Multicarrier modulation can be implemented by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve utmost bandwidth exploitation and soaring alleviation attributes profile besides multipath fading. To support delay sensitive and band bandwidth demanding multimedia applications and internet services, MIMO in addition with other techniques can be used to achieve high capacity and reliability. To obtain high spatial rate by transmitting data on several antennas by using MIMO with OFDM results in reducing error recovery features and the equalization complexities arise by sending data on varying frequency levels. Three parameters frequency OFDM, Spatial (MIMO) and time (STC) can be used to achieve diversity in MIMO-OFDM. This technique is dynamic and well-known for services of wireless broadband access. MIMO if used with OFDM is highly beneficial for each scheme and provides high throughput. There are several space time block codes to exploit MIMO OFDM; one of the techniques is called Alamouti Codes. The paper investigates adaptive Alamouti Codes and their application in IEEE 802.11n.
Linear Transmit-Receive Strategies for Multi-User MIMO Wireless CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses linear transmit-receive strategies for multi-user MIMO wireless communication. It begins with an abstract that introduces MIMO technology which uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to overcome signal fading and improve data throughput. The document then provides more details on MIMO concepts including that it uses multiple spatial channels to increase capacity. It also discusses how MIMO can exploit fading that is typically undesirable to achieve high capacities. Finally, it examines linear precoding techniques as a spatial division multiple access strategy for multi-user MIMO systems and quantifying the rate and power bounds of such techniques.
Improvement of MFSK -BER Performance Using MIMO Technology on Multipath Non L...theijes
Digital communications has evolved rapidly with a lot of success. The new trend seems to be the reinvention of already existing and even discredited or discarded theories or in this case, channels. Extensive research into optimizing or enhancing already existing schemes is still gaining momentum with practical results for all to experience and utilize. This paper describes the design and BER performance of an M-ary frequency shift keyed (FSK) signaling and demodulation scheme improved by MIMO antenna technology for wireless communications. MFSK and MIMO systems were briefly reviewed including AWGN, Non LOS fading and an important factor employed to estimate the performance of digital transmission. The research was performed using MATLAB for simulation and evaluation of the BER
This document discusses an iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems. It begins with an introduction to MIMO and OFDM technologies and how their combination can provide high spectrum efficiency and diversity gain against fading channels. It then describes the iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm, which utilizes parallel interference cancellation and iteration to improve detection performance compared to other detectors like ZF and MMSE in noisy environments. The document provides details on the system model and MIMO techniques like spatial multiplexing and diversity schemes before introducing the proposed iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems.
This thesis examines channel estimation techniques for 3GPP LTE downlink. It introduces LTE physical layer specifications including frame structure and reference signals. It describes propagation models and channel models specified for LTE. It then focuses on pilot-assisted channel estimation methods for single-input single-output systems, including least squares and minimum mean square error estimation. Performance is evaluated using bit error rate and symbol error rate. Space-frequency block coding for multiple antenna systems is also discussed along with corresponding channel estimation and decoding.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
IRJET- BER Reduction of Distributed Spatial Modulation in Cooperative Relay N...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on reducing bit error rate (BER) of distributed spatial modulation in cooperative relay networks for cellular systems. The key points are:
1) Distributed spatial modulation (DSM) is proposed to overcome limitations of spatial modulation for mobile terminals by using multiple cooperative relays to form a virtual antenna array.
2) In DSM, source information is broadcast to relays and one relay is selected to forward the information to the destination, reducing transmit power.
3) A DSM-OFDM protocol is proposed where only one relay transmits per OFDM subcarrier while others transmit zero power.
4) Simulation results show the proposed DSM-OFDM scheme achieves
To keep up with rising demand and new technologies, the wireless industry is researching a wide array of solutions for 5G, the next generation of wireless networking. Technologies based on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), including Massive MIMO, are among key concepts. As a leading provider of wireless simulation tools, Remcom is developing an innovative and efficient MIMO simulation capability.
A New Transmission Scheme for MIMO – OFDMijsrd.com
This contribution introduces a new transmission scheme for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The new scheme is efficient and suitable especially for symmetric channels such as the link between two base stations or between two antennas on radio beam transmission. This survey Paper presents the performance analysis of V-BLAST based multiple inputs multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system with respect to bit error rate per signal to noise ratio (BER/SNR) for various detection techniques. A 2X2 MIMO-OFDM system is used for the performance evaluation. The simulation results shows that the performance of V-BLAST based detection techniques is much better than the conventional methods. Alamouti Space Time Block Code (STBC) scheme is used with orthogonal designs over multiple antennas which showed simulated results are identical to expected theoretical results. With this technique both Bit Error Rate (BER) and maximum diversity gain are achieved by increasing number of antennas on either side. This scheme is efficient in all the applications where system capacity is limited by multipath fading.
Linear Transmit-Receive Strategies for Multi-User MIMO Wireless CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses linear transmit-receive strategies for multi-user MIMO wireless communication. It begins with an abstract that introduces MIMO technology which uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to overcome signal fading and improve data throughput. The document then provides more details on MIMO concepts including that it uses multiple spatial channels to increase capacity. It also discusses how MIMO can exploit fading that is typically undesirable to achieve high capacities. Finally, it examines linear precoding techniques as a spatial division multiple access strategy for multi-user MIMO systems and quantifying the rate and power bounds of such techniques.
Improvement of MFSK -BER Performance Using MIMO Technology on Multipath Non L...theijes
Digital communications has evolved rapidly with a lot of success. The new trend seems to be the reinvention of already existing and even discredited or discarded theories or in this case, channels. Extensive research into optimizing or enhancing already existing schemes is still gaining momentum with practical results for all to experience and utilize. This paper describes the design and BER performance of an M-ary frequency shift keyed (FSK) signaling and demodulation scheme improved by MIMO antenna technology for wireless communications. MFSK and MIMO systems were briefly reviewed including AWGN, Non LOS fading and an important factor employed to estimate the performance of digital transmission. The research was performed using MATLAB for simulation and evaluation of the BER
This document discusses an iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems. It begins with an introduction to MIMO and OFDM technologies and how their combination can provide high spectrum efficiency and diversity gain against fading channels. It then describes the iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm, which utilizes parallel interference cancellation and iteration to improve detection performance compared to other detectors like ZF and MMSE in noisy environments. The document provides details on the system model and MIMO techniques like spatial multiplexing and diversity schemes before introducing the proposed iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems.
This thesis examines channel estimation techniques for 3GPP LTE downlink. It introduces LTE physical layer specifications including frame structure and reference signals. It describes propagation models and channel models specified for LTE. It then focuses on pilot-assisted channel estimation methods for single-input single-output systems, including least squares and minimum mean square error estimation. Performance is evaluated using bit error rate and symbol error rate. Space-frequency block coding for multiple antenna systems is also discussed along with corresponding channel estimation and decoding.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
IRJET- BER Reduction of Distributed Spatial Modulation in Cooperative Relay N...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on reducing bit error rate (BER) of distributed spatial modulation in cooperative relay networks for cellular systems. The key points are:
1) Distributed spatial modulation (DSM) is proposed to overcome limitations of spatial modulation for mobile terminals by using multiple cooperative relays to form a virtual antenna array.
2) In DSM, source information is broadcast to relays and one relay is selected to forward the information to the destination, reducing transmit power.
3) A DSM-OFDM protocol is proposed where only one relay transmits per OFDM subcarrier while others transmit zero power.
4) Simulation results show the proposed DSM-OFDM scheme achieves
To keep up with rising demand and new technologies, the wireless industry is researching a wide array of solutions for 5G, the next generation of wireless networking. Technologies based on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), including Massive MIMO, are among key concepts. As a leading provider of wireless simulation tools, Remcom is developing an innovative and efficient MIMO simulation capability.
A New Transmission Scheme for MIMO – OFDMijsrd.com
This contribution introduces a new transmission scheme for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The new scheme is efficient and suitable especially for symmetric channels such as the link between two base stations or between two antennas on radio beam transmission. This survey Paper presents the performance analysis of V-BLAST based multiple inputs multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system with respect to bit error rate per signal to noise ratio (BER/SNR) for various detection techniques. A 2X2 MIMO-OFDM system is used for the performance evaluation. The simulation results shows that the performance of V-BLAST based detection techniques is much better than the conventional methods. Alamouti Space Time Block Code (STBC) scheme is used with orthogonal designs over multiple antennas which showed simulated results are identical to expected theoretical results. With this technique both Bit Error Rate (BER) and maximum diversity gain are achieved by increasing number of antennas on either side. This scheme is efficient in all the applications where system capacity is limited by multipath fading.
