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            PARES, Mariel
    SANTOS, Jemimah Joy
2             February 5, 2012




Rainforest
A dense evergreen forest with an annual
 rainfall of at least 406 centimeters (160
 inches).
3               February 5, 2012




Types of Rainforest
 Tropical Rainforest     Temperate Rainforest
 The best known          coniferous    or broa
 rain forests found in       dleaf forests that
 tropical regions            occur in
 between the                 the temperate
 Tropics of cancer           zone and receive
 and Capricorn.              high rainfall.
4              February 5, 2012




Tropical Rainforest
 an ecosystem type that occurs roughly
 within the latitudes 28 degrees north or south
 of the equator (in the equatorial zone
 between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of
 Capricorn)
5
6           February 5, 2012




 Characterized   in two words: WARM and
  WET
 Jewels of the Earth
 World’s Largest Pharmacy
 The MOST threatened ecosystem
7          February 5, 2012




Brief History
When do Tropical Rainforests exist?
8      February 5, 2012




Types of Tropical
Rainforest
9              February 5, 2012




Types of Tropical Rainforest
 Lowland equatorial evergreen rain forests
 Moist deciduous and semi-evergreen
  seasonal forests
 Montane rain forests
 Flooded forests (w/c has seven types)
10            February 5, 2012




7 Types of Flooded Rainforest
    Permanently waterlogged swamp forest
    Seasonally waterlogged swamp forest
    Lower floodplain forest
    Middle floodplain forest
    Upper floodplain forest
    Old floodplain forest
    Previous floodplain
11   February 5, 2012




Forest Structure
How does it structured?
12                  February 5, 2012




 Layers of
 Rainforest
 Forest Floor
 Understory Layer
 Canopy Layer
 Emergent Layer
13   February 5, 2012




Forest Floor
14             February 5, 2012




 The lowest level of the rainforest
 Detritus, duff and O horizon
 one of the most distinctive features of
  a forest ecosystem
 also teems with a wide variety of fauna
  and flora
 one of the richest components of the
  ecosystem from the standpoint
  of biodiversity
15                  February 5, 2012




 Okapi
 Okapia johnstoni
16                   February 5, 2012




 Sumatran Rhino
 Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis
17         February 5, 2012




 Tapir
 Tapirus
18   February 5, 2012




Understory Layer
19             February 5, 2012




 liesbetween the canopy and the forest
  floor
 home to a number of birds, small
  mammals, insects, reptiles, and predators
20                    February 5, 2012




 Leopard
 Panthera Leopardus
21             February 5, 2012




 Poison Dart Frog
 Dendrobates
22             February 5, 2012




 Ring-Tailed Coati
 Nasua nasua
23          February 5, 2012




 Boa Constrictor
24   February 5, 2012




Canopy Layer
25             February 5, 2012




 primary layer of the forest forming a roof
  over the two remaining layers
 contains the majority of the largest trees
 The densest areas of biodiversity
26         February 5, 2012




 Orchids
27          February 5, 2012




 Yellow-Casqued
 Wattled Hornbill
28          February 5, 2012




 Collared Sunbird
29         February 5, 2012




 Congo African
 Grey Parrot
30   February 5, 2012




Emergent Layer
31            February 5, 2012




 contains a small number of very large
 trees, called emergents
32        February 5, 2012




 Crowned Eagle
33         February 5, 2012




 King Colobus
34            February 5, 2012




 Flying Fox
35                 February 5, 2012




Ecology
Climate, soil, carbon flux, forest succession
36       February 5, 2012




Climate
 “equatorial climate”
 (characterized by three major climatic
  parameters)
    Temperature
    Rainfall
    Dry season intensity
37               February 5, 2012




Soils – Soil Types
 Classification   of soils
     Ultisols - well weathered, acidic red clay
      soils
     Oxisols - acidic, old, typically reddish, highly
      weathered and leached
38              February 5, 2012




Soils – Nutrient Recycling
 How   does nutrients in soils are recycled?
39            February 5, 2012




Soils – Buttress Roots
 create a wide spread root network at the
 surface for more efficient uptake of
 nutrients in a very nutrient poor and
 competitive environment.
40           February 5, 2012




Carbon Flux
 definedas the exchange of carbon
 dioxide between the atmosphere and a
 sink
41            February 5, 2012




Forest Succession
 an ecological process that changes the
 biotic community structure over time
 towards a more stable, diverse
 community structure after an initial
 disturbance to the community.
42   February 5, 2012




GEOGRAPHY
43             February 5, 2012




South and Central America
 Amazon    Rainforest
 Atlantic Forest
 Central American Atlantic Moist Forest
44             February 5, 2012




Africa
 Atlantic  Equatorial Coastal Forest
 Ituri Rainforest
 Kilum-Ijim Forest
 Madagascar lowland forests
45       February 5, 2012




Asia
 SulawesiLowland Rainforest
 Borneo Lowland Rainforest
 Palawan Rainforest
 Harapan Rainforest
46              February 5, 2012




Australasia and Oceania
 DaintreeRainforest
 Huon Peninsula Montane Rainforest
 Hawaiian tropical rainforests
47   February 5, 2012




Major Tropical Rainforests
Around the world
48   February 5, 2012
49            February 5, 2012




Amazon Rainforest
 A.k.aAMAZONIA
 one of the world's greatest natural resources
 Climate:



  “LUNGS OF OUR PLANET”
50   February 5, 2012




Plants
51   February 5, 2012




Animals
52   February 5, 2012




People
53           February 5, 2012




Congo River Basin Rainforest
 Knownas the heart of darkness by Joseph
 Conrad
54   February 5, 2012




Plants
55   February 5, 2012




Animals
56   February 5, 2012




People
57            February 5, 2012




Rainforest of Central America
 found in coastal Brazil, northern and
 western South America (from Peru to
 Venezuela), central America (especially
 Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, and
 Belize), southern Mexico, and on some
 islands in the Caribbean.
58   February 5, 2012




Plants
59   February 5, 2012




Animals
60   February 5, 2012




People
61             February 5, 2012




Madagascar Rainforest
 home   to some of the richest rainforests on
  Earth.
 Climate:
62   February 5, 2012




Plants
63   February 5, 2012




Animals
64   February 5, 2012




People
65            February 5, 2012




Rainforest of Southeast Asia
 theoldest, consistent rainforests on
 Earth, dating back to the Pleistocene
 Epoch 70 million years ago.
66   February 5, 2012




Plants
67   February 5, 2012




Animals
68   February 5, 2012




People
69           February 5, 2012




Philippine Rainforest
One of the Southeast Asian Rainforest
70   February 5, 2012




Plants
71   February 5, 2012




Animals
72   February 5, 2012




People
73                February 5, 2012




Biodiversity and
Speciation
Interspecific competition hypothesis, Pleistocene
refugia
74            February 5, 2012




Interspecific Competition
Hypothesis
 because   of the high density of species
 with similar niches in the tropics and
 limited resources available, they must do
 one of two things: become extinct or find
 a new niche.
75            February 5, 2012




Pleistocene Refugia
A  theory developed by Jürgen Haffer in
  1969
 To further understand this theory, watch
  this video of
76              February 5, 2012




Human Dimensions
Habitation, Indigenous
People, Resources, Ecosystem Services, Tourism
77            February 5, 2012




Habitation
 Tropical
         rainforests are unable to support
 human life
78                    February 5, 2012




 Indigenous
 People: Pygmy
 People
 hunter-gatherer groups living in
 equatorial rainforests
 characterized by their short
 height
79           February 5, 2012




Resources
Cultivated foods and spices
Yam, Coffee, chocolate, banana, mango,
papaya, macadamia, avocado, and sugar
cane all originally came from tropical
rainforest and are still mostly grown on
plantations in regions that were formerly
primary forest.
80            February 5, 2012




Ecosystem Services
 Humankind  benefits from a multitude of
 resources and processes that are supplied
 by natural ecosystems.

 e.g. Clean Drinking Water
81            February 5, 2012




Tourism
 anincrease in tourism has increased
 economic support, allowing more
 revenue to go into the protection of the
 habitat.
           e.g. Ecotours

 increasepublic appreciation of the
 environment and to spread awareness of
 environmental problems when it brings
 people into closer contact with the
 environment.
82   February 5, 2012




CONSERVATION
Threats and Protection
83                February 5, 2012




PAST and PRESENT
The rainforests before, how it were slowly getting
destroyed, and ways to conserve it.

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Ecology - Tropical Rainforests

  • 1. 1 PARES, Mariel SANTOS, Jemimah Joy
  • 2. 2 February 5, 2012 Rainforest A dense evergreen forest with an annual rainfall of at least 406 centimeters (160 inches).
  • 3. 3 February 5, 2012 Types of Rainforest Tropical Rainforest Temperate Rainforest  The best known  coniferous or broa rain forests found in dleaf forests that tropical regions occur in between the the temperate Tropics of cancer zone and receive and Capricorn. high rainfall.
  • 4. 4 February 5, 2012 Tropical Rainforest  an ecosystem type that occurs roughly within the latitudes 28 degrees north or south of the equator (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn)
  • 5. 5
  • 6. 6 February 5, 2012  Characterized in two words: WARM and WET  Jewels of the Earth  World’s Largest Pharmacy  The MOST threatened ecosystem
  • 7. 7 February 5, 2012 Brief History When do Tropical Rainforests exist?
  • 8. 8 February 5, 2012 Types of Tropical Rainforest
  • 9. 9 February 5, 2012 Types of Tropical Rainforest  Lowland equatorial evergreen rain forests  Moist deciduous and semi-evergreen seasonal forests  Montane rain forests  Flooded forests (w/c has seven types)
  • 10. 10 February 5, 2012 7 Types of Flooded Rainforest  Permanently waterlogged swamp forest  Seasonally waterlogged swamp forest  Lower floodplain forest  Middle floodplain forest  Upper floodplain forest  Old floodplain forest  Previous floodplain
  • 11. 11 February 5, 2012 Forest Structure How does it structured?
  • 12. 12 February 5, 2012 Layers of Rainforest Forest Floor Understory Layer Canopy Layer Emergent Layer
  • 13. 13 February 5, 2012 Forest Floor
  • 14. 14 February 5, 2012  The lowest level of the rainforest  Detritus, duff and O horizon  one of the most distinctive features of a forest ecosystem  also teems with a wide variety of fauna and flora  one of the richest components of the ecosystem from the standpoint of biodiversity
  • 15. 15 February 5, 2012 Okapi Okapia johnstoni
  • 16. 16 February 5, 2012 Sumatran Rhino Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis
  • 17. 17 February 5, 2012 Tapir Tapirus
  • 18. 18 February 5, 2012 Understory Layer
  • 19. 19 February 5, 2012  liesbetween the canopy and the forest floor  home to a number of birds, small mammals, insects, reptiles, and predators
  • 20. 20 February 5, 2012 Leopard Panthera Leopardus
  • 21. 21 February 5, 2012 Poison Dart Frog Dendrobates
  • 22. 22 February 5, 2012 Ring-Tailed Coati Nasua nasua
  • 23. 23 February 5, 2012 Boa Constrictor
  • 24. 24 February 5, 2012 Canopy Layer
  • 25. 25 February 5, 2012  primary layer of the forest forming a roof over the two remaining layers  contains the majority of the largest trees  The densest areas of biodiversity
  • 26. 26 February 5, 2012 Orchids
  • 27. 27 February 5, 2012 Yellow-Casqued Wattled Hornbill
  • 28. 28 February 5, 2012 Collared Sunbird
  • 29. 29 February 5, 2012 Congo African Grey Parrot
  • 30. 30 February 5, 2012 Emergent Layer
  • 31. 31 February 5, 2012  contains a small number of very large trees, called emergents
  • 32. 32 February 5, 2012 Crowned Eagle
  • 33. 33 February 5, 2012 King Colobus
  • 34. 34 February 5, 2012 Flying Fox
  • 35. 35 February 5, 2012 Ecology Climate, soil, carbon flux, forest succession
  • 36. 36 February 5, 2012 Climate  “equatorial climate”  (characterized by three major climatic parameters)  Temperature  Rainfall  Dry season intensity
  • 37. 37 February 5, 2012 Soils – Soil Types  Classification of soils  Ultisols - well weathered, acidic red clay soils  Oxisols - acidic, old, typically reddish, highly weathered and leached
  • 38. 38 February 5, 2012 Soils – Nutrient Recycling  How does nutrients in soils are recycled?
  • 39. 39 February 5, 2012 Soils – Buttress Roots  create a wide spread root network at the surface for more efficient uptake of nutrients in a very nutrient poor and competitive environment.
  • 40. 40 February 5, 2012 Carbon Flux  definedas the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and a sink
  • 41. 41 February 5, 2012 Forest Succession  an ecological process that changes the biotic community structure over time towards a more stable, diverse community structure after an initial disturbance to the community.
  • 42. 42 February 5, 2012 GEOGRAPHY
  • 43. 43 February 5, 2012 South and Central America  Amazon Rainforest  Atlantic Forest  Central American Atlantic Moist Forest
  • 44. 44 February 5, 2012 Africa  Atlantic Equatorial Coastal Forest  Ituri Rainforest  Kilum-Ijim Forest  Madagascar lowland forests
  • 45. 45 February 5, 2012 Asia  SulawesiLowland Rainforest  Borneo Lowland Rainforest  Palawan Rainforest  Harapan Rainforest
  • 46. 46 February 5, 2012 Australasia and Oceania  DaintreeRainforest  Huon Peninsula Montane Rainforest  Hawaiian tropical rainforests
  • 47. 47 February 5, 2012 Major Tropical Rainforests Around the world
  • 48. 48 February 5, 2012
  • 49. 49 February 5, 2012 Amazon Rainforest  A.k.aAMAZONIA  one of the world's greatest natural resources  Climate: “LUNGS OF OUR PLANET”
  • 50. 50 February 5, 2012 Plants
  • 51. 51 February 5, 2012 Animals
  • 52. 52 February 5, 2012 People
  • 53. 53 February 5, 2012 Congo River Basin Rainforest  Knownas the heart of darkness by Joseph Conrad
  • 54. 54 February 5, 2012 Plants
  • 55. 55 February 5, 2012 Animals
  • 56. 56 February 5, 2012 People
  • 57. 57 February 5, 2012 Rainforest of Central America  found in coastal Brazil, northern and western South America (from Peru to Venezuela), central America (especially Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Belize), southern Mexico, and on some islands in the Caribbean.
  • 58. 58 February 5, 2012 Plants
  • 59. 59 February 5, 2012 Animals
  • 60. 60 February 5, 2012 People
  • 61. 61 February 5, 2012 Madagascar Rainforest  home to some of the richest rainforests on Earth.  Climate:
  • 62. 62 February 5, 2012 Plants
  • 63. 63 February 5, 2012 Animals
  • 64. 64 February 5, 2012 People
  • 65. 65 February 5, 2012 Rainforest of Southeast Asia  theoldest, consistent rainforests on Earth, dating back to the Pleistocene Epoch 70 million years ago.
  • 66. 66 February 5, 2012 Plants
  • 67. 67 February 5, 2012 Animals
  • 68. 68 February 5, 2012 People
  • 69. 69 February 5, 2012 Philippine Rainforest One of the Southeast Asian Rainforest
  • 70. 70 February 5, 2012 Plants
  • 71. 71 February 5, 2012 Animals
  • 72. 72 February 5, 2012 People
  • 73. 73 February 5, 2012 Biodiversity and Speciation Interspecific competition hypothesis, Pleistocene refugia
  • 74. 74 February 5, 2012 Interspecific Competition Hypothesis  because of the high density of species with similar niches in the tropics and limited resources available, they must do one of two things: become extinct or find a new niche.
  • 75. 75 February 5, 2012 Pleistocene Refugia A theory developed by Jürgen Haffer in 1969  To further understand this theory, watch this video of
  • 76. 76 February 5, 2012 Human Dimensions Habitation, Indigenous People, Resources, Ecosystem Services, Tourism
  • 77. 77 February 5, 2012 Habitation  Tropical rainforests are unable to support human life
  • 78. 78 February 5, 2012 Indigenous People: Pygmy People hunter-gatherer groups living in equatorial rainforests characterized by their short height
  • 79. 79 February 5, 2012 Resources Cultivated foods and spices Yam, Coffee, chocolate, banana, mango, papaya, macadamia, avocado, and sugar cane all originally came from tropical rainforest and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest.
  • 80. 80 February 5, 2012 Ecosystem Services  Humankind benefits from a multitude of resources and processes that are supplied by natural ecosystems. e.g. Clean Drinking Water
  • 81. 81 February 5, 2012 Tourism  anincrease in tourism has increased economic support, allowing more revenue to go into the protection of the habitat. e.g. Ecotours  increasepublic appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with the environment.
  • 82. 82 February 5, 2012 CONSERVATION Threats and Protection
  • 83. 83 February 5, 2012 PAST and PRESENT The rainforests before, how it were slowly getting destroyed, and ways to conserve it.