ECG - Mobitz Type II block
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This ECG report documents Mobitz type II heart block with 2:1 block in a patient. Mobitz type II heart block involves sudden conduction block of impulses through the bundle of His, resulting in a constant PR interval prior to blocked P waves. It is usually due to rheumatic heart disease or coronary artery disease and carries a poor prognosis if left untreated. Treatment for symptomatic Mobitz type II heart block involves permanent pacemaker implantation.
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Interpretation of common ecg abnormalities
This document provides an overview of how to interpret common ECG abnormalities through 3 sentences or less summaries:
1) It outlines how to measure rate, rhythm, intervals, complexes, and waves on an ECG and identifies what is considered normal.
2) Key abnormal rhythms, rates, intervals, and waves are defined along with their potential causes, such as sinus bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, various heart blocks, ventricular tachycardia, ST segment changes, T wave inversions, bundle branch blocks, and more.
3) Methods for localizing myocardial infarctions and abnormalities seen in conditions like hyperkalemia and hypothermia are also summarized.
Mitral stenosis (propeduetics)
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that blocks (obstructs) blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis usually results from rheumatic fever, but infants can be born with the condition. Mitral stenosis does not cause symptoms unless it is severe
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)
- Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is caused by conditions that damage the left bundle branch, such as hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease.
- LBBB is diagnosed based on criteria including a QRS duration of over 120ms and abnormal ST segment and T wave patterns.
- The prognosis of LBBB depends on any underlying heart conditions, with LBBB increasing the risk of mortality. LBBB may resolve temporarily following a premature ventricular contraction due to resetting of the conduction system.
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This document discusses heart arrhythmias, which are irregular or abnormal heartbeats. It defines different types of arrhythmias including tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, and more. It discusses what causes arrhythmias, risk factors, potential symptoms, diagnostic tests used to evaluate arrhythmias like EKGs, and treatment options. Common treatments include medications, medical procedures, lifestyle changes, and in some cases devices like pacemakers.
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Heart arrhythmia, also known as irregular heartbeat or cardiac dysrhythmia, is a group of conditions where the heartbeat is irregular, too slow, or too fast. Arrhythmias are broken down into: Slow heartbeat: bradycardia. Fast heartbeat: tachycardia. Irregular heartbeat: flutter or fibrillation.
Recommended
Arrhythmia Recognition & Management
5th-year medical student seminar presentation under the supervision of Dr. Faisal Khan, a cardiologist.
Interpretation of common ecg abnormalities
This document provides an overview of how to interpret common ECG abnormalities through 3 sentences or less summaries:
1) It outlines how to measure rate, rhythm, intervals, complexes, and waves on an ECG and identifies what is considered normal.
2) Key abnormal rhythms, rates, intervals, and waves are defined along with their potential causes, such as sinus bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, various heart blocks, ventricular tachycardia, ST segment changes, T wave inversions, bundle branch blocks, and more.
3) Methods for localizing myocardial infarctions and abnormalities seen in conditions like hyperkalemia and hypothermia are also summarized.
Mitral stenosis (propeduetics)
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that blocks (obstructs) blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis usually results from rheumatic fever, but infants can be born with the condition. Mitral stenosis does not cause symptoms unless it is severe
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)
- Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is caused by conditions that damage the left bundle branch, such as hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease.
- LBBB is diagnosed based on criteria including a QRS duration of over 120ms and abnormal ST segment and T wave patterns.
- The prognosis of LBBB depends on any underlying heart conditions, with LBBB increasing the risk of mortality. LBBB may resolve temporarily following a premature ventricular contraction due to resetting of the conduction system.
Acute coronary syndrome NSTEMI
This was another didactics during our rotation in Internal Medicine--Out-patient Department.
Source: Harrison's Textbook of Internal Medicine 18th ed.
Cardiac Arrhythmia
This document discusses heart arrhythmias, which are irregular or abnormal heartbeats. It defines different types of arrhythmias including tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, and more. It discusses what causes arrhythmias, risk factors, potential symptoms, diagnostic tests used to evaluate arrhythmias like EKGs, and treatment options. Common treatments include medications, medical procedures, lifestyle changes, and in some cases devices like pacemakers.
