This document contains questions and answers related to the 8085 microprocessor and its architecture. Some key details include:
- The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that uses registers like the accumulator, temporary, instruction, and stack pointer registers. The stack pointer and program counter are 16-bits.
- It uses flags like sign, zero, auxiliary, parity, and carry. The stack is LIFO and the program counter stores the address of the next instruction.
- When the HLT instruction is executed, the processor enters a halt state and the buses are tri-stated. Interrupts are classified as hardware or software.
The document discusses Microprocessor and its Applications. It contains 28 questions related to microprocessors, their basic units, addressing modes, interrupts, assembly language instructions, and more. Specifically, it discusses the 8085 and 8051 microcontrollers, explaining concepts like multiplexing, flags, machine cycles, timing diagrams, and memory mapping.
Question paper with solution the 8051 microcontroller based embedded systems...manishpatel_79
This document contains a question paper with solutions for the subject Microcontrollers from VTU's 4th semester B.E. examination from June-July 2013. The paper tests knowledge of CPU architectures like CISC, RISC, von Neumann, and Harvard. It also compares microprocessors and microcontrollers and tests understanding of interfacing 8051 microcontrollers to external memory. Finally, it examines the five addressing modes of 8051 - immediate, register, direct, indirect and indexed addressing - providing examples of each.
Solution manual the 8051 microcontroller based embedded systemsmanishpatel_79
This document provides an overview of microcontrollers and the 8051 microcontroller. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, common applications of microcontrollers, on-chip resources available in microcontrollers, microcode, CISC vs RISC architectures, features of the 8051 microcontroller, factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application, and advantages of using the 8051 family of microcontrollers.
Microprocessor & Microcontoller short questions with answersMathankumar S
A microprocessor is a programmable logic device that processes data according to instructions stored in memory. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and a control unit. A microcontroller is a microprocessor with integrated memory and input/output interfaces on a single chip. Microprocessors are used in microcontroller-based systems for applications like measurement, display, control, and machine speed control. Common instructions include MOV to move data, ADD for arithmetic, and JMP to change the program sequence.
This document provides an introduction to microcomputers and microprocessors. It discusses how a microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. A microcomputer system consists of a CPU (microprocessor), memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The document then traces the evolution of microprocessors from the first 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to more advanced 32-bit and 64-bit processors over subsequent decades. It provides details on characteristics of important processors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium series. The document concludes with information on the internal structure of the Intel 8085 microprocessor.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers short answer questions and answersAbhijith Augustine
The document contains questions and answers related to microprocessors and computer architecture. It defines a microprocessor as a CPU fabricated on a single chip that fetches and executes instructions. The basic units of a microprocessor are described as an ALU, registers, and a control unit. Key features of the Intel 8086 microprocessor from 1978 are provided, such as its 16-bit architecture, instruction set, and pin configuration. The differences between a microprocessor and microcontroller are explained. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses Microprocessor and its Applications. It contains 28 questions related to microprocessors, their basic units, addressing modes, interrupts, assembly language instructions, and more. Specifically, it discusses the 8085 and 8051 microcontrollers, explaining concepts like multiplexing, flags, machine cycles, timing diagrams, and memory mapping.
Question paper with solution the 8051 microcontroller based embedded systems...manishpatel_79
This document contains a question paper with solutions for the subject Microcontrollers from VTU's 4th semester B.E. examination from June-July 2013. The paper tests knowledge of CPU architectures like CISC, RISC, von Neumann, and Harvard. It also compares microprocessors and microcontrollers and tests understanding of interfacing 8051 microcontrollers to external memory. Finally, it examines the five addressing modes of 8051 - immediate, register, direct, indirect and indexed addressing - providing examples of each.
Solution manual the 8051 microcontroller based embedded systemsmanishpatel_79
This document provides an overview of microcontrollers and the 8051 microcontroller. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, common applications of microcontrollers, on-chip resources available in microcontrollers, microcode, CISC vs RISC architectures, features of the 8051 microcontroller, factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application, and advantages of using the 8051 family of microcontrollers.
Microprocessor & Microcontoller short questions with answersMathankumar S
A microprocessor is a programmable logic device that processes data according to instructions stored in memory. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and a control unit. A microcontroller is a microprocessor with integrated memory and input/output interfaces on a single chip. Microprocessors are used in microcontroller-based systems for applications like measurement, display, control, and machine speed control. Common instructions include MOV to move data, ADD for arithmetic, and JMP to change the program sequence.
This document provides an introduction to microcomputers and microprocessors. It discusses how a microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. A microcomputer system consists of a CPU (microprocessor), memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The document then traces the evolution of microprocessors from the first 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to more advanced 32-bit and 64-bit processors over subsequent decades. It provides details on characteristics of important processors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium series. The document concludes with information on the internal structure of the Intel 8085 microprocessor.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers short answer questions and answersAbhijith Augustine
The document contains questions and answers related to microprocessors and computer architecture. It defines a microprocessor as a CPU fabricated on a single chip that fetches and executes instructions. The basic units of a microprocessor are described as an ALU, registers, and a control unit. Key features of the Intel 8086 microprocessor from 1978 are provided, such as its 16-bit architecture, instruction set, and pin configuration. The differences between a microprocessor and microcontroller are explained. [END SUMMARY]
The 8051 microcontroler based embedded systemsmanishpatel_79
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from a textbook on 8051 microcontrollers and embedded systems. The chapter introduces microcontrollers by comparing them to microprocessors and microcomputers. It describes the basic components of a computer system and how microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory and I/O components onto a single chip. The chapter also covers classifications of microcontrollers based on word length, memory architecture and instruction set, and provides examples of their applications in embedded systems.
This document provides information about the Microprocessors and Microcontrollers course EE8551. After completing the course, students will gain knowledge and be eligible for positions like Electronics Engineer, IOT Engineer, and Embedded Developer. The course will impart knowledge on topics like the architecture of 8085 and 8051 microprocessors and microcontrollers, addressing modes, interrupts, and programming in assembly language. It will develop the ability to explain microprocessor architecture and write assembly programs. The document then provides background information on microprocessors, their applications, evolution of Intel processors, architecture of 8085 processor, and interrupt concepts in 8085.