In this presentation the effect of channel estimation errors on the energy efficiency of a down-link massive multiple-input multiple-output system is investigated and analyzed. The required down-link transmit power of the zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoding schemes are derived and analyzed under imperfect channel state information condition.
This document provides an overview of MIMO-OFDM systems for wireless communication. It discusses how MIMO technology, which uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver, can be combined with OFDM to enhance system capacity and increase diversity gain. It describes some key aspects of MIMO-OFDM systems, including spatial multiplexing to boost throughput, space-time coding to improve link reliability, and how OFDM converts frequency-selective MIMO channels into parallel frequency-flat channels to increase frequency efficiency. The document also discusses modulation techniques, space-time block coding, and how space-time coding can be applied in MIMO-OFDM systems.
Massive MIMO Channel Calibration in TDD Wireless NetworksXiao-an Wang
Massive MIMO in TDD wireless networks depends crucially on channel reciprocity, which can be established by calibration. Existing calibration approaches, however, have been proven to be impractical for deployment in 5G NR and 802.11. This presentation introduces terminal-assisted calibration, which is shown to overcome the drawbacks of existing approaches and to enable various massive MIMO modes in 5G NR and 802.11.
Professor Mark Beach's presentation (without videos) on the University of Bristol's Massive MIMO activities as given at the IET's 'Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality' event, January 25th 2017.
3GPP is going to finalize the 5G standard by 2018. 5G is scheduled to launch in around early 2020s. Even if it is not determined yet regarding the standard technology details, many researchers expect that 5G will transfer 1000 times more data, and thus, can connect billions of IoT (Internet of Things) devices at the same time. Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) is one of the key candidate technologies that enable 5G to support IoT devices connection. Massive MIMO (MaMi) technology can address the high capacity requirement demanded by 5G exploiting many antennas both in the transmitter and the receiver.
The innovative and effective use of information and communication technologies (ICT) is becoming increasingly important to improve the economy of the world [1]. Wireless communication networks are perhaps the most critical element in the global ICT strategy, underpinning many other industries. It is one of the fastest growing and most dynamic sectors in the world.
The European Mobile Observatory (EMO) reported that the mobile communication sector had total revenue of €174 billion in 2010, there- by bypassing the aerospace and pharmaceutical sectors [2]. The development of wireless technologies has greatly improved people’s ability to communicate and live in both business operations and social functions.
The phenomenal success of wireless mobile communications is mirrored by a rapid pace of technology innovation. From the second generation (2G) mobile communication system debuted in 1991 to the 3G system first launched in 2001, the wireless mobile network has transformed from a pure telephony system to a network that can transport rich multimedia contents. The 4G wireless systems were designed to fulfill the requirements of International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-A) using IP for all services [3]. In 4G systems, an advanced radio interface is used with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and link adaptation technologies. 4G wireless networks can support data rates of up to 1 Gb/s for low mobility, such as nomadic/local wireless access, and up to 100 Mb/s for high mobility, such as mobile access. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and its extension, LTE-Advanced systems, as practical 4G systems, have recently been deployed or soon will be deployed around the globe.
However, there is still a dramatic increase in the number of users who subscribe to mobile broadband systems every year. More and more people crave faster Internet access on the move, trendier mobiles, and, in general, instant com- munication with others or access to information. More powerful smart phones and laptops are becoming more popular nowadays, demanding advanced multimedia capabilities. This has resulted in an explosion of wireless mobile devices and services. The EMO pointed out that there has been a 92 percent growth in mobile broadband per year since 2006 [2]. It has been predicted by the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) that 7 trillion wireless devices will serve 7 billion people by 2017; that is, the number of network-connected wireless devices will reach 1000 times the world’s population [4]. As more and more devices go wireless, many research challenges need to be addressed.
In recent past the influence of Radar has played a significant part in various fields. Radar sensing is one of
the prime application by which velocity and distance of a moving target can be found out. A joint RadCom
system to serve both radar sensing and wireless communication is proposed which ensures better
performance in terms of spectral efficiency, extended detection range and cost effectiveness. Such systems
demand for a common waveform which is designed in this work that perfectly matches to the system
requirements. OFDM multi carrier technique is chosen to generate a common waveform. Applicability of
multiple antenna technique for direction of arrival estimation is also considered. MIMO-OFDM technique
has gained much interest in the field of communication which improves the signal to noise ratio and lowers
the bit error rate. On the other hand the usage of MIMO reflects in the form of interference between
signals. In order to overcome this effect beamforming technique is used. In addition to theoretical
explanations we have also simulated and discussed the results for the proposed RadCom system using
MATLAB simulation tool.
MMU-MIMO systems can increase spectral efficiency in wireless networks like cellular and local area networks. They involve very large antenna arrays at the transmitters and receivers. Key challenges include channel estimation due to pilot contamination, developing efficient precoding and detection algorithms, and mitigating interference. Effective solutions require techniques for resource allocation, parameter estimation, and integrating signal processing with RF hardware.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
This document discusses and compares wireless communication technologies including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, CDMA, and LTE. It provides an overview of these technologies, how they have evolved over time, and their performance. Key points discussed include how LTE uses OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, the benefits of MIMO techniques for improving spectral efficiency, and methods for estimating signal-to-noise ratio to enable adaptive modulation schemes. The document also includes figures comparing parameters of various wireless standards.
The document discusses massive MIMO technology. It defines massive MIMO as using a very large number of antennas at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. Key benefits include high spectral and energy efficiency. It explains that massive MIMO differs from conventional MU-MIMO by benefiting greatly from excess antennas. The document also covers topics like TDD vs FDD operation, pilot contamination issues and potential mitigation techniques, and synergies with mmWave networks.
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
This paper proposes a technique to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals using polar codes in a WiMAX architecture. A polar encoder is introduced which generates multiple candidate OFDM symbols from different polar codewords that share the same information bits but have different random bits. The symbol with the lowest PAPR is then selected for transmission. Simulation results show the proposed method can achieve over 5 dB PAPR reduction without increasing bit error rate, improving power amplifier efficiency.
All of us have lofty expectations for 5G wireless technology.
Massive growth in demand for mobile data...
Massive growth in the number of connected devices...
Massive change in data transfer rates and latency...
Massive explosion in the diversity of mobile applications...
Massive....Massive....Massive....this word is frequently used like never before.
Delivering all these expectations depends on the evolution of existing technologies and revolution in new technologies.
One such revolutionary change is the use of massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in 5G for different frequency ranges.
Interested to understand and learn what mMIMO means?!
If yes, here is some massive theoretical information on Massive MIMO.
Article on MIMO-OFDM printed in BSNL telecom JournalSushil Kumar
The document summarizes MIMO-OFDM technology for high-speed wireless communication. It describes that MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to minimize errors and optimize data speed. It can increase channel capacity while obeying Shannon's law. OFDM divides data into small sub-signals transmitted through different frequencies using IFFT and FFT. Combining MIMO with OFDM provides higher throughput and link reliability. Industry standards like 802.11n, 802.16a, LTE/LTE Advanced have adopted MIMO-OFDM to achieve data rates up to 1Gbps.
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
An Efficient Performance of Mimo - Ofdm Based Cognitieve Radio System for Arr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system. Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.
Min input and min output of the system can be conduct by the process of interest in the process of view of synchronisation and software Engineer at the system can be a good idea for this colour combination of view of the best part of the system can be conduct by the process of view till now I'm interested for the system based engineering and technology related issues in college and software engineer h today’s increasing demand for security, especially in public places such as
airports, train stations, supermarkets, schools, and crowded street, surveillance cameras are
used for monitoring daily activities and detecting abnormal events. This task focuses on the
localization of anomalies using both temporal and partial information in videos. Anomalies
can be defined as events deviating from normal behavior [1], e.g., fighting, sneaking,
or unattended bags at an airport. The purpose of using surveillance cameras is the early
detection of anomalous human behaviors. This is a critical task in many cases where human
intervention is necessary, e.g., for crime prevention or countering terrorism. However,
this process requires labor-intensive and continuous human attention, which is a tedious
process, since abnormal events only happen 0.01% of the time and 99.9% of the surveillance
time is wasted [2]. Moreover, a surveillance system produces a lot of redundant video data,
which require unnecessary storage space. For reducing human errors and storage costs, it
is necessary to build an efficient surveillance system for detecting any strange behaviors
that may lead to dangerous situations. This requires deep and comprehensive study of
human activity recognition, to understand the features representative of each action.