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Heart arrhythmia, also known as irregular heartbeat or cardiac dysrhythmia, is a group of conditions where the heartbeat is irregular, too slow, or too fast. Arrhythmias are broken down into: Slow heartbeat: bradycardia. Fast heartbeat: tachycardia. Irregular heartbeat: flutter or fibrillation.
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Tachyarrhythmias are disorders of heart rhythm which may present with a tachycardia i.e. a heart rate >100 bpm.
This article provides an overview of tachyarrhythmias in general and goes on to cover the most common tachyarrhythmias in more detail. The acute management of tachyarrhythmias, in an emergency setting, will be covered in the 'Acute' section of the fastbleep website.
Tachyarrhythmias are clinically important as they can precipitate cardiac arrest, cardiac failure, thromboembolic disease and syncopal events. As such, they crop up time and time again in exam papers and on the wards.
Tachyarrhythmias are classified based on whether they have broad or narrow QRS complexes on the ECG. Broad is defined as >0.12s (or more than 3 small squares on the standard ECG). Narrow is equal to or less than 0.12s. Broad QRS complexes are slower ventricular depolarisations that arise from the ventricles. Narrow complexes are ventricular depolarisations initiated from above the ventricles (known as supraventricular). One important exception is when there is a supraventricular depolarisation conducted through a diseased AV node. This will produce wide QRS complexes despite the rhythm being supraventricular in origin.
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This document discusses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), including its definition, causes, variants, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and management. Key points include:
- HCM is defined by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy, usually involving the septum with a thickness over 15mm. It is commonly caused by genetic mutations affecting cardiac proteins.
- Presentation can range from being asymptomatic to symptoms of heart failure, angina, or syncope. Exams may reveal murmurs and EKGs often show abnormal patterns. Echocardiograms and cardiac catheterization are used for diagnosis and assessment.
- Management involves medications like beta-blockers to reduce
Disturbance of heart rhythm
This document provides an overview of heart conduction and various types of arrhythmias or disturbances in heart rhythm. It begins with a description of normal heart conduction and then defines arrhythmia. Various mechanisms of arrhythmia are described including increased automaticity, triggered automaticity, and reentry. Arrhythmias are classified based on heart rate as tachyarrhythmias or bradyarrhythmias, and based on site of impulse generation as supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias. Specific types of arrhythmias are defined including sinus arrhythmias, atrial arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation and flutter, junctional arrhythmias, and ventricular arrhythmias. Treatment options for arrhythmias include medications
Defibrillation & Cardioversion
- Ensure safety of area
- Check rhythm post shock
- Continue compressions if needed
Patient Safety
- Dry chest
- Oxygen removed
- Pads placement
- Minimize number of shocks
Equipment Safety
- Check pads/battery
- Connect properly
- Replace pads regularly
Environment Safety
- Dry surface
- Away from fluids/gas
- Clear working space
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
This document provides an overview of cardiac arrhythmias, including definitions and descriptions of normal sinus rhythm and various arrhythmias. It discusses the cardiac conduction system and mechanisms that can cause arrhythmias, such as abnormal impulse formation or conduction. Specific arrhythmias summarized include sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, premature atrial contractions, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia. For each arrhythmia, the document provides information on heart rate, rhythm, P wave presence/morphology, and other ECG characteristics.
Cardiac arrhythmias
- The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart's conduction system and how it generates the normal cardiac rhythm. It describes the roles of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers in conducting electrical impulses through the heart.
- Various types of cardiac arrhythmias are defined based on disruptions to the heart's normal conduction system. These include premature beats, rhythms originating from the atria, AV junction, or ventricles. Characteristics like P wave presence/morphology, rate, and regularity are used to identify arrhythmias.
- A 12-lead electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is used to
Heart block
This document discusses different types of heart block. It defines heart block as an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly due to blocked electrical signals between the upper and lower chambers. The types of heart block are described as first, second, and third degree. First degree heart block causes a prolonged PR interval but no symptoms. Second degree heart block can be Mobitz type I or II, with type II being more significant. Third degree or complete heart block causes complete dissociation between the upper and lower chambers and requires a pacemaker.