Question bank on Microcontroller 8051/AT89C51. Total 98 questions. Covering questions on introduction, programming, timers of 8051, serial communication of 8051, interrupts of 8051, memory interfacing, and applications.
The document discusses the microprocessor 8085. It covers the following topics over 5 weeks: basic concepts of microprocessors, the architecture of the 8085, addressing modes and instruction set, interrupts, and peripherals. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that uses 246 bit patterns to form its 74 instruction set. An assembly language uses mnemonics like "INR A" to represent instructions, making programs easier for humans to understand compared to machine language.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and interfacing topics. It begins with an introduction and syllabus covering microprocessor architecture, the 8085 microprocessor, and common interfacing chips. It then defines microprocessors and describes their characteristics. The rest of the document discusses the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors in detail, covering their architecture, instruction sets, addressing modes, and interfacing. It provides examples of real-world microprocessor applications and concludes with questions about related topics.
The document discusses 8051 microcontrollers interfacing with external memory. It describes semiconductor memory used for primary storage, including ROM and RAM. It explains memory capacity in bits and bytes, as well as memory organization based on address and data pins. The document also covers memory speed, memory mapped I/O, the Harvard architecture, types of external memory like ROM and RAM, and the role of the EA control signal in accessing external versus internal memory.
This document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including:
- The pin descriptions and block diagram of the 8051 microcontroller.
- Descriptions of the registers in the 8051 including the Program Status Word register.
- Examples of simple 8051 assembly language instructions like MOV, ADD, and CALL.
- Memory mapping and organization in the 8051 including on-chip ROM, RAM, and I/O ports.
- Details on addressing modes, arithmetic instructions, and stack operations in the 8051 instruction set.
In summary, it introduces the basic architecture and programming of the 8051 microcontroller.
This PPT is about the ARM processors, family of processors,significance,applications and architectural features and Instruction Set Architecture useful for beginners
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 64KB program memory, 64KB data memory, 4KB onboard program memory, 128 bytes onboard data RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timers/counters, a full duplex UART, and a 6-source interrupt structure. It consists of a CPU, two memory sections, I/O ports, special function registers, and control logic connected via an 8-bit internal data bus. The 8051 has 40 pins, with some pins having alternate functions.
ARM PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE with reference to ARM state and Thumb state. CPSR register and shift from one state to another ,applications of Thumb and limitations of Thumb.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MW2M6hvAuis
This document provides an introduction to the Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller. It begins by defining key terms related to computers, microprocessors, and microcontrollers. It explains that a computer consists of a processor, memory, and input/output components. A microprocessor is a processor contained on a single integrated circuit, while a microcontroller adds memory and input/output capabilities. The Motorola 68HC11 is an 8-bit microcontroller that contains CPU, RAM, ROM, timers, analog/digital converters, and communication interfaces on a single chip. It finds applications in devices like appliances, automobiles, printers, and more. The document discusses memory technologies like SRAM and DRAM that are used in microcontrollers.
8086 Interrupts & With DOS and BIOS by vijayVijay Kumar
This document discusses interrupts in microprocessors and provides examples of their use. It defines an interrupt as an event that temporarily halts normal program execution to service another event, like an I/O device requiring attention. Interrupts provide an alternative to polling that allows a CPU to serve multiple devices simultaneously. The document then gives examples of using interrupts to control a robot's movement in response to sensors as compared to polling, and provides overviews of DOS and BIOS interrupts for I/O functions like reading keyboards, displaying to screens, and communicating with serial ports.
The document discusses the architecture and features of the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It can address up to 64KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus. It has an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and six 8-bit general purpose registers that can be combined into register pairs. The control unit provides timing and control signals. The 8085 has interrupt capabilities and can perform serial I/O communication. It requires a single +5V power supply and operates at speeds up to 3MHz.
The document describes various aspects of memory addressing in Intel microprocessors from 8086 to Core2. It discusses register types, including general purpose, segment, special purpose and flag registers. It details real mode, protected mode and flat 64-bit memory addressing techniques. Real mode uses segment and offset registers to access the first 1MB of memory. Protected mode allows access above 1MB using segment selectors and 32-bit offsets. The 64-bit flat mode uses a single 64-bit address space.
The document discusses various aspects of the 8085 microprocessor such as its registers, flags, addressing modes, interrupts, and instructions. It provides details about the accumulator, program counter, stack pointer, and temporary registers in 8085. It also explains the different types of interrupts in 8085 including TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR and their priority order. Finally, it discusses the purpose of various instructions like CALL, PUSH, POP, and RET and addressing modes including immediate, register, direct, indirect and implied modes.
Microprocessor VIVA/Interview Questions And Answers document contains information about microprocessors and their architecture. It discusses topics like:
- The main components of a microprocessor including fetching instructions from memory, decoding and executing them. It also discusses single-chip microprocessors.
- The various registers in 8085 and 8086 microprocessors including the accumulator, stack pointer, program counter, flags and more.
- Interrupts in 8085 including hardware interrupts like TRAP, RST7.5 and software interrupts. It also discusses maskable and non-maskable interrupts.
- Memory addressing modes like immediate, direct, register, register indirect and implied addressing.
- C
The document discusses various concepts related to microprocessors including their basic components and architecture. It defines key terms like microprocessor, ALU, registers, bus, memory mapping and interrupts. It also describes the architecture of 8086 microprocessor including its registers, addressing modes, functional units and interrupts. Interfacing I/O devices using ports is discussed along with examples like 8255 programmable port. Direct memory access and its initiation process are also summarized.
The 8051 microcontroler based embedded systemsmanishpatel_79
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from a textbook on 8051 microcontrollers and embedded systems. The chapter introduces microcontrollers by comparing them to microprocessors and microcomputers. It describes the basic components of a computer system and how microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory and I/O components onto a single chip. The chapter also covers classifications of microcontrollers based on word length, memory architecture and instruction set, and provides examples of their applications in embedded systems.