Anomaly detection in video has a wide range of applications, such as for traffic
accident detection, criminal activity detection, and illegal activity detection. In addition,
detecting anomalous items or abandoned objects, such as guns or knifes, is necessary in
sensitive area
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this presentation the effect of channel estimation errors on the energy efficiency of a down-link massive multiple-input multiple-output system is investigated and analyzed. The required down-link transmit power of the zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoding schemes are derived and analyzed under imperfect channel state information condition.
This document provides an overview of MIMO-OFDM systems for wireless communication. It discusses how MIMO technology, which uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver, can be combined with OFDM to enhance system capacity and increase diversity gain. It describes some key aspects of MIMO-OFDM systems, including spatial multiplexing to boost throughput, space-time coding to improve link reliability, and how OFDM converts frequency-selective MIMO channels into parallel frequency-flat channels to increase frequency efficiency. The document also discusses modulation techniques, space-time block coding, and how space-time coding can be applied in MIMO-OFDM systems.
Massive MIMO Channel Calibration in TDD Wireless NetworksXiao-an Wang
Massive MIMO in TDD wireless networks depends crucially on channel reciprocity, which can be established by calibration. Existing calibration approaches, however, have been proven to be impractical for deployment in 5G NR and 802.11. This presentation introduces terminal-assisted calibration, which is shown to overcome the drawbacks of existing approaches and to enable various massive MIMO modes in 5G NR and 802.11.
Professor Mark Beach's presentation (without videos) on the University of Bristol's Massive MIMO activities as given at the IET's 'Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality' event, January 25th 2017.
3GPP is going to finalize the 5G standard by 2018. 5G is scheduled to launch in around early 2020s. Even if it is not determined yet regarding the standard technology details, many researchers expect that 5G will transfer 1000 times more data, and thus, can connect billions of IoT (Internet of Things) devices at the same time. Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) is one of the key candidate technologies that enable 5G to support IoT devices connection. Massive MIMO (MaMi) technology can address the high capacity requirement demanded by 5G exploiting many antennas both in the transmitter and the receiver.
The innovative and effective use of information and communication technologies (ICT) is becoming increasingly important to improve the economy of the world [1]. Wireless communication networks are perhaps the most critical element in the global ICT strategy, underpinning many other industries. It is one of the fastest growing and most dynamic sectors in the world.
The European Mobile Observatory (EMO) reported that the mobile communication sector had total revenue of €174 billion in 2010, there- by bypassing the aerospace and pharmaceutical sectors [2]. The development of wireless technologies has greatly improved people’s ability to communicate and live in both business operations and social functions.
The phenomenal success of wireless mobile communications is mirrored by a rapid pace of technology innovation. From the second generation (2G) mobile communication system debuted in 1991 to the 3G system first launched in 2001, the wireless mobile network has transformed from a pure telephony system to a network that can transport rich multimedia contents. The 4G wireless systems were designed to fulfill the requirements of International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-A) using IP for all services [3]. In 4G systems, an advanced radio interface is used with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and link adaptation technologies. 4G wireless networks can support data rates of up to 1 Gb/s for low mobility, such as nomadic/local wireless access, and up to 100 Mb/s for high mobility, such as mobile access. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and its extension, LTE-Advanced systems, as practical 4G systems, have recently been deployed or soon will be deployed around the globe.
However, there is still a dramatic increase in the number of users who subscribe to mobile broadband systems every year. More and more people crave faster Internet access on the move, trendier mobiles, and, in general, instant com- munication with others or access to information. More powerful smart phones and laptops are becoming more popular nowadays, demanding advanced multimedia capabilities. This has resulted in an explosion of wireless mobile devices and services. The EMO pointed out that there has been a 92 percent growth in mobile broadband per year since 2006 [2]. It has been predicted by the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) that 7 trillion wireless devices will serve 7 billion people by 2017; that is, the number of network-connected wireless devices will reach 1000 times the world’s population [4]. As more and more devices go wireless, many research challenges need to be addressed.
In recent past the influence of Radar has played a significant part in various fields. Radar sensing is one of
the prime application by which velocity and distance of a moving target can be found out. A joint RadCom
system to serve both radar sensing and wireless communication is proposed which ensures better
performance in terms of spectral efficiency, extended detection range and cost effectiveness. Such systems
demand for a common waveform which is designed in this work that perfectly matches to the system
requirements. OFDM multi carrier technique is chosen to generate a common waveform. Applicability of
multiple antenna technique for direction of arrival estimation is also considered. MIMO-OFDM technique
has gained much interest in the field of communication which improves the signal to noise ratio and lowers
the bit error rate. On the other hand the usage of MIMO reflects in the form of interference between
signals. In order to overcome this effect beamforming technique is used. In addition to theoretical
explanations we have also simulated and discussed the results for the proposed RadCom system using
MATLAB simulation tool.
MMU-MIMO systems can increase spectral efficiency in wireless networks like cellular and local area networks. They involve very large antenna arrays at the transmitters and receivers. Key challenges include channel estimation due to pilot contamination, developing efficient precoding and detection algorithms, and mitigating interference. Effective solutions require techniques for resource allocation, parameter estimation, and integrating signal processing with RF hardware.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
This document discusses and compares wireless communication technologies including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, CDMA, and LTE. It provides an overview of these technologies, how they have evolved over time, and their performance. Key points discussed include how LTE uses OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, the benefits of MIMO techniques for improving spectral efficiency, and methods for estimating signal-to-noise ratio to enable adaptive modulation schemes. The document also includes figures comparing parameters of various wireless standards.
The document discusses massive MIMO technology. It defines massive MIMO as using a very large number of antennas at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. Key benefits include high spectral and energy efficiency. It explains that massive MIMO differs from conventional MU-MIMO by benefiting greatly from excess antennas. The document also covers topics like TDD vs FDD operation, pilot contamination issues and potential mitigation techniques, and synergies with mmWave networks.
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
This paper proposes a technique to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals using polar codes in a WiMAX architecture. A polar encoder is introduced which generates multiple candidate OFDM symbols from different polar codewords that share the same information bits but have different random bits. The symbol with the lowest PAPR is then selected for transmission. Simulation results show the proposed method can achieve over 5 dB PAPR reduction without increasing bit error rate, improving power amplifier efficiency.
All of us have lofty expectations for 5G wireless technology.
Massive growth in demand for mobile data...
Massive growth in the number of connected devices...
Massive change in data transfer rates and latency...
Massive explosion in the diversity of mobile applications...
Massive....Massive....Massive....this word is frequently used like never before.
Delivering all these expectations depends on the evolution of existing technologies and revolution in new technologies.
One such revolutionary change is the use of massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in 5G for different frequency ranges.
Interested to understand and learn what mMIMO means?!
If yes, here is some massive theoretical information on Massive MIMO.
Article on MIMO-OFDM printed in BSNL telecom JournalSushil Kumar
The document summarizes MIMO-OFDM technology for high-speed wireless communication. It describes that MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to minimize errors and optimize data speed. It can increase channel capacity while obeying Shannon's law. OFDM divides data into small sub-signals transmitted through different frequencies using IFFT and FFT. Combining MIMO with OFDM provides higher throughput and link reliability. Industry standards like 802.11n, 802.16a, LTE/LTE Advanced have adopted MIMO-OFDM to achieve data rates up to 1Gbps.
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
An Efficient Performance of Mimo - Ofdm Based Cognitieve Radio System for Arr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system. Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.
Min input and min output of the system can be conduct by the process of interest in the process of view of synchronisation and software Engineer at the system can be a good idea for this colour combination of view of the best part of the system can be conduct by the process of view till now I'm interested for the system based engineering and technology related issues in college and software engineer h today’s increasing demand for security, especially in public places such as
airports, train stations, supermarkets, schools, and crowded street, surveillance cameras are
used for monitoring daily activities and detecting abnormal events. This task focuses on the
localization of anomalies using both temporal and partial information in videos. Anomalies
can be defined as events deviating from normal behavior [1], e.g., fighting, sneaking,
or unattended bags at an airport. The purpose of using surveillance cameras is the early
detection of anomalous human behaviors. This is a critical task in many cases where human
intervention is necessary, e.g., for crime prevention or countering terrorism. However,
this process requires labor-intensive and continuous human attention, which is a tedious
process, since abnormal events only happen 0.01% of the time and 99.9% of the surveillance
time is wasted [2]. Moreover, a surveillance system produces a lot of redundant video data,
which require unnecessary storage space. For reducing human errors and storage costs, it
is necessary to build an efficient surveillance system for detecting any strange behaviors
that may lead to dangerous situations. This requires deep and comprehensive study of
human activity recognition, to understand the features representative of each action.