Supraventricular tachycardias
This document discusses supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). It defines different types of SVT including paroxysmal SVT, which is common in emergency rooms. Quality of life is often poor for those with paroxysmal SVT. The document discusses mechanisms of SVT including reentry circuits, enhanced automaticity, and triggered activity. It provides details on differentiating AV nodal reentrant tachycardia from AV reentrant tachycardia using electrocardiogram findings. Treatment options discussed include carotid sinus massage, adenosine, and catheter ablation.
Bradycardia
This document discusses bradycardia, including its definition, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment. Bradycardia is defined as a resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute. It can be caused by physiological factors like athletic training or pathological factors like drugs, metabolic disorders, or cardiac issues. Symptomatic bradycardia requires three criteria: a slow heart rate, symptoms, and symptoms caused by the slow heart rate. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, and syncope. The bradycardia algorithm outlines assessing perfusion and treating with atropine, pacing, or vasopressors like dopamine or epinephrine depending on the situation.
Pathophysiology of Heart failure
This document discusses heart failure, including its definition, causes, types, and compensatory mechanisms. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by intrinsic pump failure, an increased workload on the heart, or impaired filling of the cardiac chambers. The types of heart failure include acute or chronic, right-sided or left-sided, and forward or backward failure. When the heart begins to fail, compensatory mechanisms such as cardiac hypertrophy, dilation, and increased heart rate attempt to maintain adequate blood circulation.
Atrial Rhythms - BMH/Tele
The document provides information about various types of atrial rhythms including:
1. Wandering atrial pacemaker rhythm which can occur in healthy young hearts and is caused by increased vagal effect slowing the sinus rate.
2. Premature atrial contractions which occur when an ectopic site discharges before the sinus node, and can have normal or abnormal ventricular conduction.
3. Supraventricular tachycardia including paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with a rate of 140-250 bpm.
4. Atrial flutter originating from one site at a rate of 250-400 bpm producing sawtooth waves, and variable ventricular conduction depending on the ratio.
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is a fast heart rhythm originating from the ventricles with a rate over 100 bpm. It is classified based on duration (sustained vs non-sustained), morphology (monomorphic, polymorphic, sinusoidal), and symptoms. Causes include structural heart disease, electrolyte abnormalities, drugs, and prolonged QT interval. Diagnosis involves ECG criteria showing ventricular origin. Treatment depends on hemodynamic stability and may include antiarrhythmic drugs, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, catheter ablation, or surgery. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia is managed long term with devices, drugs, and treatment of underlying causes.
ECG interpretation
This document provides a template for systematically interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs). It outlines 13 sections to analyze, including ECG type and recording, rate, rhythm and axis, P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and U wave. Additional features like delta waves are also addressed. Various abnormalities are defined and associated diagnoses are provided. The template aims to help clinicians make accurate ECG interpretations through a standardized approach.
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an arrhythmia originating in the ventricles with a heart rate over 100 beats per minute and wide QRS complexes of at least 120 ms. VT can be either idiopathic or structural, sustained or non-sustained, and monomorphic or polymorphic. The ECG can diagnose VT based on the wide QRS complexes. VT has subtypes including bundle branch reentry VT and idiopathic monomorphic VT. Treatment options include medical therapies like amiodarone, implantable cardioverter defibrillators based on major trials, and catheter ablation.
Cardiology 1.4. Palpitations - by Dr. Farjad Ikram
Introduction to one of the more common symptoms of cardiac, psychiatric and metabolic disease. Palpitation is the uncomfortable awareness of heart beat and can often be the only symptom of underlying fatal arrhythmias.
Template design credits - http://www.slidescarnival.com
Bradyarrhythmias
Dr. Abraham discusses sinus node dysfunction and atrioventricular block. Key points include:
- The sinus node is usually located in the right atrium and receives blood supply from the right coronary artery or left circumflex artery.
- Symptoms of sinus node dysfunction range from asymptomatic ECG changes to tachycardia, bradycardia, and tachy-brady syndrome.
- Treatment options include pharmacotherapy with drugs like atropine or theophylline for short term use, and pacemaker implantation for long term treatment of sinus node disease.