This document provides information about the Microprocessors and Microcontrollers course EE8551. After completing the course, students will gain knowledge and be eligible for positions like Electronics Engineer, IOT Engineer, and Embedded Developer. The course will impart knowledge on topics like the architecture of 8085 and 8051 microprocessors and microcontrollers, addressing modes, interrupts, and programming in assembly language. It will develop the ability to explain microprocessor architecture and write assembly programs. The document then provides background information on microprocessors, their applications, evolution of Intel processors, architecture of 8085 processor, and interrupt concepts in 8085.
Question bank on Microcontroller 8051/AT89C51. Total 98 questions. Covering questions on introduction, programming, timers of 8051, serial communication of 8051, interrupts of 8051, memory interfacing, and applications.
The document discusses the microprocessor 8085. It covers the following topics over 5 weeks: basic concepts of microprocessors, the architecture of the 8085, addressing modes and instruction set, interrupts, and peripherals. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that uses 246 bit patterns to form its 74 instruction set. An assembly language uses mnemonics like "INR A" to represent instructions, making programs easier for humans to understand compared to machine language.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and interfacing topics. It begins with an introduction and syllabus covering microprocessor architecture, the 8085 microprocessor, and common interfacing chips. It then defines microprocessors and describes their characteristics. The rest of the document discusses the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors in detail, covering their architecture, instruction sets, addressing modes, and interfacing. It provides examples of real-world microprocessor applications and concludes with questions about related topics.
The document discusses 8051 microcontrollers interfacing with external memory. It describes semiconductor memory used for primary storage, including ROM and RAM. It explains memory capacity in bits and bytes, as well as memory organization based on address and data pins. The document also covers memory speed, memory mapped I/O, the Harvard architecture, types of external memory like ROM and RAM, and the role of the EA control signal in accessing external versus internal memory.
This document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including:
- The pin descriptions and block diagram of the 8051 microcontroller.
- Descriptions of the registers in the 8051 including the Program Status Word register.
- Examples of simple 8051 assembly language instructions like MOV, ADD, and CALL.
- Memory mapping and organization in the 8051 including on-chip ROM, RAM, and I/O ports.
- Details on addressing modes, arithmetic instructions, and stack operations in the 8051 instruction set.
In summary, it introduces the basic architecture and programming of the 8051 microcontroller.
This PPT is about the ARM processors, family of processors,significance,applications and architectural features and Instruction Set Architecture useful for beginners
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 64KB program memory, 64KB data memory, 4KB onboard program memory, 128 bytes onboard data RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timers/counters, a full duplex UART, and a 6-source interrupt structure. It consists of a CPU, two memory sections, I/O ports, special function registers, and control logic connected via an 8-bit internal data bus. The 8051 has 40 pins, with some pins having alternate functions.
ARM PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE with reference to ARM state and Thumb state. CPSR register and shift from one state to another ,applications of Thumb and limitations of Thumb.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MW2M6hvAuis
This document provides an introduction to the Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller. It begins by defining key terms related to computers, microprocessors, and microcontrollers. It explains that a computer consists of a processor, memory, and input/output components. A microprocessor is a processor contained on a single integrated circuit, while a microcontroller adds memory and input/output capabilities. The Motorola 68HC11 is an 8-bit microcontroller that contains CPU, RAM, ROM, timers, analog/digital converters, and communication interfaces on a single chip. It finds applications in devices like appliances, automobiles, printers, and more. The document discusses memory technologies like SRAM and DRAM that are used in microcontrollers.
8086 Interrupts & With DOS and BIOS by vijayVijay Kumar
This document discusses interrupts in microprocessors and provides examples of their use. It defines an interrupt as an event that temporarily halts normal program execution to service another event, like an I/O device requiring attention. Interrupts provide an alternative to polling that allows a CPU to serve multiple devices simultaneously. The document then gives examples of using interrupts to control a robot's movement in response to sensors as compared to polling, and provides overviews of DOS and BIOS interrupts for I/O functions like reading keyboards, displaying to screens, and communicating with serial ports.
The document discusses the architecture and features of the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It can address up to 64KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus. It has an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and six 8-bit general purpose registers that can be combined into register pairs. The control unit provides timing and control signals. The 8085 has interrupt capabilities and can perform serial I/O communication. It requires a single +5V power supply and operates at speeds up to 3MHz.
The document describes various aspects of memory addressing in Intel microprocessors from 8086 to Core2. It discusses register types, including general purpose, segment, special purpose and flag registers. It details real mode, protected mode and flat 64-bit memory addressing techniques. Real mode uses segment and offset registers to access the first 1MB of memory. Protected mode allows access above 1MB using segment selectors and 32-bit offsets. The 64-bit flat mode uses a single 64-bit address space.
The document discusses various aspects of the 8085 microprocessor such as its registers, flags, addressing modes, interrupts, and instructions. It provides details about the accumulator, program counter, stack pointer, and temporary registers in 8085. It also explains the different types of interrupts in 8085 including TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR and their priority order. Finally, it discusses the purpose of various instructions like CALL, PUSH, POP, and RET and addressing modes including immediate, register, direct, indirect and implied modes.
Microprocessor VIVA/Interview Questions And Answers document contains information about microprocessors and their architecture. It discusses topics like:
- The main components of a microprocessor including fetching instructions from memory, decoding and executing them. It also discusses single-chip microprocessors.
- The various registers in 8085 and 8086 microprocessors including the accumulator, stack pointer, program counter, flags and more.
- Interrupts in 8085 including hardware interrupts like TRAP, RST7.5 and software interrupts. It also discusses maskable and non-maskable interrupts.
- Memory addressing modes like immediate, direct, register, register indirect and implied addressing.
- C
The document discusses various concepts related to microprocessors including their basic components and architecture. It defines key terms like microprocessor, ALU, registers, bus, memory mapping and interrupts. It also describes the architecture of 8086 microprocessor including its registers, addressing modes, functional units and interrupts. Interfacing I/O devices using ports is discussed along with examples like 8255 programmable port. Direct memory access and its initiation process are also summarized.