Anomaly detection in video has a wide range of applications, such as for traffic
accident detection, criminal activity detection, and illegal activity detection. In addition,
detecting anomalous items or abandoned objects, such as guns or knifes, is necessary in
sensitive area
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Rajat Dak presents the basic perspective of MIMO-OFDM based wireless communication systems. MIMO and OFDM techniques can improve spectral efficiency, bandwidth utilization, and processing speeds to meet increasing demands for high-speed wireless services. MIMO uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to increase data rates and improve capacity and reliability over wireless channels. OFDM divides a high-speed data stream into multiple lower-speed streams to mitigate the effects of multipath propagation. The combination of MIMO and OFDM can simultaneously improve transmission rate, range, and reliability of wireless systems. Field tests show MIMO-OFDM provides increased capacity, coverage, and reliability for broadband wireless communications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
This paper discusses a new cellular wireless network architecture that uses an unlimited number of antennas at base stations. This allows base stations to better distinguish between user signals and eliminate pilot contamination. Pilot contamination occurs now when pilot sequences are reused in nearby cells, causing interference. With many antennas, base stations can spatially separate pilot signals from different cells. This noncooperative approach could improve spectral efficiency without cell coordination. The paper introduces new techniques to address fundamental issues in multi-user MIMO networks with massive antenna arrays at base stations.
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
Error Control and performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM Over Fading ChannelsIOSR Journals
ABSTRACT: Multiple Input Multiple Output is a wireless technology that uses multiple transmitters and
receivers to transfer more data at the same time. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, an FDM
modulation technique which splits the signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted
simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver. OFDM technique spreads the data over number of
carriers which are at specific predefined frequencies. This reduces or eliminates the ISI. Forward error
correction or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or
noisy communication channels. The objective of our proposed paper is to implement the FEC into the MIMO
OFDM systems and its performance is analysed by using MATLAB over different fading channels. For
modulation it employs M-QAM which combines both ASK and PSK thereby enabling several bits to be
transmitted per symbol. The performance of MIMO-OFDM system is evaluated by BER Vs SNR when the bits
propagates through the different fading channels.
Keywords– OFDM, MIMO, QAM, FEC, BER.
This document summarizes recent advances in wireless communication through the implementation of OFDM-MIMO systems. It discusses how OFDM can transmit multiple signals simultaneously using orthogonal subcarriers to improve data rates. MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to provide diversity gain and increase capacity. The combination of OFDM and MIMO (OFDM-MIMO) results in increased data rates and efficiency by overcoming problems like frequency selective fading. It then describes how OFDM-MIMO systems can transmit a single signal using transmit diversity and relay selection with decode-and-forward or amplify-and-forward protocols to further improve performance. Simulations show the OFDM-MIMO system achieves a lower bit error rate than
VLSI Implementation of OFDM Transceiver for 802.11n systemsIJERA Editor
This document describes the VLSI implementation of a 4x4 MIMO-OFDM transceiver for 802.11n systems using a Spartan 6 FPGA. The transceiver uses OFDM modulation with 64-bit FFT and 1/2 rate encoding. It was designed and tested on a Diligent Atlys FPGA board with a wired channel. Performance was analyzed by measuring BER and data rate with varying SNR. Data rates up to 216 Mbps were achieved with 16QAM modulation. The design was implemented and tested using Matlab Simulink, Xilinx tools, and hardware co-simulation between Simulink and the FPGA board.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of 802.lln MIMO OFDM TransceiverIJERA Editor
The increasing demand on real time application to achieve high throughput, reliable wireless system and network capacity for fourth generation wireless local area networks is to combine MIMO wireless technology with OFDM. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which offers reliable high bit rate wireless system with reasonable low complexity. OFDM does provide large data rates with sufficient robustness to radio channel impairments. OFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing and are able to maximize spectral efficiency without causing adjacent channel interference. This paper first focuses on 802.11n standard, MIMO-OFDM system. This paper further reviews different work done on implementation of MIMO-OFDM transceiver for 802.11n standard.
Techniques for Improving BER and SNR in MIMO Antenna for Optimum PerformanceIJMTST Journal
The use of multiple antennas for diversity, including MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is one of the most promising wireless technologies for broadband communication applications. This antenna system is a vital study in today’s wireless communication system especially when the signal propagates through some corrupted environments. In our paper new techniques of improving bit error ratio and signal to noise ratio are discussed. Inter symbol interference is a major limitation of wireless communications. It degrades the performance significantly if the delay spread is comparable or higher than the symbol duration. To remove ISI, equalization needs to be included at the receiver end. This paper discusses the merits of the MIMO system and the techniques used for improving BER performance and SNR. In MIMO wireless communication, an equalizer is used to recover a signal that suffers from Inter symbol Interference (ISI) and the BER characteristics is improved and a good SNR can be obtained. Different equalization techniques are discussed in this paper.
MIMO-OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR CHANNEL ESTI...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of MIMO-OFDM wireless communication systems and reviews previous research on channel estimation techniques for these systems. It begins with background sections on MIMO, OFDM, and MIMO-OFDM systems. It then summarizes several previous research papers that studied channel estimation methods like LS, MMSE, LMS, and neural networks for MIMO-OFDM. Overall, the document finds that techniques like MMSE and modified LMS algorithms provide better channel estimation performance than LS, improving metrics like SNR, BER, and capacity. The review shows that MIMO-OFDM is widely used due to its ability to increase data rates and link reliability compared to traditional systems.
MIMO channels: optimizing throughput and reducing outage by increasing multip...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The two main aims of deploying multiple input multiple out (MIMO) are to achieve spatial diversity (improves channel reliability) and spatial multiplexing (increase data throughput). Achieving both in a given system is impossible for now, and a trade-off has to be reached as they may be conflicting objectives. The basic concept of multiplexing: divide (multiplex) transmit a data stream several branches and transmit via several (independent) channels. In this paper, we focused mainly on achieving spatial multiplexing by modeling the channel using the diagonal Bell Labs space time scheme (D-BLAST) and the vertical Bell Labs space time architecture (V-BLAST) Matlab simulations results were a lso given to further compare the advantages of spatial multiplexing.
Iaetsd adaptive modulation in mimo ofdm system for4 gIaetsd Iaetsd
This paper proposes applying hybrid adaptation techniques in MIMO OFDM systems to improve spectral efficiency and reduce transmit power. It first analyzes the bit error rate of M-QAM modulation in OFDM systems with different numbers of subcarriers. Channel estimation is performed using MMSE, which estimates the channel with less error than LS. Feedback from channel estimation is then used with hybrid adaptation techniques. Simulation results show MMSE has lower MSE and symbol errors than LS estimation.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LINEAR DETECTION TECHNIQUES TO OVERCOME CHANNEL EFFECTS IN ...IJCI JOURNAL
Spatial diversity technique enables improvement in quality and reliability of wireless link. Antenna
diversity along with understanding effects of channel on transmitted signal and methods to overcome the
channel impairment plays an important role in wireless communication where sharing of channel occurs
between users. In this paper single input single output system (SISO) is compared with multiple input
multiple output system (MIMO) in terms of bit error rate performance. Bit error rate performance is also
evaluated for MIMO with least squares (LS) and Minimum mean square error (MMSE) linear detection.
Further analysis and simulation is done to understand the effect of channel imperfections on BER.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM System using Different Antenna Confi...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system using different antenna configurations through simulation in MATLAB. It finds that the system performs better when diversity is increased at both the transmitter and receiver sides. Specifically, it shows that bit error rate decreases and signal-to-noise ratio increases as the number of receiving antennas is increased when using BPSK modulation over an AWGN channel. The performance of MIMO-OFDM is evaluated for different detection methods and antenna configurations, and zero-forcing with successive interference cancellation is found to improve bit error rate compared to other techniques.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
Similar to Efficient stbc for the data rate of mimo ofdma (20)
With entry of time proportion of maturing and incessant infections going high and high. That is the reason people groups are for the most part stressed over their great wellbeing. Furthermore, they are energized by their longing for better wellbeing administration. Individuals intrigues, consideration move towards quiet focused rather than old customary and traditional hospitalized administrations. For this reason in later past thought of U-HEALTHCARE was embraced. U-HealthCare was such a framework made out of a shrewd headband and a wellbeing state screen program. U-Health Care is in charge of keeping under perceptions diverse conditions of wellbeing amid running, strolling, running. Its produce data about heart rate, client PGG (Photo Plet hy Smography) with help of savvy headband. A sticks of time clock proceeds recently investigate on telemedicine drive forward omnipresent social insurance (U-Health).researchers and designers have anticipating such a telemedicine framework which is arrangement of MOBILE, UBIQUITOUS and WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK, on the grounds that such a framework have more positive to appreciate next offspring of U-Health. With giving a great deal of productive results present photograph of U-Health framework is still a tiny bit unclear and dark because of inadequacies which make question mark on notice alternative of U-HealthCare System. So for this reason, we should need to take incorporation of most recent, very much modern equipment, correspondences, interconnections, a trademark figuring, advance steering and protection to upcoming offspring of U-Healthcare taking into account MOBILE, UBIQUITOUS and WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK. Our distinct fascination and consideration will be on change of ROUTING and SECURITY.