- The atrioventricular node receives innervation from the arteries of Koch and shows minimal autonomic innervation. AV block can be first,
Sick sinus syndrome-2
Sick sinus syndrome describes dysfunction of the heart's sinoatrial node, which can cause abnormal heart rhythms like bradycardia, tachycardia, and alternating slow and fast rhythms. It is usually caused by non-specific degeneration of the conduction system in older adults. Various types of heart block exist that interfere with conduction in the heart, from first degree involving prolonged PR intervals to third degree or complete heart block where no impulses reach the ventricles. Bundle branch blocks occur when the left or right bundle branch is blocked, delaying conduction and causing characteristic ECG patterns.
Arrythmia
Arrhythmia is also known as irregular heart beats. If SA node is not the pacemaker, any other part of the heart such as atrial muscle, AV node and ventricular muscle becomes the pacemaker. the beats may be fast, slow or miss beats.
Mitral valve stenosis powerpoint
Mitral valve stenosis involves a blockage of blood flow through the mitral valve due to abnormalities of the valve leaflets. It is commonly caused by rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis. Risk factors include acute rheumatic fever or streptococcal infections. The narrowed valve orifice increases pressures in the left atrium and lungs. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray. Treatment may include diuretics, anticoagulants, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fluid overload, promoting rest and oxygenation, and educ
Stepwise of interpretation of ECG ID108 2nd degree
This document summarizes the ECG findings for a 58-year-old man presenting to the emergency department with 2nd degree AV block, Mobitz type 1. The ECG shows regular sinus rhythm at a rate of 88 beats per minute with intermittent conduction block such that every third P-wave is not followed by a QRS complex, resulting in a ventricular rate of 59 beats per minute. Further analysis of the ECG found normal QRS axis, duration and morphology with no signs of infarction, hypertrophy, or other abnormalities. The final diagnosis was sinus rhythm with Mobitz type 1 2nd degree AV block and a ventricular rate of 58 beats per minute.
ECG #11 - ID 108 - 2nd degree AV block
This document summarizes the ECG findings for a 58-year-old man presenting to the emergency department with 2nd degree AV block, Mobitz type 1. The ECG shows regular sinus rhythm at a rate of 88 beats per minute with intermittent conduction block such that every third P-wave is not followed by a QRS complex, resulting in a ventricular rate of 59 beats per minute. Further analysis of the ECG found normal QRS axis, duration and morphology with no signs of infarction, hypertrophy, or other abnormalities. The final diagnosis was sinus rhythm with Mobitz type 1 2nd degree AV block and a ventricular rate of 58 beats per minute.
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Tachy Arrhythmias - Approach to Management
Tachyarrhythmias are disorders of heart rhythm which may present with a tachycardia i.e. a heart rate >100 bpm.
This article provides an overview of tachyarrhythmias in general and goes on to cover the most common tachyarrhythmias in more detail. The acute management of tachyarrhythmias, in an emergency setting, will be covered in the 'Acute' section of the fastbleep website.
Tachyarrhythmias are clinically important as they can precipitate cardiac arrest, cardiac failure, thromboembolic disease and syncopal events. As such, they crop up time and time again in exam papers and on the wards.
Tachyarrhythmias are classified based on whether they have broad or narrow QRS complexes on the ECG. Broad is defined as >0.12s (or more than 3 small squares on the standard ECG). Narrow is equal to or less than 0.12s. Broad QRS complexes are slower ventricular depolarisations that arise from the ventricles. Narrow complexes are ventricular depolarisations initiated from above the ventricles (known as supraventricular). One important exception is when there is a supraventricular depolarisation conducted through a diseased AV node. This will produce wide QRS complexes despite the rhythm being supraventricular in origin.
HOCM Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
This document discusses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), including its definition, causes, variants, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and management. Key points include:
- HCM is defined by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy, usually involving the septum with a thickness over 15mm. It is commonly caused by genetic mutations affecting cardiac proteins.
- Presentation can range from being asymptomatic to symptoms of heart failure, angina, or syncope. Exams may reveal murmurs and EKGs often show abnormal patterns. Echocardiograms and cardiac catheterization are used for diagnosis and assessment.