The document provides information about microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor. It defines key terms like microprocessor, ALU, registers, control unit, bus, machine cycle, T-state, instruction cycle, fetch cycle, execute cycle, flags, memory mapping, opcode fetch, interrupts, polling, and interrupt types. It describes the basic units and operations of a microprocessor, bus types, the instruction execution process, and interrupt handling. It also discusses I/O techniques, 8085 pins and signals, addressing modes, and differences between memory mapped and I/O mapped I/O.
The document compares different aspects of various microprocessors and computer components. It discusses the differences between 8085 and 8086 microprocessors, microcontrollers and microprocessors, memory mapped I/O vs I/O mapped I/O, RISC vs CISC processors, SIM and RIM instructions, software and hardware interrupts, 8253 and 8254 programmable interval timers, PROM vs EPROM, and the pin diagram of the 8085 microprocessor.
This document discusses the basics of microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor. It begins with definitions of a microprocessor and its basic units. It then discusses multiplexing and how the 8085 demultiplexes address and data lines. It explains the functions of the IO/M, READY, HOLD and HLDA signals in the 8085. It defines flags and lists the flags in the 8085. It also defines terms like mnemonics, machine cycles, instruction cycles, fetch and execute cycles. It lists the machine cycles of the 8085 and explains the need for timing diagrams. It defines terms like T-state, opcode and operand. It discusses addressing modes in the 8085. It compares memory mapped I/
The document discusses various aspects of the 8085 microprocessor including its registers, flags, stack pointer, program counter, interrupts, addressing modes, and clock sources. It provides details on the accumulator, temporary, instruction, and stack pointer registers. The stack pointer and program counter are 16-bit registers. Flags include the sign, zero, auxiliary, parity, and carry flags. Interrupts can be hardware interrupts like TRAP, RST7.5 or software interrupts like RST0. TRAP has the highest priority. Common addressing modes are immediate, direct, register, register indirect, and implied. An RC circuit can be used as a clock source if accuracy is not critical, while a crystal is preferred for its
The document discusses various concepts related to microprocessors including:
1. It defines a microprocessor as a program controlled semiconductor device that fetches, decodes and executes instructions. The basic units of a microprocessor are an ALU, registers and a control unit.
2. A bus is defined as a group of conducting lines that carries data, address and control signals. The data bus is bi-directional to allow the microprocessor to read from and write to memory or I/O devices.
3. A machine cycle is the time required to complete one memory, I/O or acknowledge operation and may consist of 3-6 T-states. A T-state is one clock period subdivision of
This document contains an assignment for a course on Microprocessors and Assembly Language. It includes 11 multiple choice and short answer questions about microprocessor fundamentals like the 8086 architecture, instruction fetching process, and developing assembly language programs. It covers topics such as the differences between 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessors, the functions of execution units, memory addressing, and the major steps for writing assembly language programs.
This document provides information about microprocessors and microcontrollers, specifically the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors. It discusses the architecture, features, registers, addressing modes, instruction sets and interrupts of the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology. The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor designed by Intel that can access 1 megabyte of memory and has 14 registers. Both microprocessors have various addressing modes including immediate, register, direct, indirect and relative modes.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a personal detection robot project based on an 8-bit microcontroller. The robot uses a PIR sensor to detect humans and two DC gear motors controlled by the microcontroller to follow the detected person. The project is intended to be used to help with debris rescue during earthquakes. Hardware components include an AT89S52 microcontroller, PIR sensor, DC motors, and other basic electronics. The microcontroller reads signals from the PIR sensor and controls the motors accordingly.
This document provides information about the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors. It begins with definitions of a microprocessor and details about the 8085 such as its power supply, clock frequency, and functions of the accumulator. It then discusses the 8085's registers, allowed register pairs, purpose of SID and SOD lines, and function of the IO/M signal. The document lists the categories of 8085 instructions and examples. It explains the differences between JMP and CALL instructions and shift and rotate instructions. Other topics covered include wait states, 8085 interrupts, its signal classification, operations performed on data, and the steps to fetch a byte. The document concludes with questions about the 8086's software aspects, multiprocessor
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It presents information about its features, pin configuration, architecture, registers, bus structure, advantages, and disadvantages. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with 8 data lines, 16 address lines, and a clock frequency of 3MHz. It has features like 8-bit operations, 64KB memory capacity, and 74 instructions with 5 addressing modes. The document concludes that while the 8085 had benefits like a 5V power supply, it also had limitations like low speed and small memory that led to later versions like the 8086.
This document provides lecture notes on microprocessors and interfacing devices. It covers the architecture and operation of the 8086 and 8051 microprocessors. The 8086 unit discusses its architecture, assembly language programming, and interfacing with peripheral devices. The 8051 unit provides an overview of its architecture, memory organization, and instruction set. The document aims to teach students about the internal design and programming of common microprocessors.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers. It discusses the need for programmable devices and how microcontrollers address this need by allowing their function to be selected through digital inputs. Microcontrollers contain a processor that can run programs stored in memory and contain registers used for tasks like instruction fetching. The document then describes the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures, instruction fetching, decoding, and execution processes, and how interrupts can alter program flow. It concludes by discussing the 8051 microcontroller architecture in detail, including its memory organization, registers, addressing modes, and notation.
The microprocessor is a programmable device that processes binary numbers according to instructions stored in memory. It contains arithmetic, logic, and control circuits on a single silicon chip. Early processors used discrete components but were large and slow. The invention of the microchip led to much smaller and faster processors by integrating all components onto a single silicon slice. Modern microprocessors manipulate 32-bit or 64-bit words and have instruction sets that define their capabilities. The 8085 was an 8-bit microprocessor that used multiplexed address/data lines, requiring external latching to separate addresses from data.
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers, including a brief history of microprocessors from 1971-1993. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, with microcontrollers including memory, input/output devices, timers/counters, and communication protocols on a single chip. The document outlines the various types of memory that can be included on a microcontroller, such as RAM, ROM, flash, and registers. It also describes common components of a microcontroller like analog-to-digital converters, input/output ports, and timers/counters. The document provides guidance on selecting a microcontroller based on factors like word size, memory/devices, memory architecture, instruction set, and common manufacturers.