During data acquisition and transmission of biomedical signals like electrocardiography (ECG), different types of artifacts are embedded in the signal. Since an ECG is a low amplitude signal these artifacts greatly degrade the signal quality and the signal becomes noisy. The sources of artifacts are power line interference (PLI), high frequency interference electromyography (EMG) and base line wanders (BLW). Different digital filters are used in order to reduce these artifacts. ECG signal is a non-stationary signal, it is difficult to find fixed filters for the removal of interference from the ECG signal. In order to overcome these problems adaptive filters are used as they are well suited for the non-stationary environment. In this paper a new algorithm “Modified Normalized Least Mean Square” has been proposed. A comparison is made among the new algorithm and the existing algorithms like LMS, NLMS, Sign data LMS and Log LMS in terms of SNR, convergence rate and time complexity. It has been observed that the performance of new algorithm is superior to the existing ones in terms of SNR and convergence rate however it is more complex than the other algorithms. Results of simulations in MATLAB are presented and a critical analysis is made on the basis of convergence rate, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and computational time among the filtering techniques.
This document discusses weaknesses in the MD5 hashing algorithm for password encryption and proposes modifications to strengthen it. It begins by introducing MD5 and how it is commonly used to hash passwords for storage. However, MD5 is vulnerable to dictionary and rainbow table attacks. The document then suggests three modifications to MD5 to improve security: 1) Adding a salt value to each hashed password, 2) Iteratively hashing the password multiple times, and 3) Adding a random prefix or suffix to each hashed value before storage. These modifications aim to strengthen MD5 against cracking attempts.
This document discusses implementing Pareto analysis as part of total quality management (TQM) for service industries projects. It reviews 22 research papers on different TQM strategies, challenges, and overcoming challenges. The introduction provides an overview of TQM, which aims to continuously improve manufacturing and reduce losses through management and quality tools. The literature review summarizes several papers on implementing TQM in small businesses and relating TQM to organizational characteristics, scope and business performance, and the importance of human aspects. Key aspects of TQM discussed include leadership, employee involvement, training, customer focus, and continuous improvement.
This document describes a system that uses image processing techniques to detect available and occupied parking spots in a parking area. Camera images of the parking area are processed every 20 seconds to identify circles marking spots, and information on vacant and occupied spots is sent to an Android app. The app allows users to view parking availability in real-time and get navigation directions to the parking area from their current location. The system aims to help drivers more efficiently find parking and reduce traffic and pollution from circling for spots.
1) The document discusses a technique for detecting bone fractures in x-ray images using edge detection methods like Gaussian and Canny edge detection.
2) It involves preprocessing the x-ray image, applying Gaussian filtering to remove noise, using Canny edge detection to identify edges, and inverting the image to make fractures more visible.
3) The method is implemented using the AForge library and is found to accurately detect bone fractures in x-ray images for use in medical applications like aiding doctors' diagnoses.
This document presents a compact UWB antenna with a band notch feature. The antenna consists of a rectangular radiating patch with stair-cased impedance steps and fractal slots in the partial ground plane to achieve wideband matching across the UWB frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. A slot is inserted in the radiating patch to reject the 5-6 GHz WLAN band. Simulation results show the antenna achieves low VSWR across the UWB band except for the WLAN band, where it is greater than 2. Current distributions and radiation patterns are analyzed. Time domain analysis examines the antenna's performance in transmitting modulated pulses between two antennas oriented face-to-face and side-by-side. The
The document presents a proposed framework for user authentication in mobile cloud environments called Dynamic Key Based User Authentication (DKBUA). The framework uses a dynamic key generation algorithm with six phases: registration, communication, key generation, key sending, encryption/decryption, and authentication. The algorithm is designed to be lightweight to reduce computation load. It also uses encryption/decryption to securely transmit communications. An analysis of existing authentication mechanisms is provided and the proposed framework is claimed to be resilient against denial of service attacks, known plaintext attacks, masquerading attacks, and insider attacks.
This document discusses using a learning automata approach to predict target locations in wireless sensor networks to reduce energy consumption and improve tracking accuracy. It proposes a learning automata based method that uses a target's movement history to predict its next location. Related works on target tracking techniques like tree-based, cluster-based, and prediction-based methods are summarized. Learning automata concepts are introduced. Simulation results are said to show the proposed method improves energy efficiency, reduces missed targets, and decreases transmitted packets compared to other methods.
This document proposes an approach to improve the efficiency of the Apriori algorithm for association rule mining. The Apriori algorithm is inefficient because it requires multiple scans of the transaction database to find frequent itemsets. The proposed approach aims to reduce this inefficiency in two ways: 1) It reduces the size of the transaction database by removing transactions where the transaction size is less than the candidate itemset size. 2) It scans only the relevant transactions for candidate itemset counting rather than the full database, by using transaction IDs of minimum support items from the first pass of the algorithm. An example is provided to demonstrate how the approach reduces the database and number of transactions scanned to generate frequent itemsets more efficiently than the standard Apriori
This document discusses how cloud computing can benefit businesses. It explores the costs and management aspects of using cloud computing based on Amazon's cloud services. The document finds that cloud computing offers benefits like cost effectiveness, unlimited storage, mobility, and no need for maintenance or IT personnel. However, it also notes weaknesses like security and privacy concerns. It determines that small and medium businesses are likely to reap the most benefits from cloud computing due to limited budgets and resources.
1) The document discusses the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones and cell phone towers on human health. It notes that continued use of mobile phones can increase health risks due to thermal and non-thermal effects.
2) Thermal effects occur as electromagnetic waves from mobile phones are absorbed by human tissues, causing heating. This can raise local temperatures, especially near the head and brain where phones are often used. Non-thermal effects involve low-frequency pulsing of cell phone signals disrupting normal cell functions.
3) The document recommends that people keep away from cell phone towers and limit mobile phone use to reduce exposure to electromagnetic radiation, which some studies have linked to increased health risks from long-term
This document analyzes the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) using WiMAX technology with realistic mobility patterns. It designs VANET systems in different environments using the NS2 simulator. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) techniques are implemented to improve quality of service. Simulation results show that MIMO and AMC provide significant gains in throughput, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss ratio. Different routing protocols are also evaluated under various realistic mobility scenarios.
This document discusses denial-of-service (DoS) attacks in wireless sensor networks and proposes a method to prevent such attacks. It begins with background on wireless sensor networks and discusses how their distributed nature and wireless characteristics make them vulnerable to security attacks. It then focuses on DoS attacks as one of the most dangerous attacks, where malicious nodes overload legitimate nodes with requests, consuming their bandwidth and resources. The proposed method aims to provide some prevention against DoS attacks. Simulation results comparing network performance without and with the proposed prevention method are presented in terms of throughput, packet delivery fraction, and delay.
This document discusses cloud testing, including its benefits, limitations, and challenges. Some key points:
- Cloud testing allows testing to be outsourced to third parties, reducing costs and allowing for scalability and flexibility. However, security, lack of standards, and dependency on internet connectivity pose challenges.
- Different forms of cloud testing include functional testing (unit, integration, user acceptance) and non-functional testing (availability, scalability, security, performance).
- Benefits include lower costs, scalability, availability of live production replicas, customizability, and improved time management. However, selection of providers, infrastructure requirements, and layer testing limitations remain challenges.
This document discusses and compares several artificial intelligence techniques used in computer games: finite state machines, scripting, agents, flocking, and genetic algorithms. It provides an overview of each technique, including how it can be applied to games and examples of commercial games that use each technique. The document also evaluates the effectiveness and future role of these techniques in the game industry. It concludes that while current games predominantly use simpler techniques like finite state machines and scripting, game developers will need to incorporate more advanced techniques like genetic algorithms to develop characters with more realistic and adaptive behavior.
E-Voting system is a system which allow all citizens of country to cast their vote online is to increase the overall voting percentage across the country, as in the recent scenario people have to visit the booth to cast their vote and those people who live out of their native place are not able to cast vote during the elections. So due to this the voting percentage across the country is very less. Through this software those people who live out of their home town will also be able to cast their votes as this system is online. The main objective of this software is to increase the overall voting percentage and create and manage polling and election details like general user details, nominated users, and election and result details efficiently.
1) The document describes a computational tool called RASA-GD that was developed to extract and analyze genetic data from GenBank files in a more readable graphical format.
2) RASA-GD accepts GenBank files as input, extracts information on coding regions, exons, introns and other elements, and calculates statistical values and generates graphs of the length variations.
3) As a demonstration, the tool was used to visualize and analyze variations in the foxp2 gene, which is responsible for speech, across different species. The data generated insights into the evolutionary history of this gene.
1) The document describes a computational tool called RASA-GD that was developed to extract and analyze genetic data from GenBank files in a more readable graphical format.
2) RASA-GD accepts GenBank files as input, extracts information on coding regions, exons, introns and other elements, and calculates length statistics which are visualized graphically.
3) As a demonstration, the tool was used to analyze variation in the FOXP2 gene, which is responsible for speech, across different species. The output provided insights into the evolutionary history of this important gene.
Gabor filter is a powerful way to enhance biometric images like fingerprint images in order to extract correct features from these images, Gabor filter used in extracting features directly asin iris images, and sometimes Gabor filter has been used for texture analysis. In fingerprint images The even symmetric Gabor filter is contextual filter or multi-resolution filter will be used to enhance fingerprint imageby filling small gaps (low-pass effect) in the direction of the ridge (black regions) and to increase the discrimination between ridge and valley (black and white regions) in the direction, orthogonal to the ridge, the proposed method in applying Gabor filter on fingerprint images depending on translated fingerprint image into binary image after applying some simple enhancing methods to partially overcome time consuming problem of the Gabor filter.
More from International Journal of Computer and Communication System Engineering (20)
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
1. Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 247
Jan.-Feb.
EFFICIENT STBC FOR THE DATA RATE OF MIMO-OFDMA
Waseem Abbas1
, Nasim Abbas2
, Uzma Majeed3
and Sadaf Khan4
1
Computer Science Department COMSATS Abbottabad, Pakistan.
2
Electronic Engineering Department MAJU Islamabad, Pakistan.
3
Computer Engineering Department UET Taxila, Pakistan
4
Software Engineering Department IUSE Universiy, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
1
waseem_abbas@live.com, 2
nasim_abbas67@yahoo.com, 3
uzmamajeed14@gmail.com, 4
sadafgondal@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT: Multicarrier modulation can be implemented by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) to achieve utmost bandwidth exploitation and soaring alleviation attributes profile besides multipath fading. To
support delay sensitive and band bandwidth demanding multimedia applications and internet services, MIMO in addition
with other techniques can be used to achieve high capacity and reliability. To obtain high spatial rate by transmitting
data on several antennas by using MIMO with OFDM results in reducing error recovery features and the equalization
complexities arise by sending data on varying frequency levels. Three parameters frequency OFDM, Spatial (MIMO) and
time (STC) can be used to achieve diversity in MIMO-OFDM. This technique is dynamic and well-known for services of
wireless broadband access. MIMO if used with OFDM is highly beneficial for each scheme and provides high
throughput. There are several space time block codes to exploit MIMO OFDM; one of the techniques is called Alamouti
Codes. The paper investigates adaptive Alamouti Codes and their application in IEEE 802.11n.
Keywords: MIMO-OFDM, STBC, SNR, Line of Sight, QoS, Frequency Division Multiplexing, Fourier transform, discrete
Fourier transform, inter-leaving, carrier
I. INTRODUCTION
The demand of the next generation communication
networks is to support a wide range of services which
includes high quality voice, data, still pictures, streaming
videos, and services which require several megabits per
second of data rate. When data is transmitted at high data
rates over radio channel CIR (channel impulse response)
can expand to several symbol periods because of multipath
signals and resulting ISI (Inter symbol interference).
Different objects reflect signals traveling through several
paths and signals taking less direct path arrive at receiver
later and are often attenuated. A common strategy to deal
with multipath signals is to ignore weaker signals by the
energy which they contain is wasted. Traditional systems
employ some improvement techniques to deal with
multipath signals; one technique is to use various antennas
to capture the strongest signal at each moment of time,
whereas there is another technique that adds delays to back
align the signals. Whatever technique is used, it’s very
much clear that multipath signals are harmful and
wasteful. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) seize
the benefits of multipath propagation signals as compared
to the other conventional systems. MIMO set multipath
signals to work instead of implementing various
techniques to manage multipath signals. It is likely to be
done by sending over one data signal at the same time in
the same frequency band by exploiting multiple
transmitting and multiple receiving antennas. OFDM
(Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is also
shining candidate to handle the effect of ISI and ICI (Inter
carrier interference). OFDM converts frequency selective
wide band signal into frequency flat multiple orthogonally
spaced narrow band signals also resulting in high
bandwidth efficiency. There are three most essential
parameters that completely define the quality and
effectiveness of any wireless communication system
Speed, Range and Reliability. In traditional system speed
can only be improved at a cost of range and reliability,
Range could be increased at cost of speed and reliability
and Reliability could be increased at the expense of range
and speed. MIMO-OFDM systems have altered the trends
by clearly representing that it can boost up all the three
basic parameters simultaneously. The detailed overview
and analysis of OFDM, MIMO and their combination with
space time coding is discussed. Simulation results
provided shows that Alamouti scheme can be best
exploited with MIMO. Alamouti scheme with MIMO
produce highe order of diversity and considerable
improvement in BER as number of antennas increased.
Simulation results are almost identical to theoretical
results which give an approach to design MIMO systems
with Alamouti Scheme of coding. It was simulated in
MATLAB. Space Time coding with MIMO is deployed to
attain transmit diversity and allows secure means of
propagation of data in a scenario where mobility is needed.
If there is perfect channel state information (knowledge of
response of the channel) it can achieve maximum gain in
capacity and high SNR at the receiver. From the
simulation result perform on different order of MIMO
systems.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 A Road to Future Broadband Wireless Access: MIMO-
OFDM-Based Air Interface --- Hongwei Yang and Alcatel
Shanghai Bell
OFDM is an eminent technique to achieve high data rates.
An epigrammatic methodological overview of MIMO-
OFDM is examined in this paper, including several
research topics spatial channel modeling, space-time
techniques, Air interface, channel estimation and
transceiver design of MIMO-OFDM [2]. There are many
advantages of exploiting OFDM systems in future
broadband wireless access which are listed below
a. Less complications at receiver end
b. inflated spectral efficiency
c. Suitability for high-data-rate transmission over a
multipath fading channel.
2. 248 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016
Jan.-Feb.
d. Easy implementations by Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
[2].
The major drawback of OFDM systems is exaggerated
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in contrast with
single-carrier modulation [2].
2.2 Use of Space Time Block Codes and Spatial Multiplexing
using TDLS Channel Estimation to Enhance the Throughput
of OFDM based WLANs ------ Angela Doufexi, Arantxa
Prado Miguelez, Simon Armour, Andrew Nix and Mark
Beach
In this paper a technique “Hadamard Design” [8] is used
to enhance the performance and efficiency of COFDM
WLANs by exploiting space-time block coding and spatial
multiplexing MIMO techniques.
The proposed system characteristics/features are:
a. Need for high data rates.
b. Interference avoidance from other users.
c. By using multiple antennas as compared to single
antenna performance will improve.
d. Improved spectral efficiency.
Alamouti proposed a simple transmit diversity scheme
which was generalized by Tarokh to form the class of
Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) [8]. Space time block
codes can be represented as:
X= [
𝑆1 −𝑆2
∗
𝑆2 𝑆1
∗ ] (1)
2.3 MIMO Space-Time Block Coding (STBC): Simulations
and Results ---Luis Miguel Cort´es-Pe˜na
Wireless networks, including Wireless LANs and mobile
phone networks have been emerging very vastly and now
becomes the part of our everyday life. Despite the fact that
wireless devices are the data rate and range limited and
becoming the greatest challenge day by day, the
researchers have splurged efforts to triumph over these
limitations. Beam foaming is a signal processing technique
to maximize the signal received at the receiver end, which
contains the transmission of the same signals with varying
gain and phase called weights [3].
Diversity is the phenomenon in which a signal with single
space time coded stream is transmitted through all
antennas.
To increase network capacity a high signal is divided into
several lower streams by using spatial multiplexing and
sending them through multiple antennas. By using this
technique every stream can be effectively decoded at
receiver provided that the receiver has sufficient antennas
to split the streams and signals received have enough
spatial signatures. The range can be extended and high
data rates will be achieved by using these techniques
without entailing transmits power or extra bandwidth.
Diversity coding for MIMO systems is examined in detail
as well as Space-time block coding techniques comprising
of Alamouti’s STBC for dual antenna and also for
orthogonal STBC for 3 and 4 transmit antennas are
investigated. Results of performance are evaluated and
examined by implementing these techniques in MATLAB
according to their bit rates using different modulation
techniques.
2.4 System Model
There are three main components of a MIMO system,
Transmitter, Receiver and the Channel. Nt represents the
multiple antennas at the transmitter side and Nr symbolize
the multiple antennas at the receiver side. Block diagram
of MIMO system is depicted in Figure 3.3. The MIMO
system is illustrated with regard to the channel, as depicted
in the figure multiple inputs to the channel are situated at
the output of the Transmitter and the outputs of channel
are situated at the input of Receiver [11].
Fig. 1. MIMO system block diagram.
2.5 MIMO Advantages: There are numerous benefits of
using MIMO in wireless broadband services some of its
advantages are listed below.
a. Spatial multiplexing: Multiple streams of signals can be
sent in parallel, every stream uses a different transmit
antenna element. Appropriate signal processing can be
carried out at the receiver end to split the signals [11].
b. Spatial diversity: Transmit antennas can code a signal
thus creating redundancy this reduces the outage
probability [11].
c. Beam forming: The receiving power of the receiver and
the SNR can be increased by getting more streams, this is
done by making a transmitter receiver pair that can achieve
beam forming and send their beams at each other [11].
2.6 Space Time Block Coding:Spatial Diversity is the
methodology used to combat channel fading by exploiting the
redundant diversity of MIMO systems and transmitting a
number of copy of similar data through every antenna. As a
result of using spatial diversity the possibility of losing
information reduces exponentially. Transmission over SISO
systems is also supported by antennas in MIMO systems as
the required rate of is that of a SISO system. [11]
III. METHODOLOGY
The main flow of the system designed will work as given in the
following fig. 2:
3. Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 249
Jan.-Feb.
Space Time Block
Codes(STBC)
Rayleigh Channel
Channel
Diversity Selection
Profile Selection
STBC Decoder
Receiver(RX)
Transmitter(TX)
Rician Channel
Fig. 2. Block Diagram of MIMO-OFDM System
3.1 2×1 Alamouti Scheme
Symbols represented as S1 and S2 is sent by antenna1 and
antenna 2 at time T1 and at time T2 .Symbol S2*(complex
conjugate of symbol 2) and S1* (negative complex
conjugate of symbol 1) is sent by antenna 1 and 2
respectively to fulfill orthogonality, Where h1 and h2 are
channel parameter (h1 and h2 are the channel path response
to signal from antenna 1 and antenna 2 respectively).
Whereas r1 and r2 is receiving vector at one receiver for time
T1 transaction and for time T2 transaction, at receiver
received information is [11].
r = Sh + n (2)
Whereas “n” shows noise (could be white Gaussian Noise,
Rayleigh fading, flat fading channel etc)
Fig. 3. 2×1 Alamouti Scheme
From figure it is cleared that channel matrix is” h” is
repressed as h= [h1, h2] T,
(in figure h1=h0, h2=h1, and
S1=s0, S2=s1)
Receive matrix can be written as
r =Sh+v (3)
(
𝑟1
𝑟2
) = (
𝑆1 𝑆2
𝑆2
∗
−𝑆1
∗) * (
ℎ1
ℎ2
) + (
𝑣1
𝑣2
) (4)
In equation form it is written as :
r1 = h1 s1+ h2s2+ v1 (5)
r2 = -h2 s1
*
+ h1s2
*
+ v2 (6)
After taking complex, conjugate of equation (6)
r1 = h1 s1+ h2s2+ v1 (7)
r2
*
= -h2
*
s1 + h1
*
s2+ v2 (8)
In Matrix form it can be written as :
(
𝑟1
𝑟2
∗) = (
ℎ1 ℎ2
−ℎ2
∗
ℎ1
∗) * (
𝑠1
𝑠2
) + (
𝑣1
𝑣2
∗) (9)
Now channel matrix with symbols takes new mathematical
shape i.e. Y = Hs+v
Where the rearrange channel matrix H is orthogonal,
mathematically it can verified as
HH
H=H HH
= h2
I2
I is identity matrix of order 2× 2 and gain is h2= │h1│2 +
│h2│2, (all this manipulation is provided using symbol
tool box in this report). [5], [7]
3.2 Rayleigh Channel
In wireless channel, mostly behaviour of channel is
unpredictable because of time varying properties of
channel. Signal propagate through medium from different
path suffer different level of attenuation and impairment.
At receiver signal is received with superposition of multi
signals coming from multipath is termed s multipath
fading. If there is no line of sight path between the sender
and receiver, Attenuation coefficient to each path
(multipath) is considered to be IID (independent identical
distribution) and central limit theorem applies. Resulting
path become complex Gaussian random variable, Channel
is said to be Rayleigh .In Rayleigh fading LOS path does
not exist .While signal travelling through a wireless link,
its power alters due to channel response. [4, 10]
3.3 Rician Channel
In Rician fading line of sight (LOS) exist i.e. one of the
path to receiver is much stronger than other one. A signal
or symbol of delay version have change in phase or differ
in phase with line of sight signal phase. Crust and trough
of both these signals cause resultant signal to be high
average power or attenuated. So in result we may get
distorted signal at receiver end. Rician fading occurs
when one of the paths, typically a line of sight signal, is
much stronger than the others. [6]
Fig. 4 depicts the behavior of the Transmitter and Fig.5
depicts the behavior of the Receiver.
4. 250 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016
Jan.-Feb.
Preamble
Signal Field
Data Field Modulator
Interleaver
Puncturer
Convolution
Encoder
Scrambler
Raw Data
Short
Sequence
Long
Sequence
Guard Interval
(GI)
IFFT
Modulation
Interleaver
Convolution
Encoder
Data Rate
Length of
Data
Final
Transmission
Preamble
Fig. 4. Transmitter (Tx)
Receiver (Rx)
Preamble Extraction
AGC
Course Frequency
Acquisition
Signal Field
Length of Data Data Rate
Data Packet
Service Field
Decoding
Demodulator
De-interleaver
De-puncture
Veterbi Decoder De-scrambler Raw Data
Fig. 5. Receiver (Rx)
3.4 IFFT/FFT
The Fourier transformation is generally needed to transform
a Signal from the special dimension into the frequency
dimension. Using the inverse Fourier transformation the
converted signal can be restored from frequency dimension..
3.5 Viterbi decoder
The Viterbi algorithm offers an efficient way of finding
Viterbi path which is basically a string of veiled states. This
algorithm can be used as an error correction scheme for noisy
channels. It can also be used to mark out the widespread
function in decoding the convolution codes exploited in GSM
as well as CDMA, satellite communications, dial up modems,
and deep space communications. Furthermore this algorithm
is employed in speech recognition, bioinformatics and
keyword spotting. In case of Speech to text conversion the
acoustic signal is considered to be the observed sequence of
events on the other side a text string is treated as hidden
cause.
Fig. 6. Trellis diagram
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation phase composed of two basic elements
which are: Transmitter (Tx), Receiver (Rx).
4.1 Design and Simulations using MATLAB
MATLAB is strong mathematical tool provide help to
engineers to solve, model, simulate the problems ,and find
solutions assuming environment in to mathematical
equations. It is standard engineering tool as perform many
different tasks using different tool box relevant to different
particular cases e.g. Control systems, signal processing,
image processing, communication systems, and support
complex matrix manipulation, simulink etc .In field and
research and universities it provide platform for learning and
comparison of theatrical hypothesis and simulated values. It
even provide support to nonlinear system calculations and
result.
4.2 Simulation and Procedure
In this report MATLAB R2011b [13] is used to simulate and
models the problems for analysis and results. Different
features of symbolic toolbox is use in simulation for
Alamouti scheme of coding which are not supported by older
version of MATLAB in order to simulate the provided code
MATLAB R2011b is
Appropriate software package to get results.
5. Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 251
Jan.-Feb.
4.3 Software Simulations and Results
This section includes the analysis on OFDM transceiver
along with channel estimation effects. Following simulations
show the results of application of STBC followed by the
graphical interface as well as simulations have been done on
MATLAB R2011b.
4.4 Implementation and Testing
Finally, simulation performed on MIMO using Alamouti
scheme by considering a different antenna arrangement.
MIMO system is tested by both types of Space time block
codes which are Alamouti Scheme and Orthogonal space
time block codes with coding rates of ½ and ¾. Values are
assumed in order get BER.
EbNo ratio Eb/No range is define it is taken from 0 to 40 if
taken larger ,it takes more time to produce results
Random data is generated for 40 times (length of Eb/N0) ,it is
considered as x-axis for BER graph .on y-axis BER is taken
from a range of 10-5
to 0.9.
Number of receivers are taken 1, 2, 3,4 and 6 with variation
in the transmitter, different BER graphs are defined for each
case respectively.
It can be seen in the figures presented in Annexure-A that
simulated result is identical to theoretical and expected result.
A series of tests were conducted and the results are shared in
Annexure-A. Simulation results conclude that it's quite
evident from the results that as number of antennas are
increasing on receiver side BER is largely improve, for
increment in the number of antennas at transmitter also play
role in improvement of BER which can be easily viewed by
compared 1×1 system with 2× 1 etc.
Further Almouti 2x1, 2x2 and 2x3 system has been
implemented and results compared in Fig 7. Simulation result
it is concluded that: BER performance of 2×3 system is better
than BER performance of 2×2 system which is better than
BER performance of 1×2.
Fig. 7. Comparison result for simulations
V. CONCLUSION
Space time coding (STC) was implemented on MIMO
system and its Bit Error Rate was checked. For the simulation
purpose MATLAB was used. MIMO system uses OFDM.
OFDM modulator was designed and simulated. The data is
encoded using space time block codes to keep multiple data
symbols orthogonal. Space–Time Block Codes (STBCs) are
the simplest types of spatial temporal codes that exploit the
diversity offered in systems with several transmit antennas.
The combined use of MIMO architecture, OFDM
modulation, and STBC coding, creates a highly flexible
communication system. The designed system is tested by
using various Space time block codes such as first with
Alamouti codes and then with the Orthogonal space time
block codes with coding rates of ½ and ¾.
New solutions must be developed in order to cope with the
scarcity of spectrum.
MIMO-OFDM system is a solution and a future technology
that can exploit the available spectrum with greater efficiency
to support high data rates, reduces the carrier cost, carries a
smaller carrier cost through to end user and supports many
users within individual cells enhancing the user experience.
The concept of MIMO system is its motivation to achieve
higher throughputs within a given bandwidth. MIMO-OFDM
is communication system using multiple antennas (transmit &
receive) with OFDM modulation at each antenna, is a
promising candidate for 4G systems. [1]
Future work can be done on this system, by combining
OFDM and STBC for MIMO, OFDM demodulator and
channel effects with different noise models can be simulated.
There could be many experiments performed considering this
approach in a different environment indoors and outdoor, to
make system adaptive and develop feedback approach. There
are various approaches in coding structures, but the approach
used in this project is Space-time block codes (STBC), and
anyone can use other coding techniques in order to
investigate the MIMO-OFDM systems such as space-time
trellis codes (STTC), space-time turbo trellis codes and
layered space-time (LST) codes etc.
REFERENCES
[1] Paulraj, Arogyaswami, Rohit Nabar, and Dhananjay
Gore. Introduction to space-time wireless
communications. Cambridge university press,
2003.
[2] Yang, Hongwei. “A road to future broadband wireless
access: MIMO-OFDM-based air interface”
Communications Magazine, IEEE 43, no. 1 (2005):
53-60.
[3] Alamouti, Siavash M. "A simple transmit diversity
technique for wireless communications." Selected
Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on 16,
no. 8 (1998): 1451-1458.
[4] Gregorio, Fernando H. "Space time coding for MIMO
systems." Helsinki University of Technology,
Signal Processing Laboratory, POB 3000 (2004).
[5] Van Zelst, Allert, and Tim CW Schenk.
"Implementation of a MIMO OFDM-based
wireless LAN system." Signal Processing, IEEE
Transactions on 52, no. 2 (2004): 483-494.
6. 252 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016
Jan.-Feb.
[6] de la Kethulle, Sébastien. "An overview of
MIMO systems wireless communications."
Communication Theory for Wireless Channels
(2004).
[7] Tarokh, Vahid, and Hamid Jafarkhani. "Space-time
block coding for wireless communications:
performance results." Selected Areas in
Communications, IEEE Journal on 17, no. 3
(1999): 451-460.
[8] Doufexi, Angela, Arantxa Prado Miguelez, Simon
Armour, Andrew Nix, and Mark Beach. "Use of
space time block codes and spatial multiplexing
using TDLS channel estimation to enhance the
throughput of OFDM based WLANs." In
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC
2003-Spring. The 57th IEEE Semiannual, vol. 1,
pp. 704-708. IEEE, 2003.
[9] J. ZE, "MIMO_OFDM system for WiMAX ", School of
Engineering ,Design and Technology ,University Of
Bradford 5th work shop proceedings 17 may 2006.
[10] IEEE Computer Society LAN MAN Standards
Committee. "Supplement to IEEE Standard for
Information technology-Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems-Local
and metropolitan area networks-Specific
requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) specifications: Higher-speed Physical
Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band." IEEE Std
802.
[11] Cortés-Peña, L. M. "MIMO Space-Time Block Coding
(STBC): Simulations and Results [Design Project:
Personal and Mobile Communications, Georgia
Tech (ECE6604)]." Recuperado de http://users. ece.
gatech. edu/cortes/STBC_Matlab. html (2009).
[12]MATLAB_GUIDE_www.bunmatek.boun.edu.tr.pdf
[13] Hoadley, John. "Building future networks with
MIMO and OFDM." Telephonyonline. com (2005).
7. Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 253
Jan.-Feb.
ANNEXURE-A
1. When nRx=1
1.1 Alamouti STBC with 2x1 Diversity
When Alamouti STBC with 2x1 Diversity is
tested it is seen that the BER and Eb/no with
BPSK is high from all the other modulation
schemes.
Fig. 8. Alamouti STBC with 2x1 Diversity
1.2 Orthogonal STBC with 3x1 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 3x1 Diversity is tested with ½
coding rate. The BER value is 0.25. This means that
Data rate in this combination is high as compared to
Orthogonal STBC with 3x1 Diversity because large
BER is appalling.
Fig. 9. Orthogonal STBC with 3x1 Diversity
1.3 Orthogonal STBC with 3x1 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 3x1 Diversity is tested with ¾
coding rate. The BER value is 0.31.This means that
Data rate in this combination is low as compared to
Orthogonal STBC with 3x1 Diversity with coding rate
½ because large BER is not good.
Fig. 10. Orthogonal STBC with 3x1 Diversity
1.4 Orthogonal STBC with 4x1 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 4x1 Diversity is tested with
½ coding rate.
Fig. 11. Orthogonal STBC with 4x1 Diversity
1.5 Orthogonal STBC with 4x1 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 4x1 Diversity is tested with ¾
coding rate
8. 254 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016
Jan.-Feb.
Fig. 12. Orthogonal STBC Data rate variance with 3x4
Diversity
2. When nRx=2
2.1 Orthogonal STBC with 4x2 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 4x2 Diversity is tested with ½
coding rate.
Fig. 13. Orthogonal STBC with 4x2 Diversity
2.2 Orthogonal STBC with 4x2 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 4x2 Diversity is tested with ¾
coding rate.
Fig. 14. Orthogonal STBC with 4x2 Diversity
2.3 Orthogonal STBC with 3x2 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 3x2 Diversity is tested with ½
coding rate.
Fig. 15. Orthogonal STBC with 3x2 Diversity
9. Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(1),247-255,2016 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 255
Jan.-Feb.
2.4 Orthogonal STBC with 3x2 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 3x2 Diversity is tested with ¾
coding rate.
Fig. 16. Orthogonal STBC with 3x2 Diversity
3. WHEN nRX=3
3.1 Orthogonal STBC with 4x3 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 4x1 Diversity is tested with ½
coding rate.
Fig. 17. Orthogonal STBC with 4x3 Diversity
3.2 Orthogonal STBC with 4x3 Diversity
Orthogonal STBC with 4x1 Diversity is tested with ¾
coding rate.
Fig.18. Orthogonal STBC with 4x3 Diversity
When Alamouti STBC with 2x4 Diversity is tested it is
seen that the BER and Eb/no with BPSK is high from all
the other modulation schemes.