- Management involves medications like beta-blockers to reduce
Disturbance of heart rhythm
This document provides an overview of heart conduction and various types of arrhythmias or disturbances in heart rhythm. It begins with a description of normal heart conduction and then defines arrhythmia. Various mechanisms of arrhythmia are described including increased automaticity, triggered automaticity, and reentry. Arrhythmias are classified based on heart rate as tachyarrhythmias or bradyarrhythmias, and based on site of impulse generation as supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias. Specific types of arrhythmias are defined including sinus arrhythmias, atrial arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation and flutter, junctional arrhythmias, and ventricular arrhythmias. Treatment options for arrhythmias include medications
Defibrillation & Cardioversion
- Ensure safety of area
- Check rhythm post shock
- Continue compressions if needed
Patient Safety
- Dry chest
- Oxygen removed
- Pads placement
- Minimize number of shocks
Equipment Safety
- Check pads/battery
- Connect properly
- Replace pads regularly
Environment Safety
- Dry surface
- Away from fluids/gas
- Clear working space
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
This document provides an overview of cardiac arrhythmias, including definitions and descriptions of normal sinus rhythm and various arrhythmias. It discusses the cardiac conduction system and mechanisms that can cause arrhythmias, such as abnormal impulse formation or conduction. Specific arrhythmias summarized include sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, premature atrial contractions, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia. For each arrhythmia, the document provides information on heart rate, rhythm, P wave presence/morphology, and other ECG characteristics.
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- The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart's conduction system and how it generates the normal cardiac rhythm. It describes the roles of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers in conducting electrical impulses through the heart.
- Various types of cardiac arrhythmias are defined based on disruptions to the heart's normal conduction system. These include premature beats, rhythms originating from the atria, AV junction, or ventricles. Characteristics like P wave presence/morphology, rate, and regularity are used to identify arrhythmias.
- A 12-lead electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is used to
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This document discusses different types of heart block. It defines heart block as an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly due to blocked electrical signals between the upper and lower chambers. The types of heart block are described as first, second, and third degree. First degree heart block causes a prolonged PR interval but no symptoms. Second degree heart block can be Mobitz type I or II, with type II being more significant. Third degree or complete heart block causes complete dissociation between the upper and lower chambers and requires a pacemaker.
Supraventricular tachycardias
This document discusses supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). It defines different types of SVT including paroxysmal SVT, which is common in emergency rooms. Quality of life is often poor for those with paroxysmal SVT. The document discusses mechanisms of SVT including reentry circuits, enhanced automaticity, and triggered activity. It provides details on differentiating AV nodal reentrant tachycardia from AV reentrant tachycardia using electrocardiogram findings. Treatment options discussed include carotid sinus massage, adenosine, and catheter ablation.
Bradycardia
This document discusses bradycardia, including its definition, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment. Bradycardia is defined as a resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute. It can be caused by physiological factors like athletic training or pathological factors like drugs, metabolic disorders, or cardiac issues. Symptomatic bradycardia requires three criteria: a slow heart rate, symptoms, and symptoms caused by the slow heart rate. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, and syncope. The bradycardia algorithm outlines assessing perfusion and treating with atropine, pacing, or vasopressors like dopamine or epinephrine depending on the situation.
Pathophysiology of Heart failure
This document discusses heart failure, including its definition, causes, types, and compensatory mechanisms. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by intrinsic pump failure, an increased workload on the heart, or impaired filling of the cardiac chambers. The types of heart failure include acute or chronic, right-sided or left-sided, and forward or backward failure. When the heart begins to fail, compensatory mechanisms such as cardiac hypertrophy, dilation, and increased heart rate attempt to maintain adequate blood circulation.
Atrial Rhythms - BMH/Tele
The document provides information about various types of atrial rhythms including:
1. Wandering atrial pacemaker rhythm which can occur in healthy young hearts and is caused by increased vagal effect slowing the sinus rate.
2. Premature atrial contractions which occur when an ectopic site discharges before the sinus node, and can have normal or abnormal ventricular conduction.
3. Supraventricular tachycardia including paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with a rate of 140-250 bpm.
4. Atrial flutter originating from one site at a rate of 250-400 bpm producing sawtooth waves, and variable ventricular conduction depending on the ratio.
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is a fast heart rhythm originating from the ventricles with a rate over 100 bpm. It is classified based on duration (sustained vs non-sustained), morphology (monomorphic, polymorphic, sinusoidal), and symptoms. Causes include structural heart disease, electrolyte abnormalities, drugs, and prolonged QT interval. Diagnosis involves ECG criteria showing ventricular origin. Treatment depends on hemodynamic stability and may include antiarrhythmic drugs, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, catheter ablation, or surgery. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia is managed long term with devices, drugs, and treatment of underlying causes.