A microprocessor is a programmable logic device that accepts binary instructions from memory, processes data according to those instructions, and provides results as output. The 8085 microprocessor has a power supply of +5V and clock frequency of 3MHz. It can perform operations like arithmetic, logical operations, and store data temporarily in memory locations called the stack. An instruction is a binary pattern that commands the microprocessor to perform a specific function.
Microcontrollers are small computers contained on a single chip that are used for embedded applications. When selecting a microcontroller, factors to consider include the number of input/output pins needed, required interfaces like PWM, memory requirements for code and data, number of interrupts, required processing speed, cost and power constraints, available analog components, communication protocols, product family and available development tools, timers needed, and environmental conditions. Microcontrollers are commonly used in automotive, medical, consumer, and industrial devices to control automated processes.
The document discusses operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs). It defines an OP-AMP as a direct-coupled, high gain, negative feedback amplifier. It can amplify DC and AC signals and is used for mathematical operations. Modern OP-AMPs have many uses including voltage regulation and analog to digital conversion. The document also describes differential amplifiers, provides examples of common OP-AMP chips, lists characteristics of ideal and practical OP-AMPs, and discusses open and closed loop OP-AMP configurations including inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
The document describes a Short Message Service (SMS) based wireless home appliance control system (HACS) that allows users to remotely control home appliances and monitor security via SMS using GSM technology. The system uses a PC connected to a GSM modem to send and receive SMS instructions to simulate appliances and send security alerts. Test results showed the system could successfully turn appliances on/off in response to SMS commands from authorized numbers and send breach alerts upon intrusion detection. The authors propose expanding the system to integrate additional sensors and detection systems for improved security monitoring and remote control of more appliances.
This document describes a project to design a prepaid energy meter system using a microcontroller. The system uses a smart card to store the amount of prepaid units. When a card is inserted, the reader deducts units based on power consumption. An alarm sounds when units are low and power is cut off when units reach zero to prevent theft. The system aims to improve revenue collection for utilities by requiring upfront payment and automating disconnection when credit is used. It provides benefits like reduced costs, better customer service and financial risk management for both customers and suppliers.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses network components, different network types, and the OSI reference model. The OSI model is described in detail, outlining the seven layers from physical to application layer. Protocol notations and standards are also introduced. The document serves to familiarize readers with fundamental network concepts and terminology.
This document provides an overview of the key components of a 132kV substation, including: circuit breakers, protective relays, lightning arresters, bus bars, switches, the control room, transformers, power line carrier communication (PLCC), and remote terminal units (RTU). It describes the basic functions of these components in powering homes and businesses safely and efficiently.
This document provides an overview of the key components of a 132kV substation, including: circuit breakers, protective relays, lightning arresters, bus bars, switches, the control room, transformers, power line carrier communication (PLCC), and remote terminal units (RTU). It describes the basic functions of these components in powering homes and businesses safely and efficiently.
This document provides an introduction and overview of key functions and capabilities in MATLAB. It describes how to perform basic operations and calculations, use plotting and programming features, work with vectors and matrices, and utilize common MATLAB functions. Key points covered include how to get help, change directories, clear variables, perform calculations, create scripts and functions, use flow control, plot data, index vectors and matrices, and more.
Matlab can read and write files in both Matlab (.mat) and ASCII formats. The save command saves variables to a .mat file while the load command loads variables from a file. Files can also be read and written using low-level file I/O functions like fopen, fread, fwrite, etc. Matlab supports many file formats for images, sound, movies and other data types using functions like imread, imwrite, wavread, aviread and more.
This document provides an introduction to using MATLAB. It begins with instructions on starting and exiting MATLAB. It then discusses MATLAB's basic functionality for matrix calculations and operations. Subsequent sections cover topics like repeating commands, subscripting matrices, the edit-test-edit cycle for developing code, writing functions and scripts, and input/output in MATLAB including loading/saving data and printing output. Exercises are provided throughout to help readers practice key concepts.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. 8085 microprocessor questions
1. What are the various registers in 8085? - Accumulator register, Temporary register,
Instruction register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter are the various registers in 8085 .
2. In 8085 name the 16 bit registers? - Stack pointer and Program counter all have 16 bits.
3. What are the various flags used in 8085? - Sign flag, Zero flag, Auxillary flag, Parity
flag, Carry flag.
4. What is Stack Pointer? - Stack pointer is a special purpose 16-bit register in the
Microprocessor, which holds the address of the top of the stack.
5. What is Program counter? - Program counter holds the address of either the first byte
of the next instruction to be fetched for execution or the address of the next byte of a
multi byte instruction, which has not been completely fetched. In both the cases it gets
incremented automatically one by one as the instruction bytes get fetched. Also
Program register keeps the address of the next instruction.
6. Which Stack is used in 8085? - LIFO (Last In First Out) stack is used in 8085.In this
type of Stack the last stored information can be retrieved first.
7. What happens when HLT instruction is executed in processor? - The Micro
Processor enters into Halt-State and the buses are tri-stated.
8. What is meant by a bus? - A bus is a group of conducting lines that carriers data,
address, & control signals.
9. What is Tri-state logic? - Three Logic Levels are used and they are High, Low, High
impedance state. The high and low are normal logic levels & high impedance state is
electrical open circuit conditions. Tri-state logic has a third line called enable line.
10. Give an example of one address microprocessor? - 8085 is a one address
microprocessor.
11. In what way interrupts are classified in 8085? - In 8085 the interrupts are classified
as Hardware and Software interrupts.
12. What are Hardware interrupts? - TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5, INTR.
13. What are Software interrupts? - RST0, RST1, RST2, RST3, RST4, RST5, RST6,
RST7.
14. Which interrupt has the highest priority? - TRAP has the highest priority.
15. Name 5 different addressing modes? - Immediate, Direct, Register, Register indirect,
Implied addressing modes.
16. How many interrupts are there in 8085? - There are 12 interrupts in 8085.
17. What is clock frequency for 8085? - 3 MHz is the maximum clock frequency for
8085.
