The following presentation consists of a brief knowledge about ecology, ecosystem, energy pyramids, food webs, food chains biogeochemical cycles (like water, carbon,etc), energy flow in ecosystem, etc.
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
This is the introductory lesson of the course; 'Foundation of Environmental Management' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos” means house, habitation or place of living & “logos” means study.
Definition: Ecology is the study of interrelationship between living organism and their physical and biological environment.
This presentation was originally rendered as an Apple Keynote presentation designed for use with IB Environmental Systems - For the new IB Environmental Systems and Societies course the topic numbers are incorrect but the content still applies. The presentation is also suitable for use with Ecology and Environmental science Courses. Copyright of sciencebitz.com
more sciencebitz resources on iTunesU and iBooks https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
the presentation consists of various important terms that are generally linked with the analysis of a common four bar mechanism which are as follows - coupler curves, toggle positions, transmission angles, mechanical advantage, acc analysis and coriolis component.
The following presentation consists of a brief introduction to power screw that we use in our day to day life, its types, analysis of load, efficiency, application and examples with images.
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
This is the introductory lesson of the course; 'Foundation of Environmental Management' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos” means house, habitation or place of living & “logos” means study.
Definition: Ecology is the study of interrelationship between living organism and their physical and biological environment.
This presentation was originally rendered as an Apple Keynote presentation designed for use with IB Environmental Systems - For the new IB Environmental Systems and Societies course the topic numbers are incorrect but the content still applies. The presentation is also suitable for use with Ecology and Environmental science Courses. Copyright of sciencebitz.com
more sciencebitz resources on iTunesU and iBooks https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
the presentation consists of various important terms that are generally linked with the analysis of a common four bar mechanism which are as follows - coupler curves, toggle positions, transmission angles, mechanical advantage, acc analysis and coriolis component.
The following presentation consists of a brief introduction to power screw that we use in our day to day life, its types, analysis of load, efficiency, application and examples with images.
The given presentation consists of introduction to lathe machines, working principles, classification, constructions, accessories, lathe operations, work holding devices, etc
The following presentation consists of introduction to dielectrics, and includes following topics - Basic terms, Polarization of Dielectric, Polarization method, Internal Field, Clausius-Mossotti Equation, Types of dielectric, Properties of good Dielectric, and Application of Dielectric.
the presentation includes basic ideas about water pumps, various terminology generally used for the pumps, classification of pumps and ideas about the types its construction and working
The following presentation consists of various points to be remembered while giving a presentation, why should we give a presentation, how to plan a good presentation, some useful tips, presentation sequence,etc.
The following presentation includes information on gears, application of gears, gear trains, velocity ratio, and few simple solved examples based on the above stated topics
The following presentation consists of information about the application of matrices. The ppt particularly focuses on the its use in cryptography i.e. encoding and decoding of messages.
The following presentation consists of information on limitation of 1st law, introduction to 2nd law, kelvin planks statement, Clausius statement, PPM 2, Carnot cycle, Carnot heat engines, etc
Curso de Formación Conversia - English ElementaryConversia
El curso de English Elementary de Conversia, aporta al alumno los conocimientos básicos más relevantes para poder escribir y comprender el sentido general, la información esencial y los puntos principales de textos y locuciones breves en lengua inglesa.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
IB Environmental Systems and SocietiesTopic 2 - Energy in an ecosystem - The ...Nigel Gardner
A presentation to support the IB ESS course examining energy flow through and ecosystem. The presentation covers photosynthesis and respiration on ecosystems, productivity, and feeding relationships through the use of Arctic ecosystems as examples. Questions are included along the way to help students critically think about the relationships between energy, productivity and populations.
This Presentation is about the various types of ecosystem which is present in our environment.....It is also for students who are interested in this topic
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
3. Biogeochemical Cycle
The chemical interactions (cycles) that exist
between the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
lithosphere, and biosphere.
Also known as Nutrient cycle.
8 Oct '14 3Ecology & Ecosystem
4. Biogeochemical Cycle
Matter Cycling in ecosystem
Global Cycles recycle nutrients through the
earth’s air, land, water, and living organisms.
Nutrients are the elements and compounds that
organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce.
Biogeochemical cycles move these substances
through air, water, soil, rock and living
organisms.
8 Oct '14 4Ecology & Ecosystem
6. Biogeochemical Cycle
Components
All things in an ecosystem can either be biotic or
abiotic.
– Biotic : The living components of the ecosystem. E.g.:
Plants, animals, etc.
– Abiotic : the non-living components of the ecosystem.
E.g.: water, land, temperature, air, etc.
8 Oct '14 6Ecology & Ecosystem
7. Hydrological cycle
Also known as water cycle.
The water in its various forms travels through the
biosphere.
Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly
being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and
land. This process, known as the water cycle, is
driven by energy from the sun. The water cycle is
crucial to the existence of life on our planet.
8 Oct '14 7Ecology & Ecosystem
8. Hydrological cycle
At a glance
PrecipitationPrecipitation
Transpiration
Condensation
Evaporation
Ocean storage
Transpiration from
plants
Precipitation
to land
Groundwater movement (slow)
Evaporation
from land Evaporation
from ocean Precipitation
to ocean
Infiltration and
Percolation
Rain clouds
Runoff
Surface runoff
(rapid)
Surface
runoff
(rapid)
8 Oct '14 8Ecology & Ecosystem
9. Hydrological cycle
Major Steps
Evaporation from the pool of water resource due
to heating by the sun.
The process of evaporation from plants
is known as Transpiration (in other
words it is also known as plants
sweating).
8 Oct '14 9Ecology & Ecosystem
10. Hydrological cycle
Major Steps
As water (in the form of gas) rises higher in the
atmosphere, it starts to cool and become a liquid
again. This process is called Condensation.
When a large amount of water vapor condenses,
it results in the formation of clouds.
8 Oct '14 10Ecology & Ecosystem
11. Hydrological cycle
Major Steps
When the water in the clouds
gets too heavy, the water falls back to the earth.
This is called precipitation.
8 Oct '14 11Ecology & Ecosystem
13. Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by
which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere,
pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and
atmosphere of the Earth.
It comprises a sequence of events that are key to
making the Earth capable of sustaining life; it
describes the movement of carbon as it is
recycled and reused throughout the biosphere.
8 Oct '14 13Ecology & Ecosystem
15. Carbon Cycle
Major Steps
Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants –
due to photosynthesis it moves into plants body.
Carbon moves from plants to animals – plants are
eaten by animals and they are in turn eaten by
other animals, and hence carbon moves along.
Carbon moves from plants and animals to the
ground – their body decay when they die, and
carbon is pulled into the ground.
8 Oct '14 15Ecology & Ecosystem
16. Carbon Cycle
Major Steps
Carbon moves to atmosphere – 3 ways –
– While respiration carbon is put back into air as CO2
– While burning of fossil fuel carbon is released as CO2
– The ocean and other water bodies absorb carbon from
the atmosphere.
8 Oct '14 16Ecology & Ecosystem
18. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Everything that organisms do in an ecosystem;
running, breathing, burrowing, growing, requires
energy.
The flow of energy is the most important factor
that controls what kind of organisms live in an
ecosystem and how many organisms the
ecosystem can support.
8 Oct '14 18Ecology & Ecosystem
19. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Trophic Level
Ecologists study how energy moves through an
ecosystem by assigning organisms in that
ecosystem to a specific level called a trophic
level.
energy moves from one trophic level to the next;
from sunlight to producer to primary consumer
and on down the chain.
The path of energy
through the trophic levels
of an ecosystem is called
8 Oct '14 19Ecology & Ecosystem
20. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Trophic Level – Producers
Producers - The lowest trophic level of an
ecosystem is occupied by the producers (plants,
algae, bacteria) which take sunlight and convert it
to food energy.
It use the energy of the sun to build energy rich
carbohydrates.
Ultimately all organisms get their energy from
the sun.
8 Oct '14 20Ecology & Ecosystem
21. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Trophic Level – Consumers – Herbivorous
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and
physiologically adapted to eating plant material.
As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous
animals typically have mouthparts adapted to
rasping or grinding.
Eg: Elephant, deer, grasshopper, etc.
8 Oct '14 21Ecology & Ecosystem
22. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Trophic Level – Consumers – Carnivorous
A carnivore meaning 'meat eater' is an organism
that derives its energy and nutrient requirements
from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of
animal tissue, whether through predation or
scavenging.
Eg: Lion, panther, eagle, owl, etc.
8 Oct '14 22Ecology & Ecosystem
23. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Trophic Level – Consumers – Omnivorous
An omnivore is an animal that can derive its
energy and nutrients from a diet consisting of a
variety of food sources that may include plants,
animals, algae, fungi and bacteria.
8 Oct '14 23Ecology & Ecosystem
24. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Trophic Level – Decomposers
They assists in breaking down dead organisms
and helping return their nutrients to the Earth.
E.g.: worms, bacteria, fungi, etc
8 Oct '14 24Ecology & Ecosystem
25. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
10% Law – Energy Loss
During every transfer of energy in an ecosystem,
energy is lost as heat.
Although heat can be used to do work (as in a
steam engine), it is generally not a useful source
of energy in biological systems.
Thus, the amount of useful energy decreases as
energy passes through the levels of an ecosystem.
This loss of energy limits the number of trophic
levels an ecosystem can support.
8 Oct '14 25Ecology & Ecosystem
26. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
10% Law – Energy Loss
8 Oct '14 26Ecology & Ecosystem
27. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
10% Law – Energy Loss
When a plant harvests energy from sunlight,
photosynthesis captures only about 10% of the
energy available to the leaves.
When a herbivore consumes a plant only about
10% of the energy in the plant ends up in the
herbivores molecules.
When a carnivore consumes the herbivore, again
only 10% of the energy of the herbivore gets
passed along.
As such 90% energy is lost into environment.
8 Oct '14 27Ecology & Ecosystem
28. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Models
The flow of energy through various trophic levels
in an ecosystem can be explained with the help of
various energy flow models –
– Single channel energy flow model
– Y shaped or double channel energy flow model
– Universal energy model
8 Oct '14 28Ecology & Ecosystem
29. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Models – Single channel
The flow of energy takes place in a unidirectional
manner through a single channel of producers to
herbivores to carnivores.
The energy once travelled by a lower trophic
level to higher one, cannot travel back to the
lower level.
Hence entire system would collapse if a lower
trophic level organism were cutoff.
At each level there is progressive decrease in
energy due to loss as heat.8 Oct '14 29Ecology & Ecosystem
30. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Models – Single channel
8 Oct '14 30Ecology & Ecosystem
31. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Models – Double channel
It conforms to the basic stratified structure of
ecosystem.
It separates the two chains i.e. grazing and
detritus food chain by time and space.
Micro-organisms and macro consumers differ
greatly in size metabolism relation.
8 Oct '14 31Ecology & Ecosystem
32. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Models – Double channel
8 Oct '14 32Ecology & Ecosystem
33. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Models – Universal
Energy is lost while moving from one trophic
level to another, indicated by narrower pipes and
smaller boxes.
Energy lost is the one which is not utilized (NU).
This is lost due to locomotion, excretion,
respiration (CR) , etc.
Rest energy is used for production (P).
8 Oct '14 33Ecology & Ecosystem
34. Energy Flow In Ecosystem
Models – Universal
8 Oct '14 34Ecology & Ecosystem
35. Energy Pyramid
Ecologists often illustrate the
flow of energy through ecosystems with an
energy pyramid.
At each trophic level, the energy stored by the
organisms in a level is about 1/10th
of the energy
stored by the previous level.
An energy pyramid is a diagram in which each
trophic level is represented by a block, and the
blocks are stacked on top of each other, with the
lowest trophic level as the base of the pyramid.8 Oct '14 35Ecology & Ecosystem
36. Energy Pyramids
Types
Basically energy pyramids are of 3 types:
– Pyramid of Biomass
– Pyramid of Energy
– Pyramid of Numbers
8 Oct '14 36Ecology & Ecosystem
37. Energy Pyramids
Types - Biomass
Illustrates the amount of biomass in each trophic
level. Biomass weight is determined after
dehydration
Shows the amount
of matter lost
between trophic
levels. Measured
in Kg, grams or
pounds.
8 Oct '14 37Ecology & Ecosystem
38. Energy Pyramids
Types - Biomass
One problem: They can make a trophic level look
like it has more energy than it really does.
For example: A bird has a beak, feathers and a
skeleton that would count as biomass even
though it does not contribute to the overall flow
of energy into the next trophic level.
8 Oct '14 38Ecology & Ecosystem
39. Energy Pyramids
Types - Energy
Shows the energy available at each trophic level.
– The size of the blocks represents the proportion of
productivity
– Measured in Joules or Calories
8 Oct '14 39Ecology & Ecosystem
40. Most of the energy available to the community is
in the 1st trophic level.
Only 10-20% of the energy is available to the
next trophic level (≈ 90% lost)
Energy Pyramids
Types - Energy
8 Oct '14 40Ecology & Ecosystem
41. Energy Pyramids
Types - Number
Illustrates of the number of organisms at each
level.
8 Oct '14 41Ecology & Ecosystem
42. Food Chain
A food chain also shows how the organisms are
related with each other by the food they eat.
Diagram showing the flow of energy from
producer to consumer.
Producer Herbivores Carnivores Decomposers
8 Oct '14 42Ecology & Ecosystem