ECG interpretation
This document provides a template for systematically interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs). It outlines 13 sections to analyze, including ECG type and recording, rate, rhythm and axis, P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and U wave. Additional features like delta waves are also addressed. Various abnormalities are defined and associated diagnoses are provided. The template aims to help clinicians make accurate ECG interpretations through a standardized approach.
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an arrhythmia originating in the ventricles with a heart rate over 100 beats per minute and wide QRS complexes of at least 120 ms. VT can be either idiopathic or structural, sustained or non-sustained, and monomorphic or polymorphic. The ECG can diagnose VT based on the wide QRS complexes. VT has subtypes including bundle branch reentry VT and idiopathic monomorphic VT. Treatment options include medical therapies like amiodarone, implantable cardioverter defibrillators based on major trials, and catheter ablation.
Cardiology 1.4. Palpitations - by Dr. Farjad Ikram
Introduction to one of the more common symptoms of cardiac, psychiatric and metabolic disease. Palpitation is the uncomfortable awareness of heart beat and can often be the only symptom of underlying fatal arrhythmias.
Template design credits - http://www.slidescarnival.com
Bradyarrhythmias
Dr. Abraham discusses sinus node dysfunction and atrioventricular block. Key points include:
- The sinus node is usually located in the right atrium and receives blood supply from the right coronary artery or left circumflex artery.
- Symptoms of sinus node dysfunction range from asymptomatic ECG changes to tachycardia, bradycardia, and tachy-brady syndrome.
- Treatment options include pharmacotherapy with drugs like atropine or theophylline for short term use, and pacemaker implantation for long term treatment of sinus node disease.
- The atrioventricular node receives innervation from the arteries of Koch and shows minimal autonomic innervation. AV block can be first,
Sick sinus syndrome-2
Sick sinus syndrome describes dysfunction of the heart's sinoatrial node, which can cause abnormal heart rhythms like bradycardia, tachycardia, and alternating slow and fast rhythms. It is usually caused by non-specific degeneration of the conduction system in older adults. Various types of heart block exist that interfere with conduction in the heart, from first degree involving prolonged PR intervals to third degree or complete heart block where no impulses reach the ventricles. Bundle branch blocks occur when the left or right bundle branch is blocked, delaying conduction and causing characteristic ECG patterns.
Arrythmia
Arrhythmia is also known as irregular heart beats. If SA node is not the pacemaker, any other part of the heart such as atrial muscle, AV node and ventricular muscle becomes the pacemaker. the beats may be fast, slow or miss beats.
Mitral valve stenosis powerpoint
Mitral valve stenosis involves a blockage of blood flow through the mitral valve due to abnormalities of the valve leaflets. It is commonly caused by rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis. Risk factors include acute rheumatic fever or streptococcal infections. The narrowed valve orifice increases pressures in the left atrium and lungs. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray. Treatment may include diuretics, anticoagulants, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fluid overload, promoting rest and oxygenation, and educ
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Cardiology 1.4. Palpitations - by Dr. Farjad Ikram
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Similar to ECG - Mobitz Type II block
Stepwise of interpretation of ECG ID108 2nd degree
This document summarizes the ECG findings for a 58-year-old man presenting to the emergency department with 2nd degree AV block, Mobitz type 1. The ECG shows regular sinus rhythm at a rate of 88 beats per minute with intermittent conduction block such that every third P-wave is not followed by a QRS complex, resulting in a ventricular rate of 59 beats per minute. Further analysis of the ECG found normal QRS axis, duration and morphology with no signs of infarction, hypertrophy, or other abnormalities. The final diagnosis was sinus rhythm with Mobitz type 1 2nd degree AV block and a ventricular rate of 58 beats per minute.
ECG #11 - ID 108 - 2nd degree AV block
This document summarizes the ECG findings for a 58-year-old man presenting to the emergency department with 2nd degree AV block, Mobitz type 1. The ECG shows regular sinus rhythm at a rate of 88 beats per minute with intermittent conduction block such that every third P-wave is not followed by a QRS complex, resulting in a ventricular rate of 59 beats per minute. Further analysis of the ECG found normal QRS axis, duration and morphology with no signs of infarction, hypertrophy, or other abnormalities. The final diagnosis was sinus rhythm with Mobitz type 1 2nd degree AV block and a ventricular rate of 58 beats per minute.