18. What is the RST for the TRAP? - RST 4.5 is called as TRAP.
19. In 8085 which is called as High order / Low order Register? - Flag is called as Low
order register & Accumulator is called as High order Register.
20. What are input & output devices? - Keyboards, Floppy disk are the examples of input
devices. Printer, LED / LCD display, CRT Monitor are the examples of output devices.
21. Can an RC circuit be used as clock source for 8085? - Yes, it can be used, if an
accurate clock frequency is not required. Also, the component cost is low compared to
LC or Crystal.
2. 22. Why crystal is a preferred clock source? - Because of high stability, large Q (Quality
Factor) & the frequency that doesn’t drift with aging. Crystal is used as a clock source
most of the times.
23. Which interrupt is not level-sensitive in 8085? - RST 7.5 is a raising edge-triggering
interrupt.
24. What does Quality factor mean? - The Quality factor is also defined, as Q. So it is a
number, which reflects the losses of a circuit. Higher the Q, the lower are the losses.
25. What are level-triggering interrupt? - RST 6.5 & RST 5.5 is level-triggering
interrupts.
x86 interview questions and answers
1. What is a Microprocessor? - Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, which
fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most
Micro Processor are single- chip devices.
2. Give examples for 8 / 16 / 32 bit Microprocessor? - 8-bit Processor - 8085 / Z80 /
6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 / 80486.
3. Why 8085 processor is called an 8 bit processor? - Because 8085 processor has 8 bit
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Review). Similarly 8086 processor has 16 bit ALU.
4. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor? - The processor made of PMOS /
NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation
processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits.
5. Define HCMOS? - High-density n- type Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect
transistor.
6. What does microprocessor speed depend on? - The processing speed depends on
DATA BUS WIDTH.
7. Is the address bus unidirectional? - The address bus is unidirectional because the
address information is always given by the Micro Processor to address a memory
location of an input / output devices.
8. Is the data bus is Bi-directional? - The data bus is Bi-directional because the same bus
is used for transfer of data between Micro Processor and memory or input / output
devices in both the direction.
9. What is the disadvantage of microprocessor? - It has limitations on the size of data.
Most Microprocessor does not support floating-point operations.
10. What is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller? - In
Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling instructions. But in Microcontroller:
fewer op-codes, more bit handling Instructions, and also it is defined as a device that
includes micro processor, memory, & input / output signal lines on a single chip.
11. What is meant by LATCH? - Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary storage
device controlled by a timing signal, which can store 0 or 1. The primary function of a
Latch is data storage. It is used in output devices such as LED, to hold the data for
display.
12. Why does microprocessor contain ROM chips? - Microprocessor contain ROM chip
because it contain instructions to execute data.
3. 13. What is the difference between primary & secondary storage device? - In primary
storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary
storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary
devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc / Hard disk.
14. Difference between static and dynamic RAM? - Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8
MOS transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information stored as voltage
level in a flip flop. Dynamic RAM: Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are
required to form one memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in the gate to
substrate capacitance.
15. What is interrupt? - Interrupt is a signal send by external device to the processor so as
to request the processor to perform a particular work.
16. What is cache memory? - Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is used for
temporary storage of data & information between the main memory and the CPU
(center processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM.
17. What is called “Scratch pad of computer―? - Cache Memory is
scratch pad of computer.
18. Which transistor is used in each cell of EPROM? - Floating –gate
Avalanche Injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor is used in each cell of EPROM.
19. Differentiate between RAM and ROM? - RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed,
Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, Non Volatile Memory.
20. What is a compiler? - Compiler is used to translate the high-level language program
into machine code at a time. It doesn’t require special instruction to store in a
memory, it stores automatically. The Execution time is less compared to Interpreter.
21. Which processor structure is pipelined? - All x86 processors have pipelined structure.
22. What is flag? - Flag is a flip-flop used to store the information about the status of a
processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently
23. What is stack? - Stack is a portion of RAM used for saving the content of Program
Counter and general purpose registers.
24. Can ROM be used as stack? - ROM cannot be used as stack because it is not possible
to write to ROM.
25. What is NV-RAM? - Nonvolatile Read Write Memory also called Flash memory. It is
also known as shadow RAM.
Java interview questions and answers
1. What is garbage collection? What is the process that is responsible for doing that in
java? - Reclaiming the unused memory by the invalid objects. Garbage collector is
responsible for this process
2. What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread? - It is a daemon thread.
3. What is a daemon thread? - These are the threads which can run without user
intervention. The JVM can exit when there are daemon thread by killing them abruptly.
4. How will you invoke any external process in Java? - Runtime.getRuntime().exec(….)
5. What is the finalize method do? - Before the invalid objects get garbage collected, the
JVM give the user a chance to clean up some resources before it got garbage collected.
4. 6. What is mutable object and immutable object? - If a object value is changeable then
we can call it as Mutable object. (Ex., StringBuffer, …) If you are not allowed to change
the value of an object, it is immutable object. (Ex., String, Integer, Float, …)
7. What is the basic difference between string and stringbuffer object? - String is an
immutable object. StringBuffer is a mutable object.
8. What is the purpose of Void class? - The Void class is a uninstantiable placeholder
class to hold a reference to the Class object representing the primitive Java type void.
9. What is reflection? - Reflection allows programmatic access to information about the
fields, methods and constructors of loaded classes, and the use reflected fields, methods,
and constructors to operate on their underlying counterparts on objects, within security
restrictions.
10. What is the base class for Error and Exception? - Throwable
11. What is the byte range? -128 to 127
12. What is the implementation of destroy method in java.. is it native or java code? -
This method is not implemented.
13. What is a package? - To group set of classes into a single unit is known as packaging.
Packages provides wide namespace ability.
14. What are the approaches that you will follow for making a program very efficient?
- By avoiding too much of static methods avoiding the excessive and unnecessary use of
synchronized methods Selection of related classes based on the application (meaning
synchronized classes for multiuser and non-synchronized classes for single user) Usage
of appropriate design patterns Using cache methodologies for remote invocations
Avoiding creation of variables within a loop and lot more.
