmitter. There is also a problem of high optical splitting at encoder/decoder [1]. Orthogonal Frequency Orthogonal frequency will use the concept of modulation technique to transfer large amount of data using radio waves in a wireless network. As we know the radio signals can be divided into the smaller sub signals that enable the OCDMA to transfer the data in multiple data rate slots. It provides the simultaneous data transmission without any user interference [2]. 1.1 Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA)
The first work in OCDMA occurred in the late 1970s in the area of fiber delay lines for signal processing. In OCDMA each channel is optically encoded with the specific code. Only an intended user with the corrected code can recover the encoded information. A proper choice of optical codes allows signals from all connected network nodes to be carried without interference between signals. Therefore, simultaneous multiple access can be achieved without a complex network protocols to coordinate data transfer among the communicating
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Amandeep Sukhija Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 7), August 2014, pp.56-61
www.ijera.com 57 | P a g e
nodes [1, 3]. OCDMA Offers an interesting alternative because neither time management nor frequency management at the transmitting nodes is necessary. OCDMA can operate asynchronously and does not suffer from packet collisions; therefore very low latencies can be achieved. In contrast to TDM and WDM, in which the maximum transmission capacity is determined by the total number of time slots or wavelength channels, respectively [1, 4]. OCDMA allows flexible network design the signal quality depends on the number of active channels. Fig. 1 Channel Usage by OCDMA 1.2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) The performance of TDMA systems is limited by the time– serial nature of the technology. Each receiver should operate at the total bit rate of the system. TDMA is a complimentary access technique to FDMA. Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM) uses the TDMA technique. In TDMA, the entire bandwidth is available to the user but only for a finite period of time. This is illustrated in figure 2. TDMA requires careful time synchronization since users share the bandwidth in the frequency domain. Since the number of channels are less, inter channel interference is almost negligible, hence the guard time between the channels is considerably smaller. Guard time is spacing in time between the TDMA bursts. In cellular communications, when a user moves from one cell to another there is a chance that user could experience a call loss if there are no free time slots available. TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and reception. This type of duplex is referred to as Time division duplex (TDD). TDD does not require duplexers [1, 5]. Fig. 2 Channel Usage by TDMA 1.3. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FDMA channels have narrow bandwidth (30 KHz) and therefore they are usually implemented in narrowband systems. Since the user has his portion of the bandwidth all the time, FDMA does not require synchronization or timing control, which makes it algorithmically simple. Even though no two users use the same frequency band at the same time, guard bands are introduced between frequency bands to minimize adjacent channel interference. Guard bands are unused frequency slots that separate neighboring channels. This leads to a waste of bandwidth. In wireless communications, FDMA achieves simultaneous transmission and reception by using Frequency division duplex (FDD). In order for both the transmitter and the receiver to operate at the same time, FDD requires duplexers. The requirement of duplexers in the FDMA system makes it expensive.
Fig. 3 Channel Usages by FDMA 1.4 Noise Noise is a random fluctuation in an electrical signal, a characteristic of all electronic circuits. Noise generated by electronic devices varies greatly, as it can be produced by several different effects. Thermal noise is unavoidable at non- zero temperature, while other types depend mostly on device type or manufacturing quality and semiconductor defects, such as conductance fluctuations, including 1/f noise [6]. 1.5 Quantification The Noise level in an electronic system is typically measured as an electrical power N in watts or dBm, a root mean square (RMS) voltage in volts, dBμV or a mean squared error (MSE) in volts squared. Noise may also be characterized by its probability distribution and noise spectral density N0(f) in watts per hertz. Noise power is measured in Watts or decibels (dB) relative to a standard power, usually indicated by adding a suffix after dB.
II. Objectives and Research Methodology
OCDMA provides a quality communication over the wireless network. It provides the communication in multiple users. But as the number of users in the network increases, the communication increases so there are the chances of some data loss over the network. ―In case of noisy channel the rate of data loss in the network also increases”. The proposed work is about to reduce this packet loss and to increase the throughput in the noisy network. To overcome this drawback and to increase the throughput we are using the concept of OCDMA along with CDMA. This concept is represented as the Optical CDMA.
3. Amandeep Sukhija Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 7), August 2014, pp.56-61
www.ijera.com 58 | P a g e
To satisfy the orthogonally there are some rules to be satisfied: 1. The receiver and transmitter have to be entirely synchronized. In order to satisfy this requirement it is necessary to guess the same modulation frequency and the same time scale for transmission which is not really possible. 2. It is also necessary to have the best quality of the analogue transmitter and receiver part. Following objectives have been decided for this dissertation * To find out a MAI analysis of the OCDMA network. * To determine optimum system parameters in the design of an OCDMA system. * Find out the BER versus received optical power for various numbers of users with the help of m- sequences. In this research work, we check the performance of OCDMA system in fading and noise environment .For this purposed system, we perform following steps. Generate the signal, Inclusion of Noise and Randomness, Perform the Transmission, Channel Sensing, Receive the Signal, Filter the Signal and Analysis of the Signal. 2.1 Development Environment: Matlab For implementation part we use MATLAB. It stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB is a high- performance langage for technical computing. It integrated computation, Noise is a random fluctuation in an electrical signal, a characteristic of all electronic circuits. Noise generated by electronic devices varies greatly, as it can be produced by several different effects. Thermal noise is unavoidable at non- zero temperature, while other types depend mostly on device visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solution are expressed in familiar mathematical notation .Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics .Application development, including graphical user interface building [7].
III. Implementation and Experimental Results
3.1Bit Error Rate (BER)
In OCDMA systems (BER) is an important parameter. It is often required as a control parameter for digital signal resource management such as hand off, call admission, and power control mechanisms. In practice, it is not easy to obtain because interference in OCDMA systems depends mostly on the number of active users in the system. Therefore simple and accurate BER measurement or estimation techniques are required [8].
3.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) This is one of the most efficient modulation methods. In this scheme modulation of data is performed by changing the phase of the particular signal. It uses finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. It modulates 1bit/symbol. BPSK is most robust of all schemes as it takes highest level of noise or distortion [7]. 3.3 Normalized Signal-Noise Ratio(SNR) The noise performance and hence the signal to noise ratio is a key parameter for any radio receiver. The signal to noise ratio or SNR as it is often termed is a measure of the sensitivity performance of a receiver. This is of prime importance in all applications from simple broadcast receivers to those used in cellular or wireless communications as well as in fixed or mobile radio communications, two way radio communications systems, satellite radio and more. 3.4.Random Number Generated Function (RAND) Random numbers are essential for computer simulations of real-life events, such as weather or many other reactions. To pick the next weather or other event, the computer generates a sequence of numbers, called random numbers or Pseudorandom numbers. MATLAB provides the random number generator rand. Each call to rand returns a uniformly distributed pseudorandom floating point number between 0 and 1. Evaluate the following command several times to observe the generation of different random numbers. r = rand (m, n) 3.5. Kalman Filter Kalman filter is a set of mathematical equations that provides an efficient computational (recursive) means to estimate the state of a process, in a way that minimizes the mean of the squared error. The filter is very powerful in several aspects: it supports estimations of past, present, and even future states, and it can do so even when the precise nature of the modeled system is unknown [9]. The Basic Idea of a Kalman Filter Noisy data in = hopefully less noisy data out 3.6 Steps for implementation 2.1.1 Generate the Signal
When working with OCDMA spectrum, first of all we would generate the signal. For this we would need to specify Channel Length, number of sub-
4. Amandeep Sukhija Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 7), August 2014, pp.56-61
www.ijera.com 59 | P a g e
carriers. Then we would distribute the whole signal among these sub-carriers for parallel transmission. The next step is to define the interference to be included in the form of noise, Channel noise etc. In our work we are randomly generating the Spectrum using rand () command of MATLAB. OCDMA blocks are divided into J identical sub blocks such that: M = N / J Where N = no. of carriers J = no. of sub-blocks M = size of each sub-block 3.6.1 Inclusion of Noise and Randomness In this work, we would include two factors: Noise and randomness. We would include different intensity of noise in different sub-carriers and would show the change in error rate as the signal passes through the channels. Another factor included for variation is randomness. 3.6.2 Perform the Transmission Here, firstly describe the number of Primary users and Secondary users for our scheme. Use 5 Primary users and 65 Secondary users per channel. For transmission signals from different sub-carriers are converted into digital form before transmission and are send in the combination of 0’s and 1’s (bits) simultaneously. 3.6.3 Channel Sensing In between transmission and receiving of the signal, channel sensing would be done. For this purpose we have generated an array of clock timer for sensing purpose. 3.6.4. Receive the Signal At receiver side, signal is received as combination of even and odd waveforms collectively and parallel. 3.6.5. Filter the Signal Next step is to filter the signal using low pass filter and Kalman filtering method to improve the signal further. 3.6.6. Analysis of the Signal The signal is then analyzed sensing time and throughput. 3.7 Channel In order to transmit, it is significant to simulate the channel. Wireless channels are impaired by fading and noise. 3.7.1. Fading
This channel is affected by Rayleigh fading due to Doppler Effect. The simulation of Rayleigh fading channel was done by Smith’s model.
3.7.2. Gaussian and Jammer Noise This channel is affected by Gaussian and jammer noise. It is very easy to simulate noise in Matlab. The ―rand‖ command was used to generate normally distributed noise. Optical CDMA Signal System
Fig..4 Transmitter of Optical CDMA Process Flow Charts
Fig.5 OCDMA with BPSK Signaling Modulation And Demodulation
5. Amandeep Sukhija Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 7), August 2014, pp.56-61
www.ijera.com 60 | P a g e
Fig. 6 Analysis of Generated Signal Parameters for Simulation Test TABLEI
Modules For Simulations The simulation consists of Some files. The main file is mainbinary.m‖ which includes the main binary function code and calls to different other files and functions. This makes the programming code simple and understandable. Generat Fading >> Fading.m Fig. 7 Working of OCDMA Signal in Fading (Eb/No)
Fig. 8 (EB/No. vs. BER) Representthe difference between Normalized SNR to Bit Error Rate in Large Scale
Fig. 9 (EB/No. vs. BER) Representthe Difference between Normalized SNR to Bit Error Rate in Small Scale In Case of Gaussian White Noise >>Gnosie.m SNR (Eb.No) Fig. 10 (EB/No. vs. BER) Represent the Difference between Normalized SNR to Bit Error Rate in Small Scale
6. Amandeep Sukhija Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 7), August 2014, pp.56-61
www.ijera.com 61 | P a g e
SNR (Eb.No) Fig.11 (EB/No.vs. BER)Represent the Difference between Normalized SNRto Bit Error Rate in Larger Scale. In Case of Jammer Noise >>Jnosie.M SNR (Eb.No) Fig. 12 (EB/No. vs. BER) Represent the Difference between Normalized SNR to Bit Error Rate in Large Scale SNR (Eb.No) Fig. 13 (EB/No. vs. BER) Represent the Difference between Normalized SNR to Bit Error Rate in Small Scale
IV. Conclusion
The research work is an improvement of OCDMA with the concept of orthogonal approach. This approach is presented here to improve the network reliability in case of Noisy and the fading Channel. The system presented here, provide an enhanced throughput mechanism to provide the efficient communication over the network Here we considered the jammer noise and Gaussian white noise with MAI. We observe that a high power of optical transmission is required in order to maintain a BER number of users. We also observe the behaviour of the OCDMA system by analysis the x, y scatter diagram of OCDMA system. We observe that when the fiber length is decreased, the index of noise effect of the optical fiber increased. In addition BER performance degrades due to the noise effect in the OCDMA system. REFERENCES [1] Harmandeep Singh,‖ Performance Analysis of Optical CDMA using Fuzzy Logic Generator‖ THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA July 2008 [2] Dhananjay1 *, Amita Soni1, Sanjeev Kumar,‖ Design of Enhanced Throughput Approach in Noisy Environment using Orthogonal-CDMA‖August, 2011 [3] C. B. M. Rashidi, S. A. Aljunid, F. Ghani, ‖ Design of a New Class of Codes with Zero in Phase CrossCorrelation for Spectral Amplitude Coding‖ International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.11 No.6, June 2011 [4] Shlomo Shamai (Shitz), Fellow, IEEE, and Aaron D. Wyner, Fellow, ―Information- Theoretic Considerations for Symmetric, Cellular, Multiple-Access Fading Channels‖—Part II IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL.43, NO. 6, NOVEMBER1997 [5] Md. Jahedul Islam and Md. Rafiqul Islam,‖ Impact of GVD and SPM on the Performance of DS-OCDMA‖ JOURNAL OF NETWORKS,VOL. 6, NO. 1, JANUARY 2011