Stepwise interpretation of ECG ID108
This document summarizes the ECG findings for a 58-year-old man presenting to the emergency department with 2nd degree AV block, Mobitz type 1. The ECG shows regular sinus rhythm at a rate of 88 beats per minute with intermittent conduction block of P waves. Every other P wave is conducted with progressive PR prolongation, while the third P wave is blocked, resulting in a ventricular rate of 59 beats per minute. The QRS axis and duration are normal with no signs of hypertrophy, infarction, or other abnormalities on the ECG. The final diagnosis is sinus rhythm with Mobitz type 1 second degree AV block and a ventricular rate of 58 beats per minute.
Stepwise interpretation of ECG ID108
A 58-year-old man presented to the emergency department with sinus rhythm and second-degree atrioventricular block (Mobitz type I), as evidenced by 2 P waves conducting with progressive PR prolongation and the third P wave being blocked, resulting in a ventricular rate of 59 beats per minute. Further analysis showed normal QRS axis, duration, and morphology with no signs of ventricular hypertrophy or infarction. The final diagnosis was sinus rhythm with Mobitz I second-degree AV block and a ventricular rate of 58 beats per minute, with no other abnormalities.
Stepwise interpretation of ECG ID108
A 58-year-old man presented to the emergency department with sinus rhythm and second-degree atrioventricular block (Mobitz type I), where two P waves are conducted with progressive PR prolongation and the third P wave is blocked, resulting in a ventricular rate of 59 beats per minute. An electrocardiogram found sinus rhythm with Mobitz I second-degree AV block and a normal axis, QRS duration, and ST segment and T waves, with a final diagnosis of sinus rhythm with Mobitz I second-degree AV block and a ventricular rate of 58 beats per minute, with no other abnormalities.
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Av nodal blocks
AV nodal blocks are disturbances in conduction through the heart that occur at the AV node due to damage or disease of the AV node. First degree AV block involves prolonged PR interval but normal conduction. Second degree AV block involves some sinus impulses not being conducted, with Mobitz type I showing progressively prolonged PR interval until a dropped beat, and Mobitz type II showing normal constant PR interval with occasional dropped beats. Third degree or complete AV block shows complete failure of conduction through the AV node with dissociation between P waves and QRS complexes.
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This document discusses various types of conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular (AV) block. It defines AV block as a delay or interruption in conduction from the atria to the ventricles. The types of AV block discussed are first, second, and third degree block. Second degree block is further classified into Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) and type II. Causes and indications for pacing are also summarized. Case examples are presented to demonstrate different types of AV block.
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This document discusses various types of conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular (AV) block. It defines AV block as a delay or interruption in conduction from the atria to the ventricles. The types of AV block discussed are first, second, and third degree block. Second degree block is further classified into Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) and type II. Causes and indications for pacing are also summarized. Case examples are presented and classified.
Conduction abnormalities part 2
This document discusses different types of atrioventricular (AV) block and their classification. It describes:
- First, second, and third degree AV blocks, as well as high-grade block. Second degree block is further divided into Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) and type II.
- Etiologies of AV block.
- Class I indications for pacemaker placement, which include complete AV block and various types of symptomatic second degree block.
- Examples of ECGs demonstrating Wenckebach phenomenon, Mobitz type II block, complete heart block with and without myocardial infarction. Causes like muscular dystrophy are also discussed.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Sem 09 Types Of Heart Block.pptx
This document discusses types of heart block, including:
1) Atrioventricular block which can be first, second, or third degree, with second degree having Mobitz type I and II.
2) Bundle branch block which can be right or left.
It provides details on characteristics of each type of block such as causes, symptoms, and treatments when relevant.
ECG - Conduction defects - Hoang Van Cuong HMU
This document discusses conduction defects that cause atrioventricular (AV) blocks. It defines three degrees of AV block based on the level and severity of conduction delay: first-degree AV block involves prolonged conduction but all impulses pass through, second-degree involves some blocked impulses, and third-degree (complete heart block) means no impulses pass through. Mobitz type 1 and 2 refer to variants of second-degree block. Causes include fibrosis, ischemia, medications, electrolyte abnormalities. Treatment depends on severity but may include atropine, pacemakers for more advanced blocks.
Conduction disorders with sinoatrial blocks Dr Walinjom
This document discusses various cardiac conduction disorders including supraventricular conduction abnormalities like sinoatrial exit block, atrioventricular block, and long QT syndrome as well as ventricular conduction abnormalities like right and left bundle branch block. It provides details on the pathophysiology, ECG characteristics, clinical significance and treatment of these conditions. The document also reviews accessory pathways that can cause preexcitation syndromes like Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome.
Conduction defects - Hoang Cuong HMU - Source: ECGwaves.com
This document provides an overview of conduction defects (disturbances) including different types of atrioventricular (AV) blocks and intraventricular conduction delays. It describes the ECG criteria and characteristics of first-, second-, and third-degree AV blocks as well as right and left bundle branch blocks. Causes, clinical implications, localization, and treatment approaches for various conduction abnormalities are also discussed.
Two Interesting ECGs
The document describes two interesting ECG cases.
Case 1 is a 35-year-old male admitted with a chest injury who showed ST elevation and T wave inversion. His troponin levels were elevated.
Case 2 is a 23-year-old male admitted with left-sided weakness who showed ST elevation and T wave inversion as well as QT prolongation. His CK-MB and troponin levels were normal.
The document analyzes the ECG findings and determines that Case 1 represents post-traumatic myopericarditis while Case 2 represents pontine hemorrhage.
ECG BASICS IN DETAIL
This document provides a history of the electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) and describes how it is used to evaluate cardiac electrical activity and identify various cardiac conditions. Some key points:
- The EKG was developed in the late 19th/early 20th century, with scientists like Matteucci, Marey, and Einthoven contributing to its invention and clinical use.
- An EKG records the heart's electrical activity through electrodes on the skin and can be used to detect arrhythmias, ischemia, infarction, and other conditions.
- It analyzes the P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave to evaluate conduction and identify abnormalities.
ECG: Myocardial Infarction with CHB
- A 45-year-old male patient presented with chest pain for 2 hours and was brought to the ICCU. Examination found an elevated JVP, abnormal heart sounds, and changes on the ECG consistent with an inferior-posterior heart attack.
- The ECG showed bradycardia and varying heart block patterns including first-degree AV block, Mobitz type I and II second-degree heart block, and third-degree heart block which are common in heart attacks due to ischemia of the conduction system.
- The location and severity of the heart block provides information on the site and size of the heart attack, with more advanced blocks implying a larger infarction and worse prognosis.
Conduction disturbances
This document discusses various types of conduction disturbances including sinoatrial exit block, AV blocks, bundle branch blocks, and fascicular blocks. It provides details on the definitions, electrocardiogram findings, causes and prevalence of each type. The document concludes with guidelines on indications for permanent pacemaker implantation for acquired AV block, bifascicular/trifascicular block, and after myocardial infarction.
ecg.pptx
The document summarizes three ECG findings:
1) In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), there is T-wave inversion and delayed ventricular activation seen as epsilon waves.
2) The Brugada syndrome shows ST elevation in leads V1 and V2.
3) A telemetry rhythm strip shows periods of self-limiting polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by premature ventricular contractions causing compensatory pauses and long-short intervals, the classic pattern of torsades de pointes initiation.
Ecg step by step not by me
The document provides steps for analyzing electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses evaluating the rhythm, rate, P-wave, PR interval, QRS complex, and other aspects. The key steps are:
1. Analyze the rhythm as regular or irregular and the rate as normal, bradycardia, or tachycardia.
2. Examine the P-wave for size, shape, and abnormalities.
3. Measure the PR interval and check for abnormalities like prolongation.
4. Inspect the QRS complex for duration, amplitude, and progression.
Similar to ECG - Mobitz Type II block (20)
Stepwise of interpretation of ECG ID108 2nd degree
Stepwise of interpretation of ECG ID108 2nd degree
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Sem 09 Types Of Heart Block.pptx
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Sem 09 Types Of Heart Block.pptx
Conduction disorders with sinoatrial blocks Dr Walinjom
Conduction disorders with sinoatrial blocks Dr Walinjom
Conduction defects - Hoang Cuong HMU - Source: ECGwaves.com
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