15. What is a DatabaseMetaData? - Comprehensive information about the database as a
whole.
16. What is Locale? - A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or
cultural region
17. How will you load a specific locale? - Using ResourceBundle.getBundle(…);
18. What is JIT and its use? - Really, just a very fast compiler… In this incarnation, pretty
much a one-pass compiler — no offline computations. So you can’t look at the whole
method, rank the expressions according to which ones are re-used the most, and then
generate code. In theory terms, it’s an on-line problem.
19. Is JVM a compiler or an interpreter? - Interpreter
20. When you think about optimization, what is the best way to find out the
time/memory consuming process? - Using profiler
21. What is the purpose of assert keyword used in JDK1.4.x? - In order to validate
certain expressions. It effectively replaces the if block and automatically throws the
AssertionError on failure. This keyword should be used for the critical arguments.
Meaning, without that the method does nothing.
22. How will you get the platform dependent values like line separator, path separator,
etc., ? - Using Sytem.getProperty(…) (line.separator, path.separator, …)
23. What is skeleton and stub? what is the purpose of those? - Stub is a client side
representation of the server, which takes care of communicating with the remote server.
Skeleton is the server side representation. But that is no more in use… it is deprecated
long before in JDK.
5. 24. What is the final keyword denotes? - final keyword denotes that it is the final
implementation for that method or variable or class. You can’t override that
method/variable/class any more.
25. What is the significance of ListIterator? - You can iterate back and forth.
26. What is the major difference between LinkedList and ArrayList? - LinkedList are
meant for sequential accessing. ArrayList are meant for random accessing.
27. What is nested class? - If all the methods of a inner class is static then it is a nested
class.
28. What is inner class? - If the methods of the inner class can only be accessed via the
instance of the inner class, then it is called inner class.
29. What is composition? - Holding the reference of the other class within some other
class is known as composition.
30. What is aggregation? - It is a special type of composition. If you expose all the
methods of a composite class and route the method call to the composite method
through its reference, then it is called aggregation.
31. What are the methods in Object? - clone, equals, wait, finalize, getClass, hashCode,
notify, notifyAll, toString
32. Can you instantiate the Math class? - You can’t instantiate the math class. All the
methods in this class are static. And the constructor is not public.
33. What is singleton? - It is one of the design pattern. This falls in the creational pattern of
the design pattern. There will be only one instance for that entire JVM. You can achieve
this by having the private constructor in the class. For eg., public class Singleton {
private static final Singleton s = new Singleton(); private Singleton() { } public static
Singleton getInstance() { return s; } // all non static methods … }
34. What is DriverManager? - The basic service to manage set of JDBC drivers.
35. What is Class.forName() does and how it is useful? - It loads the class into the
ClassLoader. It returns the Class. Using that you can get the instance ( “class-
instance”.newInstance() ).
36. Inq adds a question: Expain the reason for each keyword of
public static void main(String args[])
J2EE interview questions and answers
1. What makes J2EE suitable for distributed multitier Applications?
- The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model. Application logic is
divided into components according to function, and the various application components
that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the
tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The
J2EE application parts are:
Client-tier components run on the client machine.
Web-tier components run on the J2EE server.
Business-tier components run on the J2EE server.
Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server.
6. 2. What is J2EE? - J2EE is an environment for developing and deploying enterprise
applications. The J2EE platform consists of a set of services, application programming
interfaces (APIs), and protocols that provide the functionality for developing
multitiered, web-based applications.
3. What are the components of J2EE application?
- A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a
J2EE application with its related classes and files and communicates with other
components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components:
A. Application clients and applets are client components.
B. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technology components are web components.
C. Enterprise JavaBeans components (enterprise beans) are business components.
D. Resource adapter components provided by EIS and tool vendors.
What do Enterprise JavaBeans components contain? - Enterprise JavaBeans
components contains Business code, which is logic
that solves or meets the needs of a particular business domain such as banking, retail, or
finance, is handled by enterprise beans running in the business tier. All the business
code is contained inside an Enterprise Bean which receives data from client programs,
processes it (if necessary), and sends it to the enterprise information system tier for
storage. An enterprise bean also retrieves data from storage, processes it (if necessary),
and sends it back to the client program.
Is J2EE application only a web-based? - No, It depends on type of application
that client wants. A J2EE application can be web-based or non-web-based. if an
application client executes on the client machine, it is a non-web-based J2EE
application. The J2EE application can provide a way for users to handle tasks such as
J2EE system or application administration. It typically has a graphical user interface
created from Swing or AWT APIs, or a command-line interface. When user request, it
can open an HTTP connection to establish communication with a servlet running in the
web tier.
Are JavaBeans J2EE components? - No. JavaBeans components are not
considered J2EE components by the J2EE specification. They are written to manage the
data flow between an application client or applet and components running on the J2EE
server or between server components and a database. JavaBeans components written for
the J2EE platform have instance variables and get and set methods for accessing the
data in the instance variables. JavaBeans components used in this way are typically
simple in design and implementation, but should conform to the naming and design
conventions outlined in the JavaBeans component architecture.
Is HTML page a web component? - No. Static HTML pages and applets are
bundled with web components during application assembly, but are not considered web
components by the J2EE specification. Even the server-side utility classes are not
considered web components, either.
What can be considered as a web component? - J2EE Web components can be
either servlets or JSP pages. Servlets are Java programming language classes that
dynamically process requests and construct responses. JSP pages are text-based
documents that execute as servlets but allow a more natural approach to creating static
content.
7. What is the container? - Containers are the interface between a component and
the low-level platform specific functionality that supports the component. Before a
Web, enterprise bean, or application client component can be executed, it must be
assembled into a J2EE application and deployed into its container.
What are container services? - A container is a runtime support of a system-
level entity. Containers provide components with services such as lifecycle
management, security, deployment, and threading.
What is the web container? - Servlet and JSP containers are collectively referred
to as Web containers. It manages the execution of JSP page and servlet components for
J2EE applications. Web components and their container run on the J2EE server.
What is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) container? - It manages the execution of
enterprise beans for J2EE applications.
Enterprise beans and their container run on the J2EE server.
What is Applet container? - Manages the execution of applets. Consists of a
Web browser and Java Plugin running on the client together.
How do we package J2EE components? - J2EE components are packaged
separately and bundled into a J2EE application for deployment. Each component, its
related files such as GIF and HTML files or server-side utility classes, and a
deployment descriptor are assembled into a module and added to the J2EE application.
A J2EE application is composed of one or more enterprise bean,Web, or application
client component modules. The final enterprise solution can use one J2EE application or
be made up of two or more J2EE applications, depending on design requirements. A
J2EE application and each of its modules has its own deployment descriptor. A
deployment descriptor is an XML document with an .xml extension that describes a
component’s deployment settings.
What is a thin client? - A thin client is a lightweight interface to the application
that does not have such operations like query databases, execute complex business rules,
or connect to legacy applications.
What are types of J2EE clients? - Following are the types of J2EE clients:
Applets
Application clients
Java Web Start-enabled rich clients, powered by Java Web Start technology.
Wireless clients, based on Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) technology.
What is deployment descriptor? - A deployment descriptor is an Extensible
Markup Language (XML) text-based file with an .xml extension that describes a
component’s deployment settings. A J2EE application and each of its modules has its
own deployment descriptor. For example, an enterprise bean module deployment
descriptor declares transaction attributes and security authorizations
for an enterprise bean. Because deployment descriptor information is declarative, it can
be changed without modifying the bean source code. At run time, the J2EE server reads
the deployment descriptor and acts upon the component accordingly.
What is the EAR file? - An EAR file is a standard JAR file with an .ear
extension, named from Enterprise ARchive file. A J2EE application with all of its
modules is delivered in EAR file.
What is JTA and JTS? - JTA is the abbreviation for the Java Transaction API.
JTS is the abbreviation for the Jave Transaction Service. JTA provides a standard
8. interface and allows you to demarcate transactions in a manner that is independent of
the transaction manager implementation. The J2EE SDK implements the transaction
manager with JTS. But your code doesn’t call the JTS methods directly. Instead, it
invokes the JTA methods, which then call the lower-level JTS routines. Therefore, JTA
is a high level transaction interface that your application uses to control transaction. and
JTS is a low level transaction interface and ejb uses behind the scenes (client code
doesn’t directly interact with JTS. It is based on object transaction service(OTS) which
is part of CORBA.
What is JAXP? - JAXP stands for Java API for XML. XML is a language for
representing and describing text-based data which can be read and handled by any
program or tool that uses XML APIs. It provides standard services to determine the type
of an arbitrary piece of data, encapsulate access to it, discover the operations available
on it, and create the appropriate JavaBeans component to perform those operations.
What is J2EE Connector? - The J2EE Connector API is used by J2EE tools
vendors and system integrators to create resource adapters that support access to
enterprise information systems that can be plugged into any J2EE product. Each type of
database or EIS has a different resource adapter. Note: A resource adapter is a
software component that allows J2EE application components to access and interact
with the underlying resource manager. Because a resource adapter is specific to its
resource manager, there is typically a different resource adapter for each type of
database or enterprise information system.
What is JAAP? - The Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS)
provides a way for a J2EE application to authenticate and authorize a specific user or
group of users to run it. It is a standard Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM)
framework that extends the Java 2 platform security architecture to support user-based
authorization.
What is Java Naming and Directory Service? - The JNDI provides naming and
directory functionality. It provides applications with methods for performing standard
directory operations, such as associating attributes with objects and searching for
objects using their attributes. Using JNDI, a J2EE application can store and retrieve any
type of named Java object. Because JNDI is independent of any specific
implementations, applications can use JNDI to access multiple naming and directory
services, including existing naming and
directory services such as LDAP, NDS, DNS, and NIS.
What is Struts? - A Web page development framework. Struts combines Java
Servlets, Java Server Pages, custom tags, and message resources into a unified
framework. It is a cooperative, synergistic platform, suitable for development teams,
independent developers, and everyone between.
How is the MVC design pattern used in Struts framework? - In the MVC
design pattern, application flow is mediated by a central Controller. The Controller
delegates requests to an appropriate handler. The handlers are tied to a Model, and each
handler acts as an adapter between the request and the Model. The Model represents, or
encapsulates, an application’s business logic or state. Control is usually then forwarded
back through the Controller to the appropriate View. The forwarding can be determined
by consulting a set of mappings, usually loaded from a database or configuration file.
This provides a loose coupling between the View and Model, which can make an
9. application significantly easier to create and maintain. Controller: Servlet controller
which supplied by Struts itself; View: what you can see on the screen, a JSP page and
presentation components; Model: System state and a business logic JavaBeans.
Java keywords public static void main (String args[])
The public keyword is an access specifier, which allows the programmer to control the
visibility of class members. When a class member is preceded by public, then that
member may be accessed by code outside the class in which it is declared.
In this case, main( ) must be declared as public, since it must be called by code outside of
its class when the program is started.
The keyword static allows main( ) to be called without having to instantiate a particular
instance of the class. This is necessary since main( ) is called by the Java interpreter
before any objects are made. The keyword void simply tells the compiler that main( )
does not return a value. As you will see, methods may also return values.
As stated, main( ) is the method called when a Java application begins. Keep in mind that
Java is case-sensitive. Thus, Main is different from main. It is important to understand
that the Java compiler will compile classes that do not contain a main( ) method. But the
Java interpreter has no way to run these classes. So, if you had typed Main instead of
main, the compiler would still compile your program. However, the Java interpreter
would report an error because it would be unable to find the main( ) method.
Any information that you need to pass to a method is received by variables specified
within the set of parentheses that follow the name of the method. These variables are
called parameters. If there are no parameters required for a given method, you still need
to include the empty parentheses. In main( ), there is only one parameter, albeit a
complicated one. String args[ ] declares a parameter named args, which is an array of
instances of the class String. Objects of type String store character strings. In this case,
args receives any command-line arguments present when the program